that I have? I had indeed; but it is now uncertain, whether I have or not.'

EPAULE EN DEDANS, in the manege, a modern French lesson, which, rendered into English, denotes that attitude in which, as the horse goes forward, he is so bent through his whole frame, that if he goes to the right, he must cross the right fore-leg over the left, and so vice versâ ; or, in the language of the manege, his inner shoulder, or leg, over the outward. The old masters worked their horses upon circles, when they intended to supple the shoulders and haunches; but to this mode of working upon circles, it has lately been objected that it constrains the forepart too much, and throws the horse upon his shoulders. To remedy this evil, M. de la Guerriniere, an accomplished horseman at Paris, invented the lesson called epaule en dedans, and established it in his manege. This new method, however, differs very little from the old practice, to which it owes its origin, and from which it is extracted and formed. The only objection against the circle is, that the horse, when worked circularly, has his haunches too much at liberty, by which means the weight of his body is thrown upon his shoulders, which are thereby impeded in their motion; and the animal compelled to work in a manner directly opposite to what he should do. The blame, however, instead of being laid on the circle, should have been ascribed solely to the false and senseless manner in which horses were formerly worked in it; when heavy large bits and cavessons were used, with which the heads of horses were loaded, and brought down to a level with their knees, so that they carried them, like rams, when they fight, and batter one another with their foreheads, Had these old practitioners known the advantage, and, indeed, the necessity, of raising the head, in order to press and bend the haunches, and of doing this by means of a snaffle with double reins, one being tied over the withers, the opposite side to which the horse is to turn, the head would at once have been raised, the outward shoulder brought in, and the horse bent from nose to tail; but this discovery was reserved for Sir Sidney Meadows, who has made many important improvements in the art of horsemanship. Berenger's History, &c., of Horsemanship, vol. ii.

EPAU'LET, n. s. Fr. epaulette. A military shoulder-knot or ornament.

Their vanity was dazzled and seduced by military liveries, cockades and epaulets. Burke.

EPAULETTES, a kind of military shoulderknots. Those for the soldiers are of the color of the facing, with a narrow yellow or white tape round it, and worsted fringe; those for the officers are made of gold or silver lace, with a ich fringe; they are badges of distinction worn on one or both shoulders. The following are the gradations of rank as distinguished by epaulettes in the navy. Masters and commanders have one epaulette on the left shoulder. Post captains under three years, one epaulette on the right shoulder: and, after having been post captains three years, two epaulettes. Rear-admirals have one star on the strap of the epaulette, viceadmirals two stars, and admirals three.

EPAULEMENT, in fortification, is a kind of breastwork to cover the troops in front, and sometimes in flank. In a siege, the besiegers generally raise an epaulement of eight or ten feet high, near the entrance of the approaches to cover the cavalry, which is placed there to support the guard of the trenches. These works are sometimes made of filled gabions, or fascines and earth.

EPEE (Charles Michael de l'), was the son of the king's architect, and born at Versailles, France, in 1712. He received an education for the church; and, after finishing his studies, obtained a canonry in the cathedral of Troyes. At the age of twenty-six he is said to have refused a bishopric. His life was principally devoted to the instruction of the dumb; an art which he first derived, it is said, from a Spanish treatise which he accidentally met with. The abbé L'Epee, however, had the merit of bringing this important alleviation of human infirmity into more general use, and making it the object of national institutions. He inherited from his father an income of about £400 a year, of which he expended only a fourth part on himself, employing the remainder for the benefit of his pupils. He died December 23d, 1789, and his plans were followed up by the abbé Sicard. His funeral oration was pronounced by the abbé Fauchet, preacher to the king. He was the author of an Account of the Cure of Marianne Pigalle; and an Elementary Treatise on the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb.

EPERIES, a town in the lower county of Scharosch, Hungary, on the river Tartza. It is of an oblong shape, with regular fortifications, and a population of 7400, of mixed German, Bohemian, and Ilungarian origin. The trade consists in linen, cattle, corn, and wine. The inhabitants are catholics, and a bishopric was established here in 1803. Here is also the seat of a high court of judicature. Fifteen miles north of Caschau.

EPERNAY, a town of Champagne, remarkable for the excellent wine of its neighbourhood, and containing manufactures of woollens, and hardware. It was taken by Henry IV. in 1592, when marshall Biron was killed by a cannon ball. It is agreeably situated on the Marne.

Fourteen miles south of Rheims.

EPEUS, a descendant of Endymion, the inventor of the battering ram, an engine of great service in sieges to make a breach. He is said to have built the Trojan horse, and founded the city Metapontum.

An EPHA, or ЕPHAH, 758 as a measure for things dry, was equal to three pecks, three pints, twelve inches and four tenths.

EPHEBEUM, in antiquity, the place where the ephebi or youth exercised: or, as some say, where those who designed to exercise met, and agreed what kind of exercise they should contend in, and what should be the victor's reward.

EPHEBI, among the ancient Athenians, a designation given to their young men when they arrived at eighteen years of age, at which time they had their names entered in a public register.

ÉPHEDRA, in botany, a genus of plants of the monadelphia order and diacia class. MALE

Gr. εφήμερη, from nuɛpa, a day. A fever that terminates in a day an insect that lives only one day : diurnal; beginning and ending in a day.

:

This was no more than a mere bubble or blast, and like an ephemeral fit of applause. Wotton.

EPHEMERA, the day-fly, in entomology, a genus belonging to the order of neuroptera. It has no teeth or palpi; there are two large protuberances above the eyes; the wings are erect, the two hind ones being largest; and the tail is bristly. These flies, which take their name from the shortness of their life, are distinguished into several species. Some live several days, others do not take flight till the setting of the sun, and live not to see the rising of that luminary. Some exist but one hour, others but half that time. The ephemere, before they flutter in air, have in some respects been fishes. They remain in the states of larva and chrysalis for one, two, or three years. The chrysalis only differs from the larva by having cases for wings on its back. Both have on their sides small fringes of hair, which, when put into motion, serve them as fins. Nothing can be more curious than the plying of those little oars in the water. Their abdomen is terminated, as well as in their state of flies, by three threads. These larvæ scoop out dwellings in the banks of rivers; small tubes made like siphons, the one serving for an entrance, the other affording them an outlet. The banks of some rivers are often perforated with them. When the waters decrease, they dig fresh holes lower down, to enjoy their element the water.. The season and hour when the chrysalides of the different species of the ephe meræ turn into flies, maintain a kind of regularity. The heat, the rise or fall of the waters, accelerate, however, or postpone their final display. The ephemera of the Rhine appear in the air two hours before sunset. These flies are hatched almost all at the same instant, in such numbers as to darken the air. The most early of those on the Maine and Seine in France, do not begin to fly till two hours after sunset, in the middle of August. They are seen fluttering and sporting on the brink of their tomb. The glare of light attracts them, round which they perform a thousand circles with amazing regularity. Their coming together for the purpose of generation can alone be surmised, the shortness of their life requiring that all their functions should be proportionable to its duration. Some naturalists suppose, that the males impregnate the eggs after the manner of fishes. The females, by the help of the threads of their tails, and the flapping of their wings, support themselves on the surface of the water, and in that almost upright situation drop their eggs in clusters. One single female will lay 700 or 800 eggs, which sink to the bot

tom.

When the flies have propagated, they die and fall by heaps, and the land and water are strewed with them to a considerable thickness. EPHEMERIS, n. s. Į Gr. εφημερις, ημέρα,

EPHEMERIST, N. S. as above. A journal; an account of daily transactions; an account of the daily motions and situations of the planets. An ephemerist is one who consults the planets, or who studies or practises astrology.

When casting up his eyes against the light, Both month, and day, and hour he measured right; And told more truly than the ephemeris ; For art may err, but nature cannot miss. Dryden. The night before he was discoursing of and slighting the art of foolish astrologers, and genethiacal ephemerists, that pry into the horoscope of nativities. Howel.

EPHEMERIS, in astronomy, is a table calculated to show the state of the heavens for every day at noon; or the places wherein all the planets are found at that time. From these tables the eclipses, conjunctions, and aspects of the planets, are determined; horoscopes or celestial schemes constructed, &c. In England, the Nautical Almanac, or Astronomical Ephemeris, published annually by anticipation, under the direction of the commissioners of longitude, is the most considerable. In France celestial ephemerides were published by M. Desplaces every ten years, from 1715, to 1745; they were afterwards continued by the abbé Caille, with many additions. EPHEMERON-WORM, n. s. From ἐφήμε pov and worm.

day.

A sort of worm that lives but a

Swammerdam observes of the ephemeron-worms, that their food is clay, and that they make their cells of the same. Derham.

EPHESUS, an ancient city of Ionia, greatly celebrated on account of its temple of Diana, and as the most famous mart as well as the metropolis of Asia Minor. The ancient city stood about fifty miles south of Smyrna, near the mouth of the river Cayster, and the shore of the Icarian

sea.

It was anciently known by the different names of Alopes, Ortygia, Morges, Smyrna, Trachæa, Samornion, and Ptela. It was called Ephesus, according to Heraclides, from Epŋooc, permission; because Hercules, says that writer, permitted the Amazons to live and build a city in that place. Others tell us that Ephesus was the name of the Amazon that founded that city; Pliny, Justin, and Orosius, unanimously affirm that it was built by an Amazon; while others bestow this honor upon Androclus, the son of Codrus, king of Athens, who was the chief of the Ionians that settled in Asia.

The Ionians first settled at Ephesus under the conduct of Androclus, who drove out the Carians and Leleges, by whom those places were possessed at his arrival. The city whether built by him, or by one Croesus or Ephesus, long before the Ionic migration, as others maintain, became soon the metropolis of Ionia. It was at first governed by Androclus and his descendants, who assumed the royal title, and exercised the regal authority over the new colony: whence, even in Strabo's time, the posterity of Androclus were styled kings, and allowed to wear a scarlet robe, with a sceptre, and all the ensigns of royalty. In

This statue was first placed in a niche, which, as we are told, the Amazons caused to be made in the trunk of an elm. Such was the first rise of the veneration that was paid to Diana in this place. In process of time, the veneration for the goddess daily increasing among the inhabitants of Asia, a most stately and magnificent temple was built near the place where the elm stood, and the statue of the goddess placed in it. This was the first temple; but not quite so sumptuous as the second, though reckoned, as well as it, one of the wonders of the world. The second (above described) was remaining in Pliny's time, and in Strabo's; and is supposed to have been destroyed in the reign of Constantine, pursuant to the edict of that emperor commanding all the temples of the heathens to be demolished; the former was burnt the same day that Alexander was born, by one Erostratus, who owned on the rack, that the only thing which had prompted him to destroy so excellent a work, was the desire of transmitting his name to future ages. Alexander offered to rebuild the temple at his own expense, provided the Ephesians would agree to put his name on the front; but they received his offer in such a manner as prevented the resentment of that vain prince, telling him, that it was not fit one god should build a temple to another.' The pillars and other materials that had been saved out of the flames, were sold, with the jewels of the Ephesian women, who on that occasion willin ly parted with them; and the sum raised from thence served for the carrying on of the work till other contributions came in, which, in a short time, amounted to an immense treasure. Of this wonderful structure there is nothing at present remaining but some ruins, and a few broken pillars, forty feet long and seven in diameter. There are two vast gateways of a theatre, and some walls of brick, faced with marble slabs, supposed either to have formed a part of the temple of Diana, or of the church of St. John; and a large portal, formerly leading to the citadel, wholly built with Roman tiles, faced with polished marble. Over the gateway, above a very rich frieze, are three pieces of exquisite sculpture, one of them representing the bringing of the body of Patroclus to Achilles.

EPHETÆ, from spinu, I send forth, in antiquity, magistrates among the Athenians, instituted by king Demophoon, to take cognisance of murder and manslaughter, and chance-medley: their original number was 100, of whom fifty were Athenians, and fifty Argians; but Draco new-modelled the court, excluded the Argians from it, and made it to consist of fifty-one Athenians.

אפר.

EPHOD, n. s. A sort of ornament worn by the Hebrew priests. See below. He made the ephod of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen. Exodus xxxix. 2.

Arrayed in ephods; nor so few
As are those pearls of morning dew,
Which hang on herbs and flowers. Sandys.

It is an unusual sight for Israel to see a Tuen ephod upon the bier. Bp. Hall's Contemplations. EPHOD, Hebrew, was evidently the principal article of those figurative garments of

salvation, for the forming of which, to array the high priest, Moses was very particularly instructed by God. Compassed about with the ephod, the high priest not only bore the names of the twelve tribes of Israel upon his shoulders, as above noticed, but also in the breast-plate upon his heart, with Urim and Thummim in the midst of them. Many passages of the Old Testament history demonstate the importance of the ephod. See particularly 1 Sam. xxiii. 8—12; xxviii. 6; xxx. 7. In two of these passages David appears enquiring at the ephod as in the presence of God, and receives direct answers from God. From these passages some affirm that the Jewish kings had a right to wear the ephod, and to consult the Lord by Urim and Thummim; but the generality of commentators are of opinion that neither David, Saul, nor Joshua, nor any prince of Israel, dressed themselves in the high priest's ephod, in order to consult God of themselves; but that when David says 'bring me hither the ephod,' he must be understood as saying, 'put on the ephod.' Grotius believes that the high priest turned the ephod or breast-plate towards David's face.

EPHORI, in Grecian antiquity, magistrates established in ancient Sparta to balance the regal power. The authority of the ephori was very great. They sometimes expelled and even put to death the kings, and abolished or suspended the power of the other magistrates, calling them to an account at pleasure. There were five of them, or as others say nine. They presided in the public shows and festivals. They were entrusted with the public treasure, decided on war and peace; and were so absolute, that Aristotle makes their government equal to monarchy. They were established by Lycurgus, according to the generality of authors: though this is denied by others, who date their origin 130 years after the time of that legislator. Thus Plutarch, in his Life of Cleomenes, ascribes their institution to Theopompus king of Sparta, which is also confirmed by the authority of Aristotle.

EPHORUS, an orator and historian of Cuma in Æolia, about A. A. C. 352. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he wrote a history of all the battles between the Greeks and barbarians, for 750 years. It was greatly esteemed by the ancients; but is now lost.

EPHRAIM, 98, Heb. i. e. fruitful, the second son of the patriarch Joseph, was born in Egypt about A. M. 2293, and was adopted along with his elder brother Manasseh, by their grandfather Jacob, among the progenitors of the tribes of Israel; when a remarkable preference was given to Ephraim.

EPHRAIM, in ancient geography, one of the divisions of Palestine by tribes. Ephraim and the half tribe of Manasseh are blended together by the sacred writer; and it only appears that Ephraim occupied the more southern, and the half tribe of Manasseh the more northern parts, but both seem to have extended from the Jordan to the sea.

EPHRAIM, or the EPHRAIMITES, the descendants of Ephraim, and the principal tribe of the ten, which separated from Judah. It is remarkable, that both under the judges and kings of