Clerc, born at Metz in 1637, died at Paris in 1714; a catalogue of this artist's works was published by Jombert in 1774; Antoine Watteau, born at Valenciennes in 1684, died at Paris in 1721; Ant. Coypel, born at Paris in 1661, died there in 1728; Bernard Picart, whose numerous and excellent works have procured him a deservedly great name, was born at Paris in 1673, and died at Amsterdam in 1733; Ch. Nic. Cochin, born at Troyes in 1619, died at Paris in 1686; J. B. Oudry, born at Paris in 1686, died in 1755; Jacques Phil. le Bas, born at Paris in 1708, died in 1782; Pierre Quentin Chedell, born at Châlons, in Champagne, in 1705, died about the year 1762; Jean Moyreau, 1762; A. C. Ph. Comte de Caylus, born at Paris in 1687, died in 1765, known by the number and excellence of his works and his writings on antiquities; Nic. Ch. Silvestre, 1767; Ch. Hutin, born at Paris in 1715, died at Dresden in 1776; J. B. Le Prince, born at Paris in 1733, died in 1781; Ch. Nic. Cochin the younger, born at Paris in 1715, died there 1788; a catalogue of the works of this able artist is published by Jombert, Paris, 8vo. 1770; Laurent J. Cars, born at Lyons in 1702, died at Paris in 1771; Choffart, Flippart, S. Aubin, Demanteau, J. de Longueuil, Marcenay de Ghuy, De S. Non, Denon, Tardieu, De Sève, Pillement, Hibon, Willemin, &c.

Among the Italian artists who have excelled in etching are Agostino Veneziano, who etched many of the designs of Michel Angiolo, Raffaelle, &c., and died in 1514; Franc. Mazzuoli, commonly called Parmegiano, born at Parma in 1504, died at Casal Maggiore in 1540; his etchings, after his own pictures, are numerous and excellent; Marco da Ravenna, died in 1540; Giacomo Robusti, surnamed Tintoret, born at Venice in 1512, died in 1594; Agostino Caracci, born at Bologna in 1558, died in 1602; Annibale Caracci, brother of the last, born at Bologna in 1560, died at Rome in 1609; F. Baroccio, born at Urbino in 1528, died at Rome in 1612; B. Schidone, born at Modena in 1560, died at Parma in 1616; C. Procaccini, horn at Bologna in 1546, died at Milan in 1626; F. Villamena, born at Assisi in 1566, died at Rome in 1626; Giacomo Palma, born at Venice in 1544, died in 1628; Raffaelle Sciaminose, born in 1570, died in 1615; Guido Reni, horn at Calvenzano, near Bologna, in 1575, died in 1642; Lanfranco, born at Parma in 1581, died at Rome in 1647; Pietro Testa, born at Lucca in 1611, died at Rome in 1648; Guiseppe Ribera, called II Spagnuoletto, born at Gallipoli in 1593, died in 1656; Giov. Franc. Barbieri, called Guercino, born at Cento in 1590, died at Bologna in 1660; Pietro Santi Bartoli, 1670; Giov. Benedetto Castiglione, born at Genoa in 1616, died at Mantua in 1670; Salv. Rosa, born at Naples in 1615, died at Rome in 1673; Gasp. Dughet, called Le Poussin, born at Rome in 1613, died in 1675; Lucas Giordano, 1705; Carlo Maratti, born at Camerino in 1625; died at Rome in 1713; Pietr. Aquila, 1720; Marco Ricci, born at Belluno in 1689, died at Venice in 1730; J. B. Tiepolo, born at Venice in 1697, died at Madrid in 1770; André Scacciati, 1771,

Franc Bartolozzi, Bern. Bellotto, called Canaletti, Fr. Cunego, Piranesi, Volpato, &c. &c.

Among our English artists who have distinguished themselves by the use of the etching needle are Franc. Barlow, who died in 1702; Dan. Marot, 1712; Jon. Richardson, born at London in 1665, died there in 1745; Arthur Pond, born in 1700, died in 1758; William Hogarth, born at London in 1698, died in 1764; of whose numerous and admirable works an account may be found in the Biographical Anecdotes of Will. Hogarth. London, 1766; Rich. Earlom; William Woollet, born at Maidstone in 1735, died at London in 1785; Robert Walker, born in Somersetshire in 1572; James Gammon, born about 1630; Thomas Worlidge, in the style of Rembrandt, born at Peterborough in 1700, died at Hammersmith in 1766; J. B. Chatelain, born in England about 1710; Captain William Bailly, born about 1726; Thomas Gainsborough. born at Sudbury in 1727, died in 1788; Peter Tillemans, James Barry, Paul Sandby, Robert Pollard, James Gilray, the inimitable caricaturist, Robert Dodd, Thomas Vivares, and most of our eminent engravers.

The best works for reference concerning the subject of etching, and of the artists who have practised it, are, among others, mentioned under ENGRAVING. Le Catalogue du Cabinet de M. de Marolles; le Cabinet des Singularités d' Architecture, de Peinture, Sculpture, et Gravure, par Florent Le Conte; Description du Cabinet de M. Lorangere, par M. Gersarit; Le Catalogue du Chevalier de la Roque, by the same author; Le Catalogue raisonné du Cabinet de M. De Fonspertuis, by the same; that of the Cabinet de M. Mariette, par Franc. Basan; Le Catalogue raisonné des Estampes de M. Julienne, par P. Remy; Les Notices générales des Gravures divisès par Nations, suivies d'un Catalogue raisonné d'une Collection choiséed'Estampes, par M. Huber; Le Catalogue du Cabinet du Comte de Praun par Christophe de Murr, 8vo. 1797; Le Catalogue raisonné des principaux Graveurs et de leurs Ouvrages, par Fuesslin; Le Manuel des curieux et des Amateurs des Arts, by the same; Le Dictionnaire des Artistes dont nous avons des Estampes, par le Baron de Heinecken; Cabinet de M. Paignon Dijonval: various periodical works, such as Le Mercure de France, la Bibliothèque et la Nouvelle Bibliothéque des Belles Lettres et des Beaux Arts, en Allemand, les Journaux artistiques publiés. par M. de Murr et M. Meusel. See ENGRAVING.

ETEOCLES, in fabulous history, the eldest son of Edipus and Jocasta. See CREON. Having reigned one year in Thebes, he refused to give up the crown to his brother, Polynices, according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolved to punish such a violation of a solemn engagement, implored the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king's daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army headed by seven famous generals. Eteocles chose seven brave chiefs to oppose these, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to

ETERNITY, n. s.

ETER'NIZE, v. a.

nus, from avum, which by inser

tion of the Eolic digamma comes from Gr. awx, i. e. aɛ wv, ever being. Without beginning or end hence as a substantive applied only with strict propriety, to God: without end, immortal, perpetual, constant: an eternalist is one who holds in the past eternal existence of matter or of the world to eternalise and eternise (derived from the adjective) to make eternal, to perpetuate, immortalise: eterne (probably from the Fr. eterne) is an obsolete synonyme of eternal. The eternal God is thy refuge. Deuteronomy xxxiii. 27. And well beseems all knights of noble name, That covet in the immortal book of fame To be eternized, that same to haunt.

Faerie Queene. The earth shall sooner leave her kindly skill To bring forth fruit, and make eternal derth, Then I leave you my liefe, yborn of hevenly birth.

Id.

Thy immortal rhyme

Makes this one short point of time,
To fill up half the orb of round eternity.

Id.

Cowley.

I might relate of thousands, and their names Eternize here on earth; but those elect Angels, contented with their fame in heaven, Seek not the praise of men.

Milton's Paradise Lost,
I with two fair gifts

Created him endowed; with happiness,
And immortality: that fondly lost.
This other served but to eternize woe.
Beyond is all abyss,

Milton.

Id.

Id.

Eternity, whose end no eye can reach ! The Eternal, to prevent such horrid fray, Hung out of heaven his golden scales. Man, that is even upon the intrinsick constitution of his nature, dissolvible, must, by being in an eternal duration, continue immortal.

Hale's Origin of Mankind. Mankind by all means seeking to eternize himself, so much the more as he is near his end, doth it by Sidney. speeches and writings. Hobbes believed the eternal truths which he opposed. Dryden. Both of them are set on fire by the great actions of heroes, and both endeavour to eternize them.

Id. Dufresnoy. The four great monarchies have been celebrated by the writings of many famous men, who have eternized their fame, and thereby their own. Temple.

It is a question quite different from our having an idea of eternity, to know whether there were any real being, whose duration has been eternal? Locke.

By repeating the idea of any length of duration which we have in our minds, with all the endless addition of number, we come by the idea of eternity. Id.

That which is morally good, or evil, at any time, or in any case, must be also eternally and unchangeably so, with relation to that time and to that case.

Bear me, some god, to Baja's gentle seats, Or cover me in Umbria's green retreats, Where western gales eternally reside, And all the seasons lavish all their pride.

South.

Addison.

Eternity, thou pleasing, dreadful thought! Through what variety of untried being, Through what new scenes and changes must we pass '

Id.

Hence came its name, in that the grateful Jove Hath eternized the glory of his love. Creech's Manil To sounds of heavenly harps she dies away, And melts in visions of eternal day, Pope.

Blush at terror for a death Which gives thee to repose in festive bowers, Where nectars sparkle, angels minister, And more than angels share, and raise, and crown, And eternize, the birth, bloom, bursts of bliss. Young.

Matter being supposed eternal, there never was a time when it could be diffused before its conglobation, Johnson. or conglobated before its diffusion.

My heart was completely tinder, and was eternally lighted up by some goddess or other; and as in every other warfare in this world my fortune was various, sometimes I was received with favour, and sometimes I was mortified with a repulse.

Burns.

Lo where it comes like an eternity, As if to sweep down all things in its tract, Charming the eye with dread.

Byron.

ETESIÆ or ETESIAN WINDS, are such as blow at stated times of the year, from what part soever of the compass they come. They are so called from the Greek word eros, year, being anniversary winds, such as our seamen, call monsoons and trade winds, which in some parts of the world continue constantly blowing for certain stated seasons of the year. Thus, the north winds, which, during the dog-days, constantly blow upon the coasts of Egypt, and hinder all ships from sailing out of Alexandria for that season, are called etesiæ in Cæsar's Commentaries. See EGYPT. In other authors, the west and east winds are called etesiæ, when they continue blowing for certain seasons of the year. Cellarius endeavours to prove that those winds are properly etesian, which blow from that part of the horizon which is between the north and west about the times of the solstice. In ancient writers they are represented as very mild and gentle; and were called by mariners somniculosi and delicati, from their sleeping, or ceasing to blow in the night.

ETFU, or EDFOU, in geography, a village of Upper Egypt, situated near the Nile, above Esneh, built on the ruins of the great city of Apollo, or Apollinopolis Magna. It possesses an ancient temple, covered with hieroglyphics. "The extent, majesty, and preservation of this edifice, says Denon,' who has given a view of it, 'surpassed all that I had seen in Egypt, or elsewhere; it made an impression on me as vast as its own gigantic dimensions. This building is a long suite of pyramidal gates, of courts decorated with galleries, of porticoes, and of covered naves, constructed, not with common stones, but entire rocks.' The excellent preservation of this an

cient edifice forms a wonderful contrast with the

gray ruins of modern habitations built within its vast enclosure; a part of the population of this village is contained in huts built in the courts, and around the fragments of the temple; which, like swallows' nests in our houses, defile them without concealing or injuring their general appearance.' Below Etfu, the country becomes narrow, so that there is only a quarter of a league in breadth between the desert and the river.

ETHER, n. s. Fr. ether; Lat. æther; Gr. ETHE REAL, adj.anp, from aw, to burn. ETHE REOUS, adj. An element of greater supposed subtilty than the air; the element of the heavenly regions: the adjectives both mean formed of ether, celestial or heavenly.

They rove abroad in ether blue,
To dip the sithe in fragrant dew;
The sheaf to bind, the beech to fell,
That, nodding, shades a craggy dell.

Warton.

Purged from the ponderous dregs of earth below. Dryden.

The parts of other bodies are held together by the eternal pressure of the ether, and can have no other conceivable cause of their cohesion and union.

Locke.

If any one should suppose that ether, like our air, may contain particles which endeavoured to recede from one another; for I do not know what this ether is; aud that its particles are exceedingly smaller than those of air, or even than those of light, the exceed

ing smallness of its particles may contribute to the greatness of the force by which those particles may

recede from one another.

Newton.

The trumpet breathed a note: and all in air. The glories vanished from the dazzled eye;

And three ethereal forms, divinely fair,

Id.

Down the steep glade were seen advancing nigh. Id.

ETHER, OF ETHER, in chemistry, a compound of an acid and alcohol, of which there are several different kinds, such as nitric, sulphuric, muriatic ethers; which the reader will find described at length under the article CHEMISTRY. Its medical uses will be treated of in the article PHARMACY.

ETHERIA, an ancient name of Ethiopia.

ETHERIDGE (Sir George), a celebrated wit and comic writer, in the reign of Charles II. and James II. descended from an ancient family in Oxfordshire, and born in 1636. He travelled in his youth; and, disliking the study of the law, devoted himself to the drama. His first dramatic performance, the Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub, appeared in 1664: and introduced him to the leading wits of the time: in 1668 he produced a comedy called She would if she could; and, in 1676, he published his last comedy, called the Man of Mode, or Sir-Fopling

have been removed thither by Oasis to repress the incursions of the Blemmyes. 3. The Troglodytes, by some writers said to belong to Egypt, and described as little superior to brutes. 4. The Nubians. See NUBIA. 5. The Pigmies, by some supposed to be a tribe of Troglodytes; but by the most approved writers placed on the African coast of the Red Sea. 6. The Aualite or Abalita, of whom we know nothing more than that they were situated near the Abalitic Gulf. 7. The Struthiophagi, so called from their feeding upon ostriches, were situated to the south of the Memnones. 8. The Acridophagi. 9. Chelonophagi. 10. Ichthyophagi. 11. Cynamolgi. 12. Elephantophagi. 13. Rhizophagi. 14. Spermatophagi. 15. Hylophagi, and 16. Ophiophagi; all of whom had their names from their common food, viz. locusts, tortoises, fish, bitches' milk, elephants, roots, fruits or seeds, shrubs, and serpents. 17. The Hylogones, near to the Elephantophagi, and who were so savage that they had no houses, nor any other places to sleep in, but the tops of trees. 18. The Pamphagi, who used almost every thing indiscriminately for food. 19. The Agriophagi, who lived on the flesh of wild beasts. 20. The Anthropophagi, or man-eaters, now supposed to have been the Caffres, and not any inhabitants of Proper Ethiopia. 21. The Hippophagi, or horse-eaters, who lay to the north of Libya Incognita. 22. The Macrobii, a powerful nation, remarkable for their longevity; many of them attaining the age of 120 years. 23. The Sambri, situated near the city of Tenupsis in Nubia upon the Nile; of whom it is reported that all the quadrupeds they had, not excepting even the elephants, were destitute of ears. 24. The Asachæ, a people inhabiting the mountainous parts, and continually employed in hunting elephants. Besides these, there were a number of other nations or tribes, of whom we scarcely know any thing but the name, as the Gapachi, Ptoemphanes, Catadupi, Pechini, Catadra, &c.

The most famous cities and towns of ancient Ethiopia, were Abalis, Axum, Caloe, Melis, Mondus, Mosylon, Napata, Opone, and Premis or Premnis.

Of a country inhabited by such a variety of nations as we have above enumerated, all in a state of extreme barbarism, it is rather to be wondered that we have any history at all, than that it is not more distinct. It is generally agreed that Cush was the great progenitor of the inhabitants, and hence the country has sometimes been named from him. Many authors are of opinion, that Ethiopia received its first inhabitants from the country lying east of the Red Sea; and that the descendants of Cush, having settled in Arabia, gradually migrated to the south-east extremity of that country; whence, by an easy passage across the straits of Babelmandel, they transported themselves to the African side, and entered the country properly called Ethiopia: a migration which, according to Eusebius, took place during the residence of the Israelites in Egypt: but, in the opinion of Syncellus, after they had taken possession of Canaan, and were governed by judges. Mr. Bruce mentions a tradition among the Abyssinians, which, they

say, has existed among them from time immemorial, that very soon after the flood, Cush, the grandson of Noah, with his family, passed through Atbara, then without inhabitants, till they came to the ridge of mountains, which separates that country from the high lands of Abyssinia. Here, still terrified with the thoughts of the deluge, and apprehensive of a return of the same calamity, they chose to dwell in caves made in the sides of these mountains rather than trust themselves in the plains of Atbara; and our author is of opinion, that the tropical rains which they could not fail to meet with in their journey southward, and which would appear like the return of the deluge, might induce them to take up their habitations in these high places. Be this as it may, he considers it as a fact, that here the Cushites, with unparalleled industry, and with instruments utterly unknown to us, formed to themselves commodious, yet wonderful, habitations in the heart of mountains of granite and marble, which remain entire in great numbers to this day, and promise to do so till the consummation of all things.' The Cushites, having once established themselves among these mountains, continued to form similar habitations in all the neighbouring ones; and, thus following the different chains, spread the arts and sciences, which they cultivated, quite across the African continent from the eastern to the western ocean. According to the tradition above mentioned, they built the city of Axum, early in the days of Abraham. This city was anciently noted for its superb structures, of which there are still some remains. Among these is a magnificent temple, originally 110 feet in length, with two wings on each side, a double porch, and an ascent of twelve steps. Behind this stand several obelisks of different sizes. Mr. Bruce mentions some 'prodigious fragments of colossal statues of the dog-star,' still to be seen at this place; and Seir,' adds he, 'which, in the language of the Troglodytes, and in that of the low country of Meroe, exactly corresponding to it, signifies a dog, instructs us in the reason why this province was called Sirè, and the large river which bounds it Siris.' Soon after bounding the city. of Axum, the Cushites founded that of Meroe, the capital of a large island in the Nile, where, according to Herodotus, they pursued the study of astronomy, in very early ages with great success. See MEROE. Mr. Bruce gives two reasons for their building this city in the low country, after having built Axum in the mountainous part of Abyssinia. 1. They had discovered some inconveniences in their caves both in Sire and the country below it, arising from the tropical rains in which they were now involved, and which prevented them from making the celestial observations to which they were so much addicted. 2. It is probable that they built this city farther from the mountains than they could have wished, in order to avoid the venomous fly, called tsaltsalya, and zimb, with which the southern parts were infested. Meroe, which lay in latitude 16° north, the exact limit of the tropical rains, was without the bounds assigned by nature to these destructive insects; and consequently a place of refuge for the cattle. Mr..