The only way to come to a true estimate upon the odds betwixt a publick and a private life, is to try. both. L'Estrange. We find in animals an estimative or judicial faculty, an appetition or aversation, and loco-motive faculty answering the will. Hale. The error is not in the eye but in the estimative faculty, which mistakingly concludes that colour to belong to the wall, which indeed belongs to the obBoyle. ject. The only way for a rich man to be healthy, is by exercise and abstinence, to live as if he was poor; which are esteemed the worst parts of poverty. Sir W. Temple. the rights, to estimate the injuries, to weigh the accusations, and sometimes to dispose of the lives of their fellow subjects, by serving upon juries. Blackstone. The English in general seem fonder of gaining the esteem than the love of those they converse with; this gives a formality to their amusements. Goldsmith. No man can pay a more servile tribute to the great, than by suffering his liberty in their presence to aggrandize him in his own esteem, Johnson. Life of Swift. You may, indeed, happen to lose the game to your opponent, but you will win what is better, his esteem, his respect, and his affection; together with the silent approbation and good-will of impartial spectators. Catharine has filed like a dream(So vanishes pleasure, alas!) But has left a regret and esteem That will not so suddenly pass. ESTHER; лos, Heb. i. e. secret, or hid; a canonical book of the Old Testament; containing the history of Arch ESTHER, a Jewish lady, whose great beauty raised her to the throne of Persia; whereby she saved her countrymen from the total extermination planned by the proud Haman, prime minister and favorite of king Ahasuerus. The learned are not agreed who this Ahasuerus was. taspis, and Artystona to be Esther. Scaliger bishop Usher supposes him to be Darius HysHamestris to be Esther. Josephus, on the conmakes him the same with Xerxes, and his queen Scriptures is the Artaxerxes Longimanus of protrary, positively asserts that the Ahasuerus of the whole, book of Esther, translate Ahasuerus by fane story and the Septuagint, throughout the Artaxerxes. Locke. You lost one who gave hopes of being, in time, every thing that was estimable and good. Temple. Both those poets lived in much esteem with good and holy men in orders. Dryden's Fables. Preface. Who would not be loved more, though he were Dryden. esteemed less? It is by the weight of silver, and not the name of the piece, that men estimate commodities and exchange them. This might instruct the proudest esteemer of his own parts, how useful it is to talk and consult with others. Id. Outward actions can never give a just estimate of us, since there are many perfections of a man which are not capable of appearing in actions. Addison. Upon a moderate estimate and calculation of the quantity of water now actually contained in the abyss, 1 found that this alone was full enough to cover the whole globe to the height assigned by Moses. Where great esteem is without affection, 'tis often attended with envy if not with hate. Woodward. Dennis. To whom can riches give repute and trust, Pope. All gentlemen of fortune are, in consequence of their property, liable to be called upon to establish Most authors agree in this last opinion; and, indeed, the extraordinary kindness showed by Artaxerxes to the Jews, can scarcely be accounted for otherwise than by supposing that they had some powerful advocate like Esther. descendant from one of those familes which had Esther was of the tribe of Benjamin, and a been carried into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, and afterwards settled in the city of Shushan. She was the niece of Mordecai, and her Jewish name was ‘Hadassah.' The critics are divided about the author of this book: St. Epiphanius, St. Augustine, and Isidore, attribute it to Ezra; but Eusebius will have it to be of a later date. Some ascribe it to Joachim, high priest of the Jews, and grandson of Josedek; others will have it composed by an assembly, or synagogue, of the Jews, to whom Mordecai wrote letters, informing them of what happened. Esther ix. 29. But the generality of interpreters, He brew, Greek, Latin, &c., ascribe the book to Mordecai himself; Elias Levita, in his Mass. Hamum., pref. 3, mentions this opinion as unquestionable. It is chiefly founded on that passage, chap. ix. ver. 20, where it is said that Mordecai wrote these things, and sent letters unto all the Jews, that were in all the provinces, &c.' It is also supposed that queen Esther herself might have some share therein it being expressed in the same chapter, ver. 29, that Esther and Mordecai wrote a second letter, by the king's authority, to ordain the solemnising a yearly feast, called purim, that is, day of lots, in commemoration of the Jews being delivered from the lots, or sortes, whereby they had been condemned. Some will have this book to be deuterocanonical, or apocryphal; others contend for its being canonical, as far as chap. x., ver. 3 inclusive, and all the rest deuterocanonical. Of this sentiment are, St. Jerome, De Lyra, Dionysius the Carthusian, Cajetan, and others. The council of Trent turned the scale for its being canonical throughout; so that the matter is determined for the Catholic countries. But the Protestants retain the old opinion, and only admit it as far as the third verse of the tenth chapter; the rest, to the end of the sixteenth chapter, is thrown among the apocryphal books. ESTHONIA, a country of European Russia, adjoining to Livonia, and extending along the south side of the gulf of Finland. It is upwards of 10,000 square miles in superficial extent; but its population does not exceed 250,000. Revel, the capital, is the only considerable town, and the manufactures are on a very small scale. The hovels of the peasantry are mean, and men and cattle are frequently found under the same roof. In 1804 an imperial ukase issued to ameliorate the condition of the serfs, and another, dated June 1816, pronounced their gradual liberation in the course of fourteen years. The common people speak a dialect of the Finnish; the higher classes German. Corn, hemp, flax, cattle, and seeds, are the principal products; and are all articles of export. Esthonia once belonged to the Teutonic knights, and became an object of contest between Sweden, Russia, and Poland. The treaty of Oliva, in 1660, gave it to Sweden: that of Nystad, in 1721, to Russia, in whose possession it has been ever since. It is sometimes called the government of Revel, and is divided into four circles. have common of estovers; that is, necessary botes or allowances out of the lord's wood: in which last sense, estovers comprehend housebote, hay-bote, and plow-bote: so that if a man have in his grant these general words, 'de rationabili estoverio in boscis, &c.' he may thereby claim all three. ESTOVERS is also used for alimony, which if the husband refuses to pay, there is, besides the ordinary process of excommunication, a writ at common law, de estoveriis habendis, in order to recover it. ESTRADES (Godfrey), Count of, a French diplomatist of the seventeenth century, was at an early age designed for the profession of arms, and served under prince Maurice in Holland, with whom he acted as agent of the French court. He was afterwards made a marshal of France, and highly esteemed as a diplomatic character. In the year 1661 he went to England as ambassador extraordinary, where he maintained with spirit the precedence of the crown of France to that of Spain. In the following year he concluded the peace of Breda in Holland. He was intrusted with the negociation for a general peace at Nimeguen, and acquitted himself to the satisfaction of all concerned. He sustained with great credit its various other public trusts; and, in 1685, was nominated governor of the duke de Chartres, but died a few months after his appointment, aged seventy-nine. In 1709 were published Letters, Memoirs, and Negociations, of the Count d'Estrades; an improved edition of the same work appeared at the Hague in 1743, in 9 vols. 12mo. ESTRANGE', v. a. Fr. estranger. A comESTRANGEMENT, n. 8. S pound of STRANGE, which see. To keep at a distance; withdraw; alienate from use or affection. They have estranged this place, and have burnt incense in it to other gods. Jer. xix. 4. Had we not only cut off their corruptions, but also estranged ourselves from them in things indifferent, who seeth not how greatly prejudicial this might have been to so good a cause? Hooker. I do not know, to this hour, what it is that has es tranged him from me. Pope. His heart, from cruel sport estranged, would bleed To work the woe of any living thing, By trap or net, by arrow or by sling; These he detested; those he scorned to wield : He wished to be the guardian, not the king, Tyrant far less, or traitor of the field. Ah, cruel maid, how hast thou changed The temper of thy mind! 2 Q Beattie, My heart, by thee from love estranged, Sheridan. Becomes, like thee, unkind. ESTRE'ES (Francis-Annibal d'), was born in 1573, and educated for the church, in which he, at an early age, had the bishopric of Noyon conferred upon him by Henry IV. When he was twenty-one, however, he resigned his ecclesiastical preferment, on account of the death of his elder brother, and assumed the profession of arms, in which he became distinguished under the title of the marquis De Coeuvres. He was ambassador extraordinary to Switzerland and the princes of Italy in 1614, and created marshal of France in 1626. In 1630 he succoured the duke of Mantua, who was besieged in his capital. In 1636 he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Rome, a character in which he ably sustained the honor and interests of his master. Being recalled by his sovereign, which he considered as an affront, he refused to appear at court, to give an account of his conduct. He died at Paris in 1670, highly respected, at the great age of ninetyeight years. At the desire of cardinal Richelieu, he drew up Memoirs of the Regency of Mary de Medicis, which was published at Paris in 12mo., in the year 1660. A relation of the Siege of Mantua, in 1620, and An Account of the Conclave, in which pope Gregory XV. was chosen, in 1621, have also been given to the public from his papers. ESTRE ES (Cæsar d'), cardinal, son of the preceding, was born in 1628, and raised to the bishopric of Laon in 1653. He was created cardinal by Clement X. in 1671; and at the death of that pontiff entered the conclave, and managed so as to put off the election five weeks, till the arrival of the body of French cardinals. He was sent into Bavaria to negociate the marriage of the dauphin in 1677; and afterwards went to Rome on other important business. He supported the rights of the crown, and of the Gallican church, in opposition to pope Innocent XI. On his return to France he was rewarded with the abbey of St. Germain des Pres, where he died in 1714, in his eighty-seventh year, greatly regretted. His sister, known as the 'fair Gabrielle,' was for many years the favorite mistress of Henry IV., who first saw her at her father's castle of Coeuvres, 1591. He had three children by her, and, notwithstanding the remonstrances of Sully, the hope of making her his queen was one of his principal inducements in urging on his divorce from Margaret of Valois. Before, however, he could attain his object, Gabrielle died suddenly, on the 10th of April, 1599, not without a strong suspicion of poison. ESTREMADURA, an extensive province of Spain, bounded by the frontier of Portugal on the west, Salamanca on the north, Toledo on the east, and Cordova and Seville south. Its length is estimated at 140 miles, its breadth at 120. Rye, wheat, and pasturage, are the chief objects of agriculture here; and the stock of horned cattle, pigs, and goats, is considerable. Sheep, to the amount of 4,000,000 in number, are sent hither every summer from the mountainous provinces, to remain during winter; but most of the raw produce is sent to Seville and Cadiz. Badajos is the chief town; others worth notice are Merida, Lerena, Truxillo, Alcantara, and Placentia. Its chief rivers are the Tagus and Guadiana. There is a solitary woollen manufacture at Bejar. Population 450,000. ESTREMADURA, a considerable province of Portugal, containing the capital, and extending along the Atlantic to the north and south of Lisbon, being bounded on the north by Beira, and on the east by Alentejo. It is about 140 miles in length, and seventy in breadth. The Tagus enters it on the east, and for many miles forms the boundary between this province and Beira. The climate is mild, and calculated, as well as the soil, for grain culture; which is however but little pursued, nor is pasturage much attended to. The chief products are wine, oil, honey, and fruit; the tract between Lisbon and Abrantes is a perfect garden. Salt is obtained on the coast, and exported from Setubal in considerable quantities. Population 850,000. ESTREMOS, a strong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, situated in an agreeable neighbourhood, on the Tarra. It consists of the upper and lower towns, the former standing with the citadel on an eminence, the latter in the valley. It is one of the chief fortresses in the kingdom. Popula tion 6500. Twenty-four miles north-east of Evora, forty-eight west of Badajos, and eighty east of Lisbon. E'STRICH, n. s. Commonly written ostrich; Is to be frighted out of fear; and, in that mood, The peacock, not at thy command, assumes Averroes restrained his hilarity, and made no more thereof than Seneca commendeth, and was allowable in Cato; that is, a sober incalescence, and regulated estuance from wine. Browne. ESTUATION, n. s. From Lat. astuo. The state of boiling; agitation; commotion. Rivers and lakes that want fermenting parts at the bottom, are not excited into estuations; therefore some seas flow higher than others. Browns. The motion of the will is accompanied with a sensible commotion of the spirits, and an estuation of the blood. Norris. ESTWAITE, Esthwaite Water, a lake of Lancashire, between Hawkshead and Winander mere, two miles and a half long, and half a mile broad. It is nearly intersected by two elevated peninsulæ, one from each side jutting far into it, well cultivated and bordered with trees and coppice wood. It abounds with trouts, pikes, perches, and eels, and has an outlet in the Winander-mere, over which is a narrow stone bridge. E'STURE, n. s. Lat. æstus. Violence; com motion. The seas retain Not only their outrageous esture there, Chapman. Over much piercing is the air of Hampstead, in which sort of air there is always something esurine and acid. Wiseman. ETAMPES, a large town of France, in the department of the Seine and Oise, situated on the Loet or Etampes, which, on its junction here with the Juine, assumes the name of Epone, and becomes navigable. It has leathern- and woollen manufactures of some extent. On the 1st of March, 1792, Etampes was the scene of several revolutionary excesses, among others the murder of its mayor. Population 8000. Twenty miles outh of Versailles, and twenty-eight south by west of Paris. ETAPLES, a sea-port town of France, on the English channel, at the mouth of the Canche, and containing about 1450 inhabitants, whose chief employment is fishing. Eleven miles southeast of Boulogne. ETAWEH, a district of Hindostan, in the province of Agra, situated between the Jumna and the Ganges. After a good rainy season, it is very productive, yielding all kinds of grain except rice; it also produces sugar, tobacco, and cotton. In the year 1801, it was ceded by the nabob of Oude to the British; and is governed by a judge and collector, subject to the court at Bareilly. ETAWEI, a fortress, and the capital of the above district, situated on the eastern bank of the river Jumna, which is here very broad. It was formerly the residence of a rajah, and a place of much resort: it is situated on various distinct hills, and has many sand islands. ETC, a contraction of the two Latin words et cætera, which signifies, and so on; and the rest; and others of the like kind. ETCH', v. a. Ger. etzen, from Ger. eeten, ETCHING, n. s. to eat. To engrave bythe use of aquafortis, which eats into the copper; to nibble, eat or remove the edges: hence to move edgewise. Etching is the art of engraving in this way, or a print thus prepared. There are many empty terms to be found in some learned writers, to which they had recourse to etch out their systems. Locke. When we lie long awake in the night, we are not able to rest one quarter of an hour without shifting of sides, or at least etching this way and that way, more or less. Ray. He (Durer) was the first of the Germans, who not only arrived at an exact imitation of nature, but has likewise left no second; being so absolute a master of it, in all its parts, in etching, engraving, statuary, architecture, optics, symmetry, and the rest, that he had no equal, except Michael Angelo Buonarrotti. Pilkington. Where you find dunging of land makes it rank, lay dung upon the etch, and sow it with barley. Mortimer's Husbandry. ETCH OF ETCHING, etizen German, in engraving, is performed on copper and other metals or substances by drawing with a needle inserted in a handle, called an etching needle, on and through a thin ground, which being corroded or bitten by aqua-fortis, forms the lines upon the plate. The tools and substances employed in this free and artist-like mode of engraving are varnishes or grounds of various sorts, both hard and soft, which can be purchased at the color shops; etching needles of various sizes, etching boards, rules, &c. The design is transferred to the ground in the same way as directed for engraving, and then the lines and figures are traced, drawn, or etched through the ground with the needles. See ENGRAVING. The most eminent artists of different nations who, after Albert Durer, have distinguished themselves by their abilities in etching, and whose works are the fittest examples for the student, in Germany are Jean Guillaume Bauer, born at Strasburg in 1600, and died at Vienna in 1640; he engraved many battle-pieces, capriccios, and historical pieces with great ability; Mathieu Merian, 1661, who excelled in natural history, entomology, &c.; Wenceslas Hollar, 1676, of whom G. Vertue published in London, 1752 and 1759, a description of his works in one volume 4to.; Jonas Umbach, a painter and etcher born at Augsburg in 1624, and died there about 1690, engraved many excellent plates from scripture history; Jean Henri Roos, born at Ottendorf in the Palatinate, in 1631, died at Frankfort in 1680; he excelled chiefly in animals; J. J. de Sandrart, 1698, who engraved after Raffaelle, &c.; Franç. Ettinger, 1702; Phil. Roos, 1705; Fel. Meyer, 1713; Jean Christophe Dietsch, also a landscape painter, born at Nuremburg in 1710, and died in 1769; Pierre Von Bemmel, born at Nuremburg in 1689, and died in the same city in 1723, .andscape; Franç de Paule Ferg, born at Vienna in 1689, died in London 1740; G. Phil. Rugendas, born at Augsburgh 1666, died 1742; J. F. Beich, born at Munich 1665, died there in 1748; J. Frey, born at Lucerne 1689, died at Rome in 1760; Thiele, 1752; Wolfgang Kilan, 1759; Phil. Jérome Brinkmann, born at Spire 1709, died at Manheim in 1761; J. E. Reidinger, born at Ulm in 1698, died at Augsburgh in 1767, celebrated for his animals and hunting pieces; Francois Edmond Weirotter, born at It has formerly been much disputed among the Inspruck in 1730, died at Vienna in 1773; curious, whether Germany or Italy had the honour of giving birth to the invention of etching, and with the view of ascertaining this point, the dates of the impressions from the earliest etching by Albert Durer and Parmegiano have been assiduously sought for and compared. Dr. A. Rees. Chret. Guill. Ernest Dietrich, also a painter, born at Weimar in 1712, died at Dresden in 1774; his works are both numerous and excellent; a catalogue of them is printed in Les Melanges Artistiques de M. Meusel; Georges Fred. Schmidt, born at Berlin in 1712, died in the same city in 1775; a catalogue raisonné of whose works, in two parts, was published at Leipsic in 1789; Christ. Louis de Hagedorn, 1780; Jos. Wagner, born at Thalendorf in 1706. died at Venice in 1780; Salomon Gessner, born at Zurich, 1734, died there in 1788; Daniel Chodoweichi, born at Dantzic in 1726; his works have been described by M. Meusel; Balthasar Antoine Dunker, born at Saal near Stralsund in 1746; M. A. Geyser; H. and C. Guttemberg; Jacques Philippe Hackert, also a landscape painter, born at Prenzlau, in Brandenburgh, in 1737; John Hackert, born at Amsterdam in 1634; George Hackert; Maria Angelica Kaufman, born at Coire in the Grisons in 1747, died at Rome in 1807, also an eminent painter. Her etchings are various aud beautiful. Ferdinand Kobell, also a landscape painter, born in 1740; Philip James De Loutherbourg, born at Strasburg in 1740, died at Hammersmith, near London, in 1812, many excellent etchings after his own designs; Jean Meill, born at Antwerp 1599, died at Turin in 1664; Oeser, Rode, Schellenberg, Tischbien, Weisbrodt, Wille, Zingg, &c. &c. Among the artists of the Netherlands who have rendered themselves celebrated by their etchings are Lucas Sim. Frisius, 1640; Pierre Soutman, 1640; many pieces after Vandyck, Rubens, &c.; Corn. Schut, also a painter, born at Antwerp in 1590, died there in 1660; Jonas Suyderhof, born at Leyden 1600; J. G. Van Vliet, born in Holland 1608; many spirited etchings after Rembrandt; Ant. Van Dyck, born at Antwerp in 1559, died in London 1641; Jean Fyt, born at Antwerp in 1625, died in 1644; Jean Both, the celebrated painter, born at Utrecht in 1609, died at Venice in 1650, many very spirited and artist-like etchings, of which there were some fine specimens in the cabinet of M. Paignon Dijonval; P. Potter, born at Enkhuysen in 1625, died in 1654; Pierre Van Sompelen, Jérôme Wittoweck, Jacques Neefs Franç. Sneyders, the celebrated painter of animals, born at Antwerp in 1579, died in 1657; Antoine Waterloo, landscape painter, born at Utrecht in 1618, died there in 1662; Lucas Van Uden, born at Antwerp in 1596, died there in 1662; Corn. Bega, born at Haarlem in 1620, died there in 1664; his etchings are both numerous and excellent; Theodore Van Thulden, 1662; Jean Vischer, born at Amsterdam in 1636, and Corneille Vischer, born at Haarlem in 1610, died in 1673, of whose works a catalogue has been published by Ger Hecquet in 1754; Adrian Van der Velde, born at Amsterdam in 1639, died there in 1672, animals and landscape; Pierre Van Laar, born at Laaren, in Holland, in 1613, died at Haarlem in 1674; Paul Rembrand van Ryn, born near Leyden in 1606, died in 1674; of the numerous etchings of this great artist several catalogues have been published, one in 1751 by Gersaint, another by Helle and Glomy in 1756, to which P. Yver added a supplement; in 1759 Ant. de Burgy published another, but they have been all superseded by the excellent catalogue raisonné of Adam Bartsch, published at Vienna in 1797; Albert Van Everdingen, also a landscape painter, born at Alkmaer in 1621, died there in 1675; Du Jardin Morghen; Jacques Jordaens, the celebrated painter, born at Antwerp in 1594, died there in 1678; R. Stoope born in Holland 1612, died in England 1686; he engraved a set of seven pieces relating to the marriage of Charles II. and Catherine of Portugal; Jean Van der Velde, born at Leyden about 1598, died 1679; Reinier Nooms, called Zeeman, born at Amsterdam in 1612, and died in 1680; he etched many excellent sea pieces; Melch. Kussel, born at Augsburg in 1621, died in 1683; Nic. Berghem, the celebrated painter, born at Haarlem in 1624, died in 1683, of whose works a descriptive catalogue was published by Winter in 1767; Adrian Van Ostade, born at Lubeck in 1610, died at Amsterdam in 1685; Abr. Genoels born at Antwerp in 1638, died in 1685; Herman Saftleven, born at Rotterdam in 1609, died at Utrecht in 1685; Roland Rogmann, born at Amsterdam in 1607, died in 1686; Jean Bischop, known by the name of Episcopius, born at the Hague in 1646, died at Amsterdam 1686; Thomas Wyck, born at Haarlem in 1618, died there in 1686; Jacques Ruysdaal, the landscape painter, born at Haarlem in 1635, died at Amsterdam 1681; David Teniers, born at Antwerp in 1611, died in 1690: Herman Van Swaneveldt, born at Voerden, in Holland, in 1620, died at Rome in 1690; Adrian Van der Cabel, born at Rhyswick in 1631, died in 1695; Ant. Franc. Boudewyns, known by the name of Boudouin, 1700; Corneille du Sart, a painter, engraver in aqua-fortis and mezzotinto, born at Haarlem, in 1665, died there in 1704; Romyn de Hooghe, born at the Hague in 1638, died in 1718; Gerard Lairesse, born at Liege in 1640, died at Amsterdam in 1711; Jean Luycken, born at Amsterdam in 1649, died there in 1712; Jean Gottlieb Glauber, 1726; Jean Van Hughtenburg, painter and etcher of battles, and engraver in mezzotinto, born at Haarlem in 1664, died at Amsterdam in 1733; Jean Punt, also a painter, born at Amsterdam in 1711, died in 1770; Cornelius Ploos Van Amstel, who is also celebrated for his engravings in imitation of drawings, born at Amsterdam about 1730. The French artists have excelled in the art of etching, which they have brought to great perfection, particularly in finished works upon a small scale. The principal who have succeeded in this spirited and artist-like department of art are Et. Du Perac, born at Paris about 1550, died in 1601; Jacques Callott, born at Nancy in 1593, died there in 1635; his works in sacred and mythological subjects, history, portraits, titles, frontispieces, grotesques, landscapes, &c., are very numerous and much admired; Jean Morin, born about 1612, died in 1665; François Perrier, born at Mâcon in 1590, died at Rome in 1650; Laurent De La Hire, born at Paris in 1606, died there in 1656; Jean Boulanger, born at Troyes in 1613, died in Paris in 1660; Michael Dorigny, who engraved much after Vouet, 1665; Et. Bourdon. Et. Bandet, 1671: Franç. Chauveau, born at Paris in 1620, died there in 1676; Abr. Bosse, born at Tours in 1610, died at Paris in 1678; Gabr. Perelle, born at Paris 1622, died 1680; Franç. Tortebat, born at Paris 1626, died 1690; Israel Silvestre, born at Nancy in 1621, died at Paris in 1691; Claudia Bousonet Stella, 1697; Jean Baptiste Monnoyer, who painted the flowers at the British Museum, born at Lisle in 1635, died at London in 1699; Elisabeth Sophie Cheron, born at Paris in 1648, died there in 1711; Sebastian Le |