Mr. WHITTEN. When the farmer's income drops thanks to the recommendations of the Department of Agriculture and the Office of Management and Budget, will you use your travel money to go out and explain to them how to get along better on less? Dr. BERTRAND. No, sir. The Office of Management and Budget is cutting our travel budget. Mr. WHITTEN. What are you going to do then? Talk with each other? Dr. BERTRAND. Mr. Chairman, we are facing a very serious problem here. Mr. WHITTEN. I do not know that I could have done as good a job of revising the budget as they have. But it does strike me that your proposed increase at this time is competing with essential programs that have taken cuts. Dr. BERTRAND. The one thing I cannot lose sight of-and I may be biased-what we are talking about here is an investment in our food supply, not just for today, but for the future. I do not think we could stand a cutback at this time. EXTENSION FUNDING Mr. WHITTEN. Could you cite for the record what the figures on your chart are so the other members will know? Dr. GREENWOOD. The chart reflects that although the appropriations for Extension have risen from $228 million in fiscal year 1976 to $292 million in fiscal year 1981, the effects of inflation have eroded the purchasing power of actual dollars by almost one-half. Mr. WHITTEN. What you are picturing now is one way of looking at the effects of inflation. Dr. GREENWOOD. That is what it is. COOPERATIVE RESEARCH HATCH ACT Mr. WHITTEN. Thank you, Dr. Bertrand. In the area of Cooperative Research for payments under the Hatch Act you are requesting $146,609,000, an increase of $17,994,000 over the amount available for fiscal year 1981, or an increase of 14 percent. Of this almost $18 million increase, how much represents inflation and how much represents real growth? Dr. BERTRAND. $12,475,000 of the proposed Hatch increase is for increases in operating costs due to inflation. The remaining portion, $5,519,000 represents real growth. Mr. WHITTEN. With respect to the portion that represents the real growth in research, exactly what do you hope to gain from these additional funds? Do you have a master plan for how these funds will be used by the states? Dr. BERTRAND. The budget proposal provides specific program increases for integrated pest management and for acid precipitation and we expect to increase our research thrusts on other high priority research areas. We anticipate that the state agricultural experiment stations will give consideration to the Proposed Initiatives for Food and Agriculture Sciences: 1981-86, issued by the Joint Council on Food and Agricultural Sciences in January 1981, as they make adjustments within their programs. COOPERATIVE FORESTRY RESEARCH Mr. WHITTEN. For cooperative forestry research you are requesting $12,281,000, an increase of $1,507,000 over the amount available for fiscal year 1981. This, too, is an increase of 14 percent over the amount available last year. How much of the $1.5 million increase will represent inflation and how much will represent real growth in your research program? Ďr. BERTRAND. Of the $1.5 million increase, $1.045 million represents inflation. The remaining amount, $462,000, represents real growth in the Cooperative Forestry research program. Mr. WHITTEN. Exactly what additional research will be gained by the additional funds that relate to the program growth increase? Dr. BERTRAND. Coordinated research planning involving governmental, industrial, consumer, environmental, and conservation organizations was the basis for our National Program of Research for Forests and Associated Rangelands. This National Program provides guidelines for coordinated annual program development among Cooperative Research of SEA, the university community, the Forest Service, and others. In accordance with this Program the increase funds will be devoted to high priority university forestry research. Primary emphasis of the research to be carried out is on increased timber production. Due to the increasing demand for wood fiber, university scientists will develop techniques of intensive culture to maximize production of wood fiber on selected sites, while enhancing environmental quality. Work will also be directed at finding better ways to convert unproductive land to forests. Many states are concerned with shifts in land use; therefore, research will be devoted to identifying and analyzing land use preferences and factors affecting changes in land use patterns. To help extend our available wood supply and wood products, research will find ways to economically use low quality trees and residues. As water becomes increasingly important, forest watershed research increases in priority. The program increase will also support determination of the short and long-term effects of intensive forest management on water quality and yield from various kinds of forests and associated rangelands. 1890 COLLEGES MR. WHITTEN. For the 1890 Colleges and Tuskegee Institute you are requesting $21,992,000, an increase of $2,722,000 over the amount available for fiscal year 1981. This is an increase of slightly over 14 percent. In this case, how much of the $2.7 million is for inflation and how much is for real growth in your research program? Dr. BERTRAND. Of the increase proposed, $1,869,000 is for increased operating costs, and $853,000 is for real growth in the research program. Mr. WHITTEN. What additional areas of research will be undertaken with that portion of the funds that represent the real growth in your program? Dr. BERTRAND. The state agricultural experiment stations and the 1890 land grant institutions in each state each year jointly develop, by mutual agreement, a comprehensive program of agricultural research in such state, which is submitted for approval by the Secretary of Agriculture. This provides each institution the opportunity to plan the total agricultural research program for the state and assures that the important research problems are receiving the proper prioritizing. This coordinated planning has been working well in the states. In accordance with plans developed, this increased funding will provide for expanded research effort in the areas of human nutrition, especially in the areas of nutrient requirements for most favorable growth and well being, and factors affecting food preferences and food habits. Emphasis will be placed on the biochemical and metabolic relationships of the nutrients consumed by people in the southern region and the border states. Expanded research activities will occur in crop resources, especially as to increased productivity for small scale producers. Focus will be given to management, capital and labor intensive farming sys tems. RESEARCH PROJECTS COMPLETED Mr. WHITTEN. For Hatch Act, forestry research, and payments to the 1890 Colleges, in each case would you give us some examples of research projects that were completed during fiscal year 1980? [The information follows:] HATCH ACT Mississippi, Poultry Industry Waste Management. The effect of dietary fungistatic compounds was studied. Sorbic acid and adipic acids markedly reduced yeasts and molds in the litter. Both additives slightly reduced litter bacteria. North Dakota, Fertilizer and Water Management of Irrigated Crops. Soil researchers have shown that sunflower seed yields can be increased up to 2000 pounds per acre with correct fertilization and water management. Corn yields on this same research project conducted at Oakes, North Dakota, over a 7-year period, were increased from as low as zero yield when no irrigation or fertilization was used, to over 200 bushels per acre with optimum water application and nitrogen fertilizer. Wisconsin, Improving the Economic Return of Processing Milk into Cheese and Its By-products. Acceleration of the processing of milk into cheese was achieved by the use of time capsules and computer analysis to characterize the effect of diffusion of salts and enzymes such as chymosin through whey. Conditions for propagating bacteria and isolation of methanethiol producing enzymes have been determined. North Carolina, Economics of Manure Handling for Confinement Produced Pigs. Developed producer's guide for selecting optimal management system for cost effective disposal of swine waste. Recommendations: locate facility adjacent to land for crops to which wastes are not toxic. Apply full strength, untreated waste with an irrigation system, except on relatively small units, then use tank wagons. Indiana, Energy Effects in Crop Environment Interactions. Energy studies by agricultural engineers at Purdue University showed that Midwest field crops produce 6 to 12 times as much energy as the fuels and fertilizers that are used as inputs. Soybeans and alfalfa, being legumes, were more energy productive than corn and wheat because they require less added nitrogen fertilizer. Illinois, Electrical Equipment for Animal Production Systems. University of Illinois and USDA scientists have developed the technology for computer-based cowidentification sensors, thus making possible the use of automatic devices for improving utilization of feed nutrients and improving animal performance. Studies demonstrated that a feed bowl height of 10 to 13 inches and a feed dispensing rate of one pound per minute is reasonable for a herd of Holstein cows. Regional Project, Nature and Extent of Variation in Root-Knot and Cyst Nematodes. The objective of this regional project was to determine the factors that cause change in root-knot and cyst nematodes. Research on the influence of temperature, host, and intergeneric and interspecific crosses on the pathogenicity and virulence of these nematodes was necessary to understand how new types of these nematodes arise. This information is important in plant breeding programs for developing plants that are resistant to these nematodes. Research from this project has been documented by more than 55 publications. COOPERATIVE FORESTRY RESEARCH Missouri, The Biological and Economic Feasibility of Walnut Management. Developed a black walnut multi-cropping system in which tall fescue pasture planted under widely-spaced black walnut trees yielded greater than a threefold increase in internal rates of return over the comparable system. Since black walnut, our most valuable timber species, is being harvested at a much more rapid rate than it is being replaced by growth, it is critical that incentives be provided to encourage increased planting. This study demonstrated that tall fescue production under a black walnut canopy was approximately 20 percent greater than in the open. The increased yield was accompanied by an eight percent increase in digestibility. This management has important implications relative to economic gains from permanent pasture improvement by dampening the effects of fluctuating livestock prices through the stability of a long-term investment such as walnut. Walnut returns will come both from nuts and from timber. Oregon, Predicting Soil Compaction by Logging Vehicles. Has determined that better harvest planning cuts costs and reduces site impact. Compaction of soil by logging vehicles can reduce forest growth, particularly on good growing sites. Forest engineers have developed a system for planning tractor harvest operations which makes logging more cost effective than conventional operations and also compacts less soil. Careful analysis and layout of tractor skid trails reduces soil disturbance in the harvest area from 25 to 5 percent. Combined with felling patterns directed toward these pre-planned trails, overall operational costs decrease as well. Michigan, Growth, Yield, and Physiology of Intensively Grown Tree Species in Michigan. Developed a system for growing poplar plantations under which landowners could plant a 5- to 10-acre plantation and after five years glean enough wood in a spring harvest to heat an average-sized home for a winter. Once underway, the plantation could be self-perpetuating even if it were partially cut after each year. The young parent trees not only grow back (sprout growth), they also provide wood for cuttings to produce a rotation crop of trees. One- or two-year-old poplars, sliced into footlong segments and replanted, establish poplar clones by awakening root primordia, dormant but vital root systems in the stem. Results demonstrated that the trees yield two tons of dry biomass per acre after one year, five tons after two. Sprouted poplars may produce as much as four to six tons per acre in a year. Maine, Compatability Standards for Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing Imagery. Have found that high altitude, small scale aerial photography can provide much needed timber stand information for the forest manager. At scales of 1:80,000 infrared transparencies can be used to obtain forest stand data presently obtained from much more expensive, larger scale aerial photos and ground surveys. Very thin emulsion, VET, panchromatic aerial photos at scales as small as 1:48,000 have been enlarged up to twenty times and retained sufficient resolution for individual tree management. Substantial savings and an increase in accuracy can be realized using this imagery in comparison with techniques now in use. Illinois, The Rheological Behavior of a Reconstituted Hardwood Composite. Developed an ideal structural hardwood composite panel from a combination of minimum thickness veneer deciduous species, and residue-based particleboard. This material can be used as a direct substitute for conventional plywood and lumber to extend future softwood timber supply. 1890 COLLEGES Louisiana, Norgestomet Controlled Versus Nonsynchronized Estrus in Small Dairy Operations. Manipulation of reproductive activities in cattle has been amply demonstrated by Southern University scientists to synchronize estrus in dairy heifers without adversely affecting the fertility status of these animals. This method proved effective in saving labor that would normally be used in extensive head detection and routine breeding. North Carolina, The Feasibility of Establishing Farmer's Cooperatives Among Low Income Farmers in Six North Carolina Counties: Franklin County. Since farmer cooperatives have commonly been suggested as a means by which limited resource farmers might improve their income, scientists at North Carolina A&T State University have attempted to find out if the formation of marketing cooperatives was feasible among low income farmers in a 6-county region in North Carolina. Results of the study indicated that a purchasing cooperative operated by low income farm |