in the north of Europe, will require some farther notice than we have bestowed upon it. Its length from the point where it starts from the Danube in Hungary, to the point where it strikes the same river in Bavaria, is about 1200 miles, exclusive of the transverse branches which separate Moravia from Bohemia and Hungary. The declivities of this range are steepest on the south side, and the elevations are lowest on the west: increasing generally as we advance eastward, till we come to the sources of the Thiess in the north of Hungary, after which they decline. The Fichtelberg, at the westmost point of the chain, 13 4030 feet high; Schnekoppe, the highest of the Sudetic mountains, is 5280 feet; and Lomnitz in Hungary, the loftiest of this whole range, is 8460 feet. None of these mountains are covered with perpetual snow, the inferior limit of which, according to Wahlenberg, is about sixty feet above the summit of Lomnitz. The most elevated parts consist of primitive rock; but corn and fruit trees are said to grow at a greater height upon them than upon the Alps of the south. The Scandinavia of the ancients is divided from north to south by an extensive mountain chain, called the Scandinavian Alps and Norwegian Mountains: they separate Norway from Sweden. These commence about the fifty-ninth degree of latitude, and spread nearly ten degrees towards the north. The highest summits are inferior in elevation to those of the Pyrenees and perhaps to those of the Carpathian ridge; but they are clothed with the terrific appendages of perpetual winter. Forests of pine adorn their sides to a considerable height, and furnish inexhaustible stores of valuable timber for the southern countries of Europe. They also yield marble, iron, copper, and other useful minerals. For an account of the APPENNINES, see that article. The Ural mountains, are an almost unknown ridge, extending from the fiftieth to the sixtyseventh degree of latitude, and constituting the boundary between Europe and Asia: they are more than 1200 miles in length, and for the greater part in Asia. The loftiest summits do not reach 5000 feet. The people of the neighbourhood are said to denominate this ridge Semenoi Poias, the Girdle of the World. The greater part is covered with forests, and the central portions abound in valuable ores; but the richest mines are on the Asiatic side. While volcanoes occur in the New World throughout the heart of its mighty continents, they are found chiefly in the islands and peninsular extremities of the Old World. Mr. Jame son gives the following comparative estimate of the volcanoes of the globe: Continent of Europe European Islands 1 12 countries, though less remarkably in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. They occur, on an immensely destructive scale, we know, over a great part of the continent of South America. Violent tremor of the earth, the overthrow and sometimes the entire swallowing up of the objects on its surface, and the rushing in of the sea, are the well known symptoms of this alarming convulsion. The finest countries in the south of Europe are subject to its ravages. Calabria, in 1783, was entirely laid waste, and its aspect completely changed; and the cities of Messina and Lisbon have, at different periods, been nearly swallowed up. In Britain they have repeatedly been felt, but never to such an extent as to occasion serious damage. The greater part of Europe, lying within the temperate zone, is exempt from the extremes of heat and cold, which are experienced on the other continents. In some of its northern states, indeed, every thing appears bound in icy chains, and the mountain ranges are covered with one wide expanse of snow, during several months of the year: but its central and principal parts are temperate and pleasant; while its southern tracts enjoy a serene sky, and a climate more pure and delightful than any other region of equal extent. Two peculiarities indeed distinguish the climate of Europe: it exhibits a higher mean temperature than any of the other great divisions of the world, in corresponding latitudes; and it is not subject to such violent extremes of heat and cold. It is habitable at a higher latitude by 12° or 14° than either Asia or America. These advantages, while attributable chiefly to its numerous inland seas and waters, arise partly also, according to Humboldt, from its situation at the western extremity of the greatest range of dry land on the surface of the globe; the western sides of all continents being warmer than the eastern, according to this accurate observer. Only a very small portion of this continent, therefore, is uninhabitable from cold, and it nowhere has to complain of excessive heat; at least of no such heat as the neighbouring continents of Africa and Asia. The mean temperature at its southern extremity, in lat. 36°, is about 66° of Fahrenheit; and at Cape North, in the latitude of 71°, where the mean temperature is 32°, the cold is not greater than in the latitudes of 55° or 56° on the east coasts of Asia and America. The following table, taken from Humboldt's Memoir on the Distribution of Heat (abridged in Dr. Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, XI. 188), shows the difference in temperature between Europe and the eastern shores of Asia and America, at the parallel of 40°: at the parallel of 60° the difference is much greater : Mean Temperature Continent of Asia Asiatic Islands. Continent of America American Islands 8 58 97 19 The chief volcanoes of Europe are Vesuvius, Etna, Hecla, and others on the island of Iceland, and Stromboli. Earthquakes are phenomena which seem intimately connected with the volcano: their principal range is in volcanic No portion of the world of equal extent is richer in minerals. All the metals except platina are found in Europe; and the useful metals, iron, copper, lead, and tin, in great abundance. Gold occurs in the three forms called by Werner yellow, grayish yellow, and electrum, or argentiferous gold, in different parts, widely diffused, and in small quantity. Spain and Greece were both famous for this metal in the ancient world. At present it is. wrought only in the Alps, the Carpathian, and Ural mountains, and, we believe, the Dofrenis. The most valuable silver mines in Europe are those situated in various parts of the Austrian dominions. Others of less value are found in Saxony, and other parts of Germany, in Russia, and in Sweden. Different parts of Siberia also produce silver and a vein of considerable value was some time ago worked in the parish of Alva, in Stirlingshire; several veins occur in different parts of Cornwall. Humboldt gives the following table, here reduced into sterling money, of the produce of the gold and silver mines of different quarters of the world : This, however, does not include the gold of Africa, and the Asiatic islands, which perhaps does not fall much short of £1,000,000. The most extensive iron m nes in the world are found in Europe: and are those of the clay and iron-stone strata of Great Britain and France. Sweden also contains large mines of magnetic iron-stone; which are particularly suited for bar iron, and afford an invaluable export. Extensive iron-mines are likewise found in Russia, in Germany, particularly in Austria, and in Spain. The following table is given by professor Jameson, of the comparative produce of iron mines in different parts of the world : Copper, the next most important metal, occurs also in large quantity in Europe. The most copious mines are in England, particularly in Cornwall. It occurs also in Norway, Sweden, Germany, particularly in the Austrian dominions, in Russia, and in the whole of Siberia. Mr. Jameson estimates the produce of Britain at 200,000 quintals; that of the rest of Europe at about 180,000. Lead appears also in a considerable number of ores, as well as combined with arsenic, phosphoric, and sulphuric acids. It too is found most abundantly in Great Britain, particularly at Leadhills and Wanlockhead in Scotland. Mr. Jameson calculates its annual produce in Britain at 250,000 quintals; in the rest of Europe, chiefly France, Germany, and Spain, at 230,000. No large quantity is found in any of the other continents. Tin is of still more limited occurrence. In Europe, it is found only in Cornwall (by much its largest repository), in the Saxon Erzgebirge, and in Spanish Galicia. Mercury occurs native, amalgamated with silver, in various ores, but principally combined with sulphur in the form of cinnabar. There are no mines of any great importance in the world, except those of Almaden in Spain, Idria in Carniola, and Guancavelica in Peru. Those of Idria form a stratum at the depth of 7000 feet, having a computed length of 3000, and a breadth of 2400 feet. The subterraneous excavations consist of nine horizontal galleries, which are entered from descending shafts, besides a descent partly by a stair-case, and partly by a ladder, from the interior of a large building in the town. The annual produce of these mines is about 360,000 pounds. Great Britain and France supply the richest mines of coal in the world. In the north-west of England, and both sides of the south of Scotland, it is particularly abundant. (See COAL.) It is found also in Ireland, in the Netherlands, in about a fourth part of the French territory (where it has lately been made ductive), and occurs more sparingly in Saxony, Hanover, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Hungary. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Bavaria, Austria, Franconia, Westphalia, Suabia, Catalonia, and some other parts of Spain, in Portugal, and in Sardinia. more pro In Poland and on the north side of the Carpathian mountains are the most productive salt mines of Europe; those in Salzburg on the north Quintals. side of the Alps, are also considerable. Mineral 5,000,000 salt is found in Transylvania and Hungary; in 4,500,000 Valentia, Navarre, and Catalonia, in Spain; in 1,675 679 Cheshire, in England; and in Bavaria and Swit1,500,000 zerland. Salt springs are numerous along the 1,010,400 sides of primitive mountains in most countries of Europe. The inferior minerals, alum, antimony, cobalt, manganese, sulphur, and zinc, also occur throughout this continent. 480,000 322,053 The productions of the soil in Europe, though 187,411 not often reaching the luxuriance of the tropics, 180,000 are abundant in comfort and usefulness to man. 135,000 Here are raised wheat and barley, the bases of 110,000 the most nutritive bread, in their most perfect 80,000 state: the vine; the olive; the mulberry; and even the sugar-cane:-cotton; the banana, 15,180,543 orange, citron, fig, pomegranate, and date also grow in the south of Europe. Peaches and apricots succeed with care as far north only as the latitude of 50° in Russia; melons as far as 52°. The plum and the cherry grow wild as far north as 55°, but are carried farther by cultivation. (Storch, II. 302, 304, 308). Fruit trees and the oak terminate in Sweden, at Geffle, in the latitude of 61°; but the pine and the birch advance within the arctic circle; and the former grows to the height of sixty feet in the latitude of 70°. (Annals of Phil. VII. 382). The blackberry and the whortle-berry grow in Lapland, and the gooseberry even in Greenland. (Mentelle et MalteBrun, Geog. I. 502). Tobacco is extensively cultivated over the greater part of the Continent of Europe, from Sicily to Sweden. Wheat is with difficulty raised in higher latitudes of the continent; but oats, hemp, and flax find there a congenial soil. Proceeding further towards the north, every species of vegetation which is available to human subsistence fails; and nothing appears but dwarf trees, the different species of lichen, and a few wild berries. M. Von Buch, however, calculates, that even at the Northern Cape of Europe, in 70° of north latitude, perpetual snow does not begin till the height of 1060 metres (about 3200 English feet). This naturalist gives the following table of the height at which the different plants, which have hitherto stood the cold of this rigorous clime, cease to grow. beautiful, and which is eagerly sought after by man for similar purposes. The rein-deer, a more valuable species, peculiar to this rigorous climate, serves all the purposes of a domestic animal, both for draught and food. And it is only when man can no longer exist that the quadruped race again assumes a fierce and formidable character, and the bear stalks amid the horrid and frozen solitude. The population of Europe, in number, character, and origin, has unusual claims on our attention. Minute particulars respecting it, belong of course to our articles on the respective countries over which it is distributed. Zimmermann in 1787 estimated the entire population of Europe at 144,000,000; at present, according to the best authorities, it has been thought to have advanced above 40,000,000 from this estimate; or is about 185,000,000. This, if a regular increase, would imply an annual augmentation of 77 in the 1000, or 1,416,000 persons on the present population; and, at this rate, the number of inhabitants would double in about ninety years. But the particulars of this extensive calculation are by no means sufficiently accurate to warrant a close calculation upon them. In the following estimate of the distribution of the inhabitants of this continent, which appeared originally in a respectable Foreign Journal, they are only taken at 181,500,000. Arranging them according to their respective languages and religions we have. I. ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE. 1. Nations speaking dialects derived from the Latin 2. Teutonic nations 3. Sclavonians 61,000,000 54,000,000 45,000,000 4. Celts 7000 3,720,000 1500 islands. 4500 In Africa 9. Cimmerians 1,610,000 . 13,000 8,000 2,100 2,060,000 340,000 150,000 In equinoctial America In New Holland, and the isles of the Pacific Ocean 5000 Certain animals, peculiarly useful to man, seem to thrive equally well in all the zones of the earth, as the ox, the sheep, the goat, the hog, the horse, the dog: and, while the torrid zone teems with the same luxuriance of life in its animal as in its vegetable tribes, the comparative diminution of their profusion is felt in Europe, rather in the noxious and ferocious, than in the really important species of animals. Here, for instance, the wolf and the wild bear are the chief beasts of prey continually retreating before civilisation; while the reptile race gradually dwindle in their capacity to do mischief, until it disappears. The insect tribes also wear little of harassing and destructive character. In approaching, however, to the sixtieth degree, the useful animals also become small and stunted; and a little beyond they give place to the elk, the martin, the sable, the ermine, animals protected from the cold with a covering of fur, at once rich and 13. Circassians 14. Samoides 15. Jews 16. Gipsies 17. Armenians EU'RUS, n. s. Lat. The east wind. Eurus, as all other winds, must be drawn with blown cheeks, wings upon his shoulders, and his body the color of the tawny moon. Peacham, EURYANDRA, in botany, a genus of the trigynia order, and polyandria class of plants: CAL. pentaphyllous perianth,with small, roundish, and concave leaves: COR. of three roundish hollow petals, longer than the calyx; the sta mina are very many capillary filaments, much dilated at the apex; pericarp. three egg-shaped follicles containing several seeds. EURYDICE, the wife of Amyntas, king of Macedon, and the mother of Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. From a criminal loves he had conceived for her daughter's husband, she conspired against Amyntas; but he discovered the plot, and forgave her. On the death of Amyntas, Alexander ascended the throne, but he perished through the ambition of his mother, as also did his successor Perdiccas. Philip, however, preserved his crown from all her attempts, on which she fled to Iphicrates, the Athenian general, but what afterwards became of her is not known. EURYDICE, in fabulous history, the wife of Orpheus, who, flying from Aristæus, who endeavoured to ravish her, was slain by a serpent. See ORPHEUS. EURYMEDON, in ancient geography, a large river running through Pamphylia; famous for a naval engagement, in which the Athenians, under Cimon, defeated the Persians. EURYSTHEUS, in fabulous history, king of Argos and Mycenae, son of Amphitryon, or, according to others, of Sthenelus and Nicippe, the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules, the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. See ALCMENA. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules; and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous enterprises. See HERCULES. The success of Hercules in achieving these perilous labors alarmed Eurystheus to a greater degreŁ, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, to secure a safe retreat in time of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx, king of Trachinia, because he treated them with hospitality. See HERACLIDE. He was killed in this war by Hyllus, the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena, who tore out his eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded by Atreus his nephew, about thirty years before the Trojan war. EURYTUS, a king of Oechalia, who, proud of his skill in archery, offered his daughter, Iole, in marriage to any man who should shoot nearer a mark than he. Hercules excelled him, but, being refused the fair prize, killed the father and carried off the daughter. EUSDEN (Laurence), an English poet, born in Yorkshire, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His first patron was the celebrated lord Halifax; whose poem, on the battle of the Boyne, he translated into Latin. In 1718 the duke of Newcastle rewarded an epithalamium he wrote on his marriage, with the place of poet laureat; but this preferment raised him several enemies, and Pope placed him in the Dunciad. He became also rector of Coningsby in Lincolnshire, where he died in 1730. He was the author of many poetical pieces. EUSEBIANS, a name given to the Arians, on account of the favor which Eusebius procured for them. See ARIANS and EUSEBIUS. EUSEBIUS, surnamed Pamphilus, born in Palestine about the end of the reign of Gallienus. He was the intimate friend of Pamphilus the Martyr; and, after his death, took his name. He was ordained bishop of Cæsarea in 313. He had a considerable share in the contest relating to Arius; whose cause he defended. He assisted at the council of Nice in 325; when he made a speech to the emperor Constantine on his coming to the council, and was placed next him on his right hand. He was also present at the council of Antioch, in which Eustathius, bishop of that city, was deposed; but though he was chosen by the bishop and people of Antioch to succeed him, he refused that station. In 335 he assisted at the council of Tyre held against Athanasius; and was in the assembly of bishops at Jerusalem, at the dedication of the church there. By these bishops he was sent to the emperor Constantine, to defend what they had done against Athanasius; when he pronounced the panegyric on that emperor, during the public rejoicings in the thirtieth year of his reign. Eusebius died in 338 He wrote, 1. An Ecclesiastical History, of which Vatesius has given a good edition in Greek and Latin; 2. The Life of Constantine; 3. A Treatise against Hierocles; 4. Chronicon; 5. Preparationes Evangelicæ; 6. De Demonstratione Evangelicâ; of which there are but ten books extant out of twenty; and several other works, some of which are Jost. EUSTATHIANS, a name given to the Catholics of Antioch in the fourth century, on their refusing to acknowledge any other bishop be side St. Eustathius, who had been deposed by the Arians. This denomination was given them during the episcopate of Paulinus, whom the Arians substituted for St. Eustathius, about A.D. 330. About 350 Leontius, of Phrygia, who was an Arian, and was put in the see of Antioch desired the Eustathians to perform their service in his church; which they accepting, the church of Antioch was served alternately by the Arians and Catholics. This, however, gave offence to many Catholics, who began to hold separate meetings; and thus formed the schism of Antioch. Upon this, the rest, who continued to meet in the church, ceased to be called Eustathians, and the appellation became restrained to the dissenting party. St. Flavianus, bishop of Antioch in 381, and one of his successors, Alexander, in 482, brought about a coalition between the Eustathians and the body of the church of Antioch, described by Theodoret, Eccl. 1. iiì. c. 2. EUSTATHIUS, a monk of the fourth century, who excluded married people from salvation; prohibited his followers from praying in their houses; and obliged them to quit all their possessions as incompatible with the hopes of heaven. He drew them out of the other assemblies of Christians to hold secret ones with him, and made them wear a particular habit: he appointed them to fast on Sundays; and taught them, that the ordinary fasts of the church were needless,, after they had attained to a certain degree of purity, which he pretended to. He expressed great horror for chapels built in honor of martyrs, and the assemblies held in them. Several women, seduced by his sophistry, forsook their husbands, and many slaves were easily prevailed on to desert their masters. He was condemned at the council of Gangra in Paphlagonia, held between the years 326 and 341. EUSTATHIUS, archbishop of Thessalonica, in the twelfth century, under the emperors Emanuel, Alexander, and Andronicus Comnenus. He was an eminent grammarian: and wrote commentaries upon Homer and Dionysius the geographer. The best edition of his commentaries on Homer is that of Rome, printed in Greek, in 1542, in 4 vols. folio. His commentaries on the Periegesis of Dionysius were printed by Hudson at Oxford, in 1697, 8vo. He' was alive in 1194. EUSTATIA, or EUSTATIUS (St.), one of the Caribbee islands, belonging to the Dutch. It is little less than a huge mountain, which formerly has, in all probability, been a volcano. Its situation is so strong that it has but one landing place; and this is so well fortified as to be almost impregnable. Tobacco is its chief product. It is cultivated to the very top, which terminates in a large plain surrounded with wood, but having a hollow in the middle, which serves as a large den for wild beasts. The inhabitants rear hogs, goats, rabbits, and all kinds of poultry, in such abundance, that they can supply their neighbours, after serving themselves. The first Dutch colony sent to this island consisted of about 1600 people. They were dispossessed by the English from Jamaica in 1665. Soon after, the Dutch and French becoming confederates, the English were expelled in their turn. The French continued to hold a garrison in the island till the treaty of Breda, when it was restored to the Dutch. Soon after the revolution, the French drove out the Dutch, and were in their turn driven out by the English under Sir Timothy Thornhill, with the loss of only eight men killed and wounded, though the |