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ENGLISH archbishop Parker three years before, was completed. This edition, according to Le Long, was undertaken by command of queen Elizabeth; and it is mentioned by Strype, to the honor of the archbishop, that he had resolution to perform what Cranmer, as opposed by the bishops of his days, had in vain endeavoured to accomplish. In this performance, distinct portions of the Bible, at least fifteen in number, were allotted to select men of learning and abilities, appointed, as Fuller says, by the queen's commission; and, accordingly, at the conclusion of each part, the edition of 1568 has the initial letters of each man's name to the end of the first epistle to the Corinthians; e. g. at the end of the Pentateuch, W. E. for William, bishop of Exeter, whose allotment ended there; at the end of Ruth, R. M. for Richard Menevensis, or bishop of St. David's, to whom pertained the second allotment; and so of the rest. But it still remains uncertain, who, and whether one or more, revised the rest of the New Testament. Eight of the persons employed were bishops; whence the book was called the Bishops' Bible,' and the Great English Bible.' The archbishop employed other critics to compare this Bible with the original languages, and with the former translations; one of whom was Laurence, a man famous in those times for his knowledge of the Greek, whose castigations the Bishops' Bible followed exactly. His grace also sent instructions concerning the method which his translators were to observe; and recommended the addition of some short marginal notes, for the illustration or correction of the text. the particulars of these instructions are not But known. This Bible was printed and published in 1568, in a large folio size, and with a beautiful English letter, on royal paper; and embellished with several cuts of the most remarkable things in the Old and New Testaments, and in the Apocrypha, with maps cut in wood, and other engravings on copper. It has numerous marginal references and notes, and many useful tables. It also has numerous insertions between brackets, and in a smaller character; which are equivalent to the italics afterwards used by James's translators. Dr. Geddes is of opinion, that italic supplements were first used by Arius Montanus, who died in 1598. The several additions from the vulgar Latin, inserted in the Great Bible, are omitted; and verse 7 of 1 John v. which was before distinguished by its being printed in a different letter, is here printed without any distinction; and the chapters are divided into verses. In the following year, 1569, it was again published in large 8vo., for the use of private families. This Bible was re-printed in 1572, in large folio, with several corrections and amendments, and several prolegomena; this is called Matthew Parker's Bible.

In the year 1582 the Romanists first printed an English New Testament at Rheims: it was translated, not from the original Greek, but from the Latin Vulgate. The editors (whose names are not known) retained the words azymes, tunike, holocaust, pasche, and a multitude of other Greek words untranslated, under the pretext of wanting proper and adequate English terms, by which to render them; and thus contrived to render it unintelligible to common readers.

BIBLE.

pro

Hence the histortan Fuller took occasion to re-
be translated;' and that its editors, 'by all
mark that it was 'a translation which needed to
means labored to suppress the light of truth
under one pretence or other. Our learned coun-
tryman, Thomas Cartwright, was solicited by
Sir Francis Walsingham, to refute this transla-
tion; but, after he had made considerable
gress in the work, he was prohibited from pro-
ceeding further by archbishop Whitgift; who,
judging it improper that the defence of the doc-
trine of the Church of England should be com-
mitted to a puritan, appointed Dr. William
Fulke in his place. By him the divines of
Rheims were refuted with great spirit and abi-
lity. Fulke's work appeared in 1617; and, in
the following year, Cartwright's confutation was
published under the auspices of archbishop
Abbot; both of them were accompanied with
the Rhemish translation of the New Testament.
The Old Testament was translated from the Vul-
gate at Douay (whence it is called the Douay
Bible), in two volumes 4to., the first of which
appeared in 1609, and the second in 1610. An-
notations are subjoined, which are ascribed to one
Thomas Worthington; the translators were Wil-
and Richard Bristow. This translation, with
liam (afterwards cardinal) Allen, Gregory Martin,
the Rhemish version of the New Testament
above noticed, forms the English Bible, which
alone is used by the Romanists of this country.

noticed, is the authorised translation now in use,
The only English version that remains to be
which is commonly called King James's Bible.

a request made by Dr. Reynolds, head of the A resolution being formed, in consequence of Nonconformist party, to king James I. in the conference held at Hampton Court, 1603, that a new translation, or rather a revision of what was called the Bishops' Bible, printed in 1568, should be made, fifty-four translators, divided into six classes, were appointed for the accomplishment of this important work. Seven of these appear to have died before the work commenced, as only forty-seven are found in Fuller's list. The names of the persons, the places where employed, and the proportion of work allotted to each class, and the rules laid down by king James for their direction, we give chiefly from Fuller's Church History, book x. p. 44, &c.

conference, and king James's answer, were as
Dr. Reynolds's request in the Hampton Court
follows:

that the bible be new translated: such as are ex-
Dr. Reynolds.-May your majesty be pleased
tant not answering the original. [Here he gave
a few examples.]

might be followed, there would
Bishop of London-If every
translating.

be no end of man's humor

bible well translated in English; but I think, The King. I profess I could never yet see a that of all, that of Geneva is the worst. translation, which should be done by the best some special pains were taken for a uniform I wish learned in both universities; then reviewed by the bishops; presented to the Privy Council; lastly, ratified by royal authority, to be read in the whole Church, and no other.

The bishop of London in this, as in every

other case, opposed Dr. Reynolds, till he saw that the project pleased the king, and that he appeared determined to have it executed. In

consequence of this resolution, the following learned and judicious men were chosen for the execution of the work:

WESTMINSTER, 10.-The PENTATEUCH: the Story from JOSHUA, to the first book of the CHRONICLES, exclusively.

Dr. Andrews, fellow and master of Pembroke Hall, in Cambridge; then dean of Westminster, afterwards bishop of Winchester.

Dr. Overall, fellow of Trinity College, master of Katharine Hall, in Cambridge; then dean of St. Paul's, afterwards bishop of Norwich.

Dr. Saravia.

Dr. Clarke, fellow of Christ College, in Cambridge, preacher in Canterbury.

Dr. Laifield, fellow of Trinity, in Cambridge, parson of St. Clement Danes. Being skilled in architecture, his judgment was much relied on for the fabric of the tabernacle and temple. Dr. Leigh, archdeacon of Middlesex, parson of All-hallow's, Barking.

Master Burgley.

Mr. King.

Mr. Thompson.

Mr. Bedwell, of Cambridge, and (we think) of St. John's, vicar of Tottenham, nigh London.
CAMBRIDGE, 8.-From the first of the CHRONICLES, with the rest of the Story, and the HAGIOGRA-
PHA, viz. JOB, PSALMS, PROVERBS, CANTICLES, and ECCLESIASTES.
Master Edward Lively.

Mr. Richardson, fellow of Emmanuel, afterwards D. D., master, first of Peter House, then of
Trinity College.

Mr. Chaderton, afterwards D. D. fellow, first of Christ College, then master of Emmanuel.
Mr. Dillingham, fellow of Christ College, beneficed at

single and a wealthy man.

in Bedfordshire, where he died a

Mr. Andrews, afterwards D. D. brother to the bishop of Winchester, and master of Jesus College. Mr. Harrison, the Rev. vice-master of Trinity College.

Mr. Spalding, fellow of St. John's, in Cambridge, and Hebrew professor therein.

Mr. Bing, fellow of Peter House, in Cambridge, and Hebrew professor therein.

OXFORD, 7.—The four greater PROPHETS, with the LAMENTATIONS, and the twelve lesser PROPHETS.

Dr. Harding, president of Magdalen College.

Dr. Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi College.

Dr. Holland, rector of Exeter College, and King's professor.

Dr. Kilby, rector of Lincoln College, and Regius professor.

Master Smith, afterwards D.D. and bishop of Gloucester. He made the learned and religious

preface to the translation.

Mr. Brett, of a worshipful family, beneficed at Quainton, in Buckinghamshire.

Mr. Fairclowe.

CAMBRIDGE, 7.-The Prayer of MANASSEH, and the rest of the APOCRYPHA. Dr. Duport, Prebend of Ely, and master of Jesus College.

Dr. Brainthwait, first, fellow of Emmanuel, then master of Gonvil and Caius Colleges.

Dr. Radclyffe, one of the senior fellows of Trinity College.

Master Ward, Emmanuel, afterwards D. D. master of Sidney College, and Margaret professor. Mr. Downs, fellow of St. John's College, and Greek professor.

Mr. Boyce, fellow of St. John's College, prebend of Ely, parson of Boxworth in Cambridgeshire Mr. Ward, regal, afterwards D. D. prebend of Chichester, rector of Bishop Waltham, in Hampshire OXFORD, 8.-The four GOSPELS, ACTS of the APOSTLES, and APOCALYPSE.

Dr. Ravis, dean of Christ Church, afterwards bishop of London.

Dr. Abbot, master of University College, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury.

Dr. Eedes.

Mr. Thomson.

Mr. Savill.

Dr. Peryn.

Dr. Ravens.

Mr. Harmer.

WESTMINSTER, 7.-The EPISTLES of ST. PAUL, and the CANONICAL EPISTLES.

Dr. Barlowe, of Trinity Hall, in Cambridge, dean of Chester, afterwards bishop of Lincoln.

Dr. Hutchenson.

Dr. Spencer.

Mr. Fenton.

Mr. Rabbet.

Mr. Sanderson.

Mr. Dakins.

ENGLISH BIBLE.

For the better ordering of their proceedings, his Majesty recommended the following rules, to be most carefully observed by them:

1. The ordinary bible read in the church, commonly called the Bishops' Bible, to be followed, and as little altered as the original will permit.

2. The names of the prophets, and the holy writers, with their other names in the text, to be retained as near as may be, accordingly as they are vulgarly used.

3. The old ecclesiastical words to be kept, viz. as the word church not to be translated congregation, &c.

4. When any word hath divers significations, that to be kept which hath been most commonly used by the most eminent fathers, being agreeable to the propriety of the place, and the analogy of faith.

5. The division of the chapters to be altered either not at all, or as little as may be, if necessity so require.

6. No marginal notes at all to be affixed, but only for the explanation of the Hebrew or Greek words, which cannot, without some circumlocution, so briefly and fitly be expressed in the text. 7. Such quotations of places to be marginally set down, as shall serve for the fit reference of one Scripture to another.

8. Every particular man of each company to take the same chapter, or chapters; and having translated or amended them severally by himself, where he thinks good, all to meet together, confer what they have done, and agree for their port what shall stand.

9. As any one company hath despatched any one book in this manner, they shall send it to the rest, to be considered of seriously and judiciously; for his Majesty is very careful in this point.

10. If any company, upon the review of the book so sent, shall doubt, or differ upon any places, to send them word thereof, note the places, and therewithal send their reasons: to which, if they consent not, the difference to be compounded at the general meeting, which is to be of the chief persons of each company, at the end of the work.

11. When any place of special obscurity is doubted of, letters to be directed by authority, to send to any learned in the land, for his judgment in such a place.

12. Letters to be sent from every bishop to the rest of his clergy, admonishing them of this translation in hand; and to move and charge as many as, being skilful in the tongues, have taken pains in that kind, to send his particular observations to the company, either at Westminster, Cambridge, or Oxford.

13. The directors in each company to be the deans of Westminster and Chester for that place, and the King's professors in Hebrew and Greek in each university.

14. These translations to be used, when they agree better with the text than the bishop's bible, viz. Tindal's, Matthews', Coverdale's, Whitchurch, Geneva.

Besides the said directions before-mentioned, three or four of the most ancient and grave divines in either of the universities, not employed

in translating, to be assigned by the vice-chancellor upon conference with the rest of the heads, as Greek, for the better observation of the fourth to be overseers of the translations, as well Hebrew rule above specified.

And now after long expectation and great translation of the bible (most beautifully printed) desire,' says Mr. Fuller, 'came forth the new by a select and competent number of divines appointed for that purpose; not being too many, lest many things might haply escape them. Who lest one should trouble another; and yet many, neither coveting praise for expedition, nor fearing moment, none deserve blame for convenient reproach for slackness (seeing in a business of slowness), had expended almost three years in the work, not only examining the channels by the fountain, translations with the original, which channels with channels, which was abundantly was absolutely necessary, but also comparing useful in the Spanish, Italian, French and Dutch away the stone from the mouth of the well of (German) languages.-These, with Jacob, rolled life: so that now, even Rachel's weak women may freely come both to drink themselves, and Leave we then, those worthy men now al water the flocks of their families at the same. gathered to their fathers, and gone to God, howin heaven for their worthy work. Of whom, as ever they were requited on earth, well rewarded also of that gracious king that employed them, we may say, Wheresoever the Bible shall be preached or read in the whole world, there shall also this that they have done be told in memorial of them.'

completed and published till 1611; and there This Bible was begun in 1607, but was not are copies of it which, in their title pages, have corrected, and many parallel texts added, by the dates 1612 and 1613. This translation was Dr. Scattergood, in 1683; by Dr. Lloyd, bishop of London, in 1701; and afterwards by Dr. Paris, at Cambridge; but the most complete revision was made by Dr. Blayney, in the year 1769, under the direction of the vice-chancellor and delegates of the university of Oxford; in vised. 2. The words printed in italics examined, which, 1. The punctuation was thoroughly reand corrected by the Hebrew and Greek originals. 3. The proper names, to the etymology lated, and entered in the margin. 4. The heads of which allusions are made in the text, transand running titles corrected. 5. Some material marginal references re-examined, corrected, and errors in the chronology rectified; and 6. The their number greatly increased. Copies of this revision are those which are termed, above, the version. most correct copies of the present authorised

pean translations with the original,' says Dr. A. 'Those who have compared most of the Eurolish translation of the Bible, made under the Clarke, 'have not scrupled to say, that the Engdirection of king James the First, is the most accurate and faithful of the whole. Nor is this very spirit and soul of the original, and expressed its only praise: the translators have seized the this almost every where with pathos and energy. Besides our translators have not only made a

standard translation, but they have made their translation the standard of our language: the English tongue in their day was not equal to such a work-but God enabled them to stand as upon mount Sinai,' to use the expression of a learned friend, and crane up their country's language to the dignity of the originals, so that after the lapse of 200 years, the English Bible is, with very few exceptions, the standard of the purity and excellence of the English tongue. The original from which it was taken, is, alone, superior to the Bible translated by the authority of king James.' This is an opinion, in which my heart, my judgment, and my conscience coincide.' We might add numerous similar testimonies, but must restrict ourselves to those of the learned layman Selden, bishop Walton, bishop Horsley, Dr. Geddes, a Catholic, and Dr. Doddridge, the celebrated dissenting commentator.

JOHN SELDEN. The English translation of the Bible is the best translation in the world, and renders the sense of the original best, taking in for the English translation the Bishops' Bible as well as king James's. The translators in king James's took an excellent way. That part of the Bible was given to him, who was most excellent in such a tongue: as the Apocrypha to Andrew Downs; and then they met together, and one read the translation, the rest holding in their hands some Bible, either of the learned tongues, or French, Spanish, Italian, &c. If they found any fault, they spoke; if not, he read on. There is no book so translated as the Bible for the purpose. If I translate a French book into English, I turn it into English phrase, not into FrenchEnglish. Il fait froid; I say, 'tis cold, not, makes cold. But the Bible is rather translated into English words than into English phrase. The Hebraisms are kept, and the phrase of that language is kept.'

BISHOP WALTON. The last English translation made by divers learned men at the command of king James, though it may justly contend with any now extant in any other language in Europe, was yet carped and cavilled at by divers among ourselves; especially by one, who being passed by, and not employed in the work, as one, though skilled in the Hebrew, yet of little or no judgment in that or any other kind of learning, was so highly offended that he would needs undertake to show how many thousand places they had falsely rendered, when as he could hardly make good his undertaking in any one!'

BISHOP HORSLEY.- When the translators in James the First's time began their work, they prescribed to themselves some rules, which it may not be amiss for all translators to follow. Their reverence for the sacred Scriptures induced them to be as literal as they could, to avoid obscurity; and, it must be acknowledged, that they were extremely happy in the simplicity and dignity of their expressions. Their adherence to the Hebrew idiom is supposed at once to have enriched and adorned our language; and, as they labored for the general benefit of the learned and the unlearned, they avoided all words of Latin original, when they could find words in their own language, even with the aid of adverbs and prepositions, which would express their meaning.'

DR. GEDDES. "The highest eulogiums have been made on the translation of James the First, both by our own writers and by foreigners. And indeed, if accuracy, fidelity, and the strictest attention to the letter of the text, be supposed to constitute the qualities of an excellent version, this of all versions must, in general, be accounted the most excellent. Every sentence, every word, every syllable, every letter and point, seem to have been weighed with the nicest exactitude, and expressed either in the text, or margin, with the greatest precision. Pagninus himself is hardly more literal; and it was well remarked by Robertson, above a hundred years ago, that it may serve for a lexicon of the Hebrew language, as well as for a translation.'

Dr. Doddridge.-'On a diligent comparison of our translation with the original, we find that of the New Testament, and I might also add that of the Old, in the main, faithful and judicious. You know, indeed, that we do not scruple, on some occasions, to animadvert upon it; but you also know, that these remarks affect not the fundamentals of religion, and seldom reach any further than the beauty of a figure, or at most the connexion of an argument.'

ENGLISH COVE, a bay or harbour on the southwest coast of New Ireland, so called by captain Carteret, who anchored here in 1767. Oysters and cockles of large size are found among the rocks, and fish are every where plentiful. Scorpions, centipedes, and snakes, were also seen; with abundance of vegetables. The trees grow to an enormous size: the cocoa-nut and the wild nutmeg are in great perfection. Here is also a large blackbird, whose cry resembles the barking of a dog. Two small quadrupeds, supposed to be dogs, were observed by Carteret; and some deserted huts, but none of the natives were seen. Seven miles N. N. W. of Cape St. George.

ENGLISH HARBOUR, one of the best harbours of the island of Antigua, on the south shore, a mile south-east of the mouth of Falmouth harbour. It is fortified, and has a royal navy-yard and arsenal, with conveniences for careening ships of war. Long. 61° 27′ 30′′ W., lat. 17° 8′ 25 N.

ENGLISH ISLAND, or Long Island, a small island on the coast of Natolia, at the entrance of the gulf of Smyrna, so called from certain Englishmen who landed for amusement having been murdered here. Long. 26° 24′ E. lat. 38° 38′ N.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE. See GRAMMAR and LANGUAGE

ENGLISH LITURGY. The history of the present liturgical service of the Church of England may be thus concisely presented to the reader.

Prior to the reign of Henry VIII. the whole liturgy of the Church was sung or said in Latin; but in 1536 he ordered the apostles' creed, the Lord's prayer, and the ten commandments, to be translated into English for the use of the common people. In 1545 the liturgy was also permitted in English,' says Fuller, and this was the farthest pace the reformation stept in the reign of Henry the Eighth.'

In the first year of Edward VI., 1547, it was recommended to certain grave and learned

Canterbury.

3. Edmund Grindall, afterwards bishop of London.

bishops and others, then assembled by order of 2. Matthew Parker, afterwards archbishop of the king, at Windsor Castle, to draw up a communion service, and to revise and reform all other offices in the divine service: this service was accordingly printed and published, and strongly recommended by special letters from Seymour, lord protector, and the other lords of the council. The persons who compiled this work were the following

1. Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury.
2. George Day, bishop of Chichester.
3. Thomas Goodrick, bishop of Ely.
4. John Skip, bishop of Hereford.

5. Henry Holbeach, bishop of Lincoln.

6. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of Rochester.
7. Thomas Thirlby, bishop of Westminster.
8. Doctor May, dean of St. Paul's.

4. Richard Cox, afterwards bishop of Ely.
5. James Pilkington, afterwards bishop of Dur-
ham.
6.

Doctor May, dean of St. Paul's and master
of Trinity College, Cambridge.

7. Sir Thomas Smith, principal secretary of

state.

Of these Drs. Cox and May were employed on the first edition of this work, as appears by the preceding list.

In the first year of king James, 1604, another revision took place, and a few alterations were made, which consisted principally in the addition

9. John Taylor, then dean, afterwards bishop of of some prayers and thanksgivings, some alter

Lincoln.

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12. Doctor John Redman, master of Trinity College, Cambridge.

13. Doctor Richard Cox, then almoner to the king, and afterwards bishop of Ely.

This was what Fuller calls the first edition of the Common Prayer. Some objections having been made to this work by Calvin abroad, and some learned men at home, particularly in reference to the Commemoration of the Dead, the use of Chrism, and extreme Unction, it was ordered by a statute in parliament (5 and 6 of Edward VI.), that it should be faithfully and godly perused, explained, and made fully perfect. The chief alterations made in consequence of this order were these: the General Confession and Absolution were added, and the Communion Service was made to begin with the Ten Commandments; the use of oil in confirmation and extreme unction was left out, also Prayers for the Dead; and certain expressions that had a tendency to countenance the doctrine of transsubstantiation. The same persons to whom the compiling of the Communion Service was entrusted, were employed in this revision, which was completed and published in 1548. On the accession of queen Mary, this Liturgy was abolished, and the Prayer Book, as it stood in the last year of Henry VIII., commanded to be used in its place. In the first year of the reign of queen Elizabeth, 1559, the former Liturgy was restored, but it was subjected to a further revision, by which some few passages were altered, and the petition in the Litany, for being delivered from the tyranny, and all the detestable enormities of the bishop of Rome, left out, in order that conscientious Catholics might not be prevented from joining in the common service. This being done, it was presented to parliament, and by them received and established, and the act of uniformity, which is usually printed with the Liturgy, published by the queen's authority, and sent throughout the nation. The persons employed in this revision were the following :

1. Master Whitehead, once chaplain to queen Anna Bullein

ation in the rubrics relative to the Absolution, to the Confirmation, and to the office of Private Baptism, with the addition of that part of the Catechism which contains the Doctrine of the Sacraments. The other additions were A Thanksgiving for diverse Benefits-A Thanksgiving for Fair Weather-A Thanksgiving for Plenty-A Thanksgiving for Peace and Victory, and A See the Instrument in Rymer, vol. xvi. p. 565, &c. Thanksgiving for Deliverance from the Plague. When the work was thus completed, a royal proclamation was issued, bearing date March 1st, 1604, in which the king gave an account of the Hampton Court Conference, the alterations that had been made by himself and his clergy in the book of Common Prayer, commanding it, and See the Instrument, Rymer, vol. xvi. p. 575. none other, to be used throughout the kingdom.

In this state the book of Common Prayer continued till the reign of Charles II. who, the 25th of October, 1660, granted his commission under the great seal of England, to several bishops and divines, to review the book of Common Prayer, and to prepare such alterations and additions as they thought fit to offer. In the following year the king assembled the convocations of both the provinces of Canterbury and York, and authorised the presidents of those convocations, and other, the bishops and clergy of the same, to review the said book of Common Prayer, &c., requiring them, after mature consideration, to make such alterations and additions as to them should seem This was accordingly done several prayers and some whole services added, and the whole published with the act of Uniformity in the 14th of Charles II. 1661; since which time it has undergone no farther revision.

meet and convenient.

ENGLISH NEIGHBOURHOOD, a settlement of the United States, in New Jersey, situated on the

north-east branch of Hackinsack River.

ENGLISH POINT, a cape in the river St. Lawrence on the coast of Canada. Long. 51° 45′ W., lat. 49° 40. N.-There is another cape of this name on the south coast of Newfoundland. Long. 53° 29′ W., lat. 46° 49′ N.

gellan, about nine miles across between Cape ENGLISH REACH, a reach in the straits of MaHolland and Cape Gallant.

ENGLISH ROAD, a road in the island of Eooa or Middleburgh, in the South Pacific, with

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