the justice of his own imprisonment. To all the articles but this, he agreed to subscribe; but that did not give satisfaction. He was then committed to close custody; his books and papers were seized; all company was denied him, and he was not even permitted the use of pen and ink. The bishops of Chichester, Worcester, and Exeter, were in like manner deprived of their offices; those of Landaff, Salisbury, and Coventry, only escaped by sacrificing the most considerable of their revenues. The libraries of Westminster and Oxford were ordered to be ransacked and purged of the Romish legends, missals, and other superstitious volumes; in which search, great devastation was made even in useful literature. Many volumes clasped in silver were destroyed for the sake of their rich bindings; many of geometry and astronomy were supposed to be magical, and destroyed on that account; while the members of the university, trembling for their own safety, in vain opposed themselves to these Vandal ravages. A commission was next granted to the primate and others, to search after all anabaptists, heretics, or contemners of the new liturgy. Among the numbers who were found guilty on this occasion was one Joan Boucher, commonly called Joan of Kent; who was so obstinate in pestilential errors that the commissioners could make no impression upon her. She maintained an abstruse metaphysical sentiment, that Christ, as man, was a sinful man; but, as the Word, he was free from sin, and could be subject to none of the frailties of the flesh with which he was clothed. For maintaining this doctrine she was condemned to be burnt as a heretic. The young king, who, it seems, had more humanity than his teachers, refused at first to sign the death-warrant: but at last, overcome by the importunities of Cranmer, he reluctantly complied; declaring, that if he did wrong, the sin should be on the head of those who had persuaded him to it. The primate, after making another unsuccessful effort to reclaim the woman from her opinions, committed her to the flames. Some time after, Van Paris, a Dutchman, was condemned to death for Arianism. He suffered with great intrepidity, and is said to have hugged the faggots that were consuming him. The rest of this reign affords only a history of intrigues and cabals. The protector was first opposed by his own brother admiral Sir Thomas Seymour, who had married Catharine Parr the late king's widow. She died soon after the marriage; and he then made his addresses to the princess Elizabeth, who is said not to have been averse to the match. His brother the duke, being informed of his ambitious projects, caused him to be attainted of hightreason, and at last condemned and executed, Somerset himself was sometime afterwards deprived of his office by Dudley, duke of Northumberland; and was in his turn accused of treason, and beheaded. Not satisfied with the office of protector, which he assumed on the death of Somerset, this ambitious nobleman formed a scheme of engrossing the sovereign power altogether. He represented to Edward, who was now in a declining state of health, that his sisters

Mary and Elizabeth, who were appointed by Henry's will to succeed, in failure of direct hers, to the crown, had both been declared illegitimate by parliament; that the queen of Scots his aunt stood excluded by the king's will; and being an alien also, lost all right of succeeding. The three princesses being thus excluded, the succession naturally devolved to the marchioness of Dorset, eldest daughter of the French queen, Henry's sister, who had married the earl of Suffolk after her first husband's death. The heir of this lady was lady Jane Grey, universally respected, both on account of the charms of her person, and the virtues and endowments of her mind. The king, who was accustomed to sub mit to the political views of this minister, agreed to have the succession submitted to his council, where Northumberland hoped to secure an easy concurrence. The judges, however, who were appointed to draw up the king's letters patent for this purpose, warmly objected to the measure, and gave their reasons. They begged that a parliament might be summoned, both to give it force, and to free its partisans from danger; they said that the form was invalid, and would not only subject the judges who drew it, but every counsellor who signed it, to the pains of treason. Northumberland could not brook their demurs; he threatened them with his authority, called one of them a traitor, and said he would fight with any man in his shirt in such a just cause as that of lady Jane's succession. A method was therefore found of screening the judges from danger, by granting them the king's pardon for what they should draw up; and at length the patent for changing the succession was completed, the princesses Mary and Elizabeth were set aside, and the crown settled on the heirs of the duchess of Suffolk; she herself being contented to forego her claim. For some time the king had languished in a consumption. After this settlement of the crown, his health visibly declined every day, and little hopes were entertained of his recovery. His physicians were now dismissed by an order of council; and he was put into the hands of an ignorant old woman, who undertook to restore him to health. After the use of her medicines, all his bad symptoms greatly increased. He felt a difficulty of speech and breathing; his pulse failed, his legs swelled, his color became livid. He expired at Greenwich, on the 6th of July, 1553, in the sixteenth of his age, and seventh of his reign.

After the death of Edward, very little regard was paid to the new patent by which lady Jane Grey had been declared heir to the throne. The undoubted title of Mary, notwithstanding the scandalous behaviour of her father and his servile parliaments, was generally acknowledged by the nation. Northumberland, however, was resolved to put the late king's will in execution. He therefore carefully concealed the death of the king, in hope of securing the person of Mary, who, by an order of council, had been required to attend her brother during his illness; but she, being informed of his death, immediately prepared to assert her rights. Northumberland then, accompanied by the duke of Suffolk, the earl of

Pembroke, and some other noblemen, saluted lady Jane Grey queen of England. She was with difficulty, however, brought into the measure of accepting the crown, and reluctantly suffered herself to be conveyed to the tower, where it was then usual for the sovereigns of England to pass some days after their accession. Mary, who had retired to Kenning-hall, in Norfolk, found herself, in a very few days, at the head of 40,000 men; and lady Jane, after an ineffectual attempt of her friends to raise a military force, resigned, in ten days, the sovereignty. Northumberland, finding his affairs desperate, attempted to quit the kingdom. But he was stopped by the band of pensioner guards; surrendered himself to Mary; and was, soon after, tried and executed for treason, with Sir John Gates and Sir Thomas Palmer, two of his political tools. Sentence was also pronounced against lady Jane Grey and her husband lord Guildford. Mary entered London July 31st, in company with her sister the princess Elizabeth, and was at once peaceably settled on the throne. Soon, however, her people found reason to repent their attachment to her. Though she had at first solemnly promised to defend the religion and laws of her predecessor, her authority no sooner became firmly established, than she resolved to restore the old religion. Gardiner, Bonner, and the other bishops who had been imprisoned or deprived during the last reign, were taken from prison and reinstated in their sees. On pretence of discouraging controversy, the queen, by her prerogative, silenced all preachers throughout England, except such as should obtain a particular license, and this she was resolved to give only to those of her own persuasion. The greater part of the foreign protestants left the kingdom. Soon after, the queen called a parliament, which seemed willing to concur in all her measures. They at once repealed the statutes with regard to religion, that had passed during the reign of Edward VI., and the national religion was placed on the footing on which it stood at the death of Henry VIII. To strengthen the cause of the catholics, and give the queen more power to establish the religion to which she was attached, a proper match was to be sought for her. Her affections were said to be engaged to Courtenay, earl of Devonshire; but he was thought to be attached to the princess Elizabeth, and received the attention of the queen with indifference. The next person proposed as a match for her was cardinal Pole; but he was now in the decline of life, and Mary declined to open any negociation on the subject. At last, Philip II. of Spain, son to the emperor Charles V., was considered eligible by the queen and her friends. He was then in the twenty-seventh year of his age: but when her intentions with regard to him became known, the greatest alarm took place throughout the nation, and the commons presented so strong a remonstrance against a foreign alliance, that the queen dissolved the parliament. To obviate clamor, however, the articles of marriage were drawn up with the most careful consideration of the interests of England. It was agreed, that though Philip should have the title of king, the

administration should be entirely in the queen; that no foreigner should be capable of holding any office in the kingdom; nor should any innovation be made in the laws, customs, and privileges of the people: that Philip should not carry the queen abroad without her consent, or any of her children without the consent of the nobility. £60,000 a-year were to be settled upon her as a jointure; and the male issue of this marriage were to inherit Burgundy and the Low Countries as well as the crown of England: in case of the death of Don Carlos, Philip's son by his former marriage, without any heir, the queen's issue should inherit all the rest of the Spanish dominions also. It is but justice to Guardini, who drew these articles, to observe, that when Elizabeth afterwards contemplated a foreign marriage, she referred to this treaty as the most satisfactory precedent that could be found. All these concessions, however, were not sufficient to quiet the popular apprehensions: they were considered merely as words of course, which might be retracted at pleasure; and the whole nation murmured against a transaction which was considered dangerous to its independence. An insurrection was raised by Sir Thomas Wyatt, a Roman catholic, at the head of 4000 men, who marched out of Kent towards London, publishing a declaration against the Spanish match and the queen's evil counsellors. Having advanced as far as Southwark, he required that the queen should put the Tower of London into his hands; that she should deliver four counsellors as hostages; and, to ensure the liberty of the nation, should marry an Englishman. But his force was by far too small to support such demands; and he wasted so much time without attempting any thing of importance, that the popular ferment subsided, his men abandoned him gradually, and he was at last obliged to surrender himself. His followers were promptly brought to justice; fifty of the Londoners, who had joined the rebels, were hung in various parts of the metropolis; eight or ten suffered in Kent; 400 more were conducted with ropes about their necks into the queen's presence, and there received their pardon. Wyatt himself was condemned and executed. This rebellion had almost proved fatal to the princess Elizabeth, who for some time past had been treated with neglect: and a letter of advice to her was produced on the trial of Wyatt. An important letter written by her to the king of France (whose ambassador Noailles had warmly encouraged the late insurrection) was also placed in the hands of the queen; and Elizabeth seems at least to have wavered in her allegiance to her sister. Mary had never forgotten the quarrel between their mothers; and the declaration made after her own accession, recognizing Catharine's marriage as legal, necessarily pronounced Elizabeth illegitimate. She was likewise obnoxious on account of her religion, which Elizabeth at first had not prudence to conceal. She was now committed to the Tower, and underwent a strict examination before the council; but Wyatt declared her innocence on the scaffold, and, after a short confinement, the queen found herself under a necessity of releasing her. To get rid of so troublesome a

lingering illness, after a reign of five years, four months, and eleven days.

On the death of Mary, the princess Elizabeth succeeded without opposition. She was at Hatfield when news of her sister's death arrived; upon which she hastened to London, where she was received with unusual joy. Her qualifications for government were never exceeded in her own sex, and have been rarely equalled in the other. While her superior judgment led her to choose proper ministers, she ever exhibited authority enough to keep her subjects in awe. The restraints also to which she had been subjected during her sister's reign, had taught her so well to conceal her sentiments, that she had become a mistress of dissimulation; which, however it must qualify our moral estimate of her character, proved occasionally of great service to her government. She completed the reformation, and placed the religion of England upon the plan on which it at present subsists. This was accomplished with little difficulty; for the persecutions of Mary's reign had much increased the aversion of the people to popery. In the time of Edward VI. they had been compelled to embrace the protestant religion, and their fears induced them to conform; but almost the whole nation had now become protestants from choice. The reformation was confirmed by act of parliament in 1559; being the fourth change of the established religion in England in thirty-two years. While the queen and her counsellors were employed in settling the religious affairs of the nation, negociations were carried on for a peace between England and France: this was at last concluded on the following terms, viz. that Henry should restore Calais at the expiration of eight years; that in case of failure he should pay 500,000 crowns, and Elizabeth's title to Calais still remain; that for the payment of this sum he should find the security of eight foreign merchants, not natives of France; and until that security was prepared he should deliver five hostages. If during this interval Elizabeth should break the peace with France or Scotland, she should forfeit all title to Calais; but if Henry made war on Elizabeth, he should be obliged to restore the fortress immediately. This pacification was soon followed by an irreconcileable quarrel with Mary queen of Scots; a quarrel not extinguished but by the death of the Scottish princess; and connected with circumstances of treachery, hypocrisy, and dissimulation, on the part of Elizabeth, which stain her memory with indelible disgrace. See the articles MARY and SCOTLAND. Elizabeth having at last disposed of her rival, began in 1587 to make preparations for resisting a Spanish invasion, which was now threatened. Hearing that Philip was secretly fitting our a navy to attack her, she sent sir Francis Drake with a fleet to pillage his coasts and destroy his shipping. (See the article DRAKE). But though this retarded the intended invasion of England for a whole twelvemonth, it by no means induced Philip to abandon his design. During that interval he continued his preparations with the greatest assiduity, more especially as the invasion of England seemed to be a necessary pre

parative for regaining his authority over the Netherlands, the revolted provinces having been strongly supported by Elizabeth. The fleet prepared at this time was superior to any thing then existing in the world; and no doubt being entertained of its success, it was ostentatiously stiled the Invincible Armada. The miserable issue of this expedition, and the total failure of the mighty hopes of Philip, are related under the article ARMADA.. The spirit and courage of the English were now excited to attempt invasions in their turn; which they executed in numerous descents on the Spanish coast. The frequent advantages they obtained by sea it would be tedious to relate; but they gradually formed the character, and laid the foundation of all the subsequent triumphs, of the British navy: it will suffice to observe, that the naval commanders of this reign are still considered as some of the boldest and most enterprising men England ever produced. Elizabeth reigned with increasing glory till 1603; but her personal passions and the government of her court became the sources of extreme misery to her for some time before her death. She had caused her favorite and lover, the earl of Essex, to be accused of high treason. See EsSEX. And though his execution could not be called unjust, the queen's affection after his death is said to have returned to such a degree, that she thenceforth gave herself entirely over to despair. She refused food and sustenance; continued silent and gloomy; and lay for ten days and nights upon a carpet, leaning on cushions. Her vexation was doubtless also increased by perceiving the attentions of her courtiers gradually transferred from herself to James her expected successor. Tormented with perpetual heat in her stomach, attended with unquenchable thirst, she drank without ceasing, but refused the assistance of her physicians. As her death evidently approached, Cecil and the lord admiral desired to know her sentiments with regard to the succession. To this she replied, that as the crown of England had always been held by kings, it must devolve upon ‘no rascal: a king should succeed her, and who could that be but her cousin of Scotland?' Being then advised by the archbishop of Canterbury to fix her thoughts on God, she replied that her thoughts did not in the least wander from him. Her voice soon after left her; she fell into a lethargic slumber, which continued some hours; and she expired gently without a groan, on the 24th of March, 1602-3, in the seventieth year of her age, and forty-fifth of her reign.

The kingdoms of Scotland and England, or the whole of Great Britain, now fell under the dominion of one sovereign, by the accession of James VI. of Scotland to the throne of England. He derived his title from being the grandson of Margaret eldest daughter of Henry VII. and, on the failure of all the male line, his right was become incontestable. Although the legislative union of the two countries did not immediately take place; they have, ever since this period, been governed by one sovereign: we therefore shall resume and conclude the history of both under the article GREAT BRITAIN.

ENGLAND, a small island in the Pacific, near the north coast of New Guinea. Long. 131° 36' E., lat. 0° 48′ N. ENGLAND, LITTLE, beyond Wales, in geography, is a portion of country lying along the south-western coast of South Wales, remarkable for being inhabited by the descendants of a colony of Flemings who came over from Flanders, and settled here in the reign of king Henry I. Camden states, that the occasion of their emigration was an inundation of the sea, which overflowed a great part of the Low Countries. But Dr. Evans and other writers have suggested, with more probability, that it was the policy of that wise monarch to place here a people opposite in their language, manners, and opinions to the Welsh, to assist in his favorite project-the subjugation of the country. Another colony from the same country was incorporated with the first, in the time of Henry II., to which were added numerous Anglo-Normans, and others from the English army. At first these people were confined to the commot of Rhos, which district still more particularly retains the name of Little England beyond Wales. But their numbers increasing in the course of time, they spread along the whole coast, from the lordship of Comes to the mouth of the river Tave. This part of the principality is, to the present day, divided into two districts, denominated Englishery and Welshery. The latter, occupied by the original inhabitants, contains the cantreves of Comes, Cilgerran, part of Arberth, and Dewisland. The former comprises the remainder of Arberth, and the cantreves of Rhos, Castel-Martins, and Doughleddy; and is inhabited by the descendants of the Flemings. Like their ancestors, they are hardy, industrious, and adventurous. The dispositions of the two people are equally striking and adverse. While the Welsh are hot, easily irritated, and obstinately tenacious; these are not easily provoked, and are averse from contention and litigation. Both are distinguishable by their mode of dress, manner of living, the style of their buildings, particularly in their churches, and the names they respectively give to places. All these strongly point out the line of demarcation between them. In the Welshery, not a word of English is heard spoken, while in the next village within the Englishery, not a word of Welsh. The language of the latter district is not much different from the common dialect of England, except in some parts of Rhos and Castle-Martin. The two people avoid all commerce as much as possible, mutually considering each other in a degrading light; and even a pathway will divide them in the same parish. To such an extent was this personal detestation carried among the lower classes, even in modern times, that a matrimonial connexion between the opposite parties was rare, and considered an unfortunate event. The Flemings, however, eventually proved a blessing to Wales, as well as England, by their introduction of the woollen manufactures. And a work, which proves their industry and improving spirit, is yet visible in a road of great extent made by them in this neighbourhood, and still called Fleming's way. Dr. Evans's South Wales.

VOL. VIII.-PART 2.

ENGLAND, NEW, a country of North America, thus first named by captain Smith in 1614, forms the north-east part of the United States, bounded by Canada on the north, by New Brunswick and the Atlantic on the east, by the Atlantic and Long Island Sound on the south, and by New York on the west. It comprises the states of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts (iacluding the district of Maine), Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Although each of these states have in, and since the union, become important integral portions of the United States of North America, and will, in their alphabetical places, receive due attention in this work, there are sufficient traces of the distinctive character of New England still remaining in their history as well as in their internal polity, to demand some separate consideration.

The face of the country is uneven, and it may be deemed, on the whole, high and hilly, though its mountains are comparatively small. They run nearly north and south, in ridges parallel to one another. The westernmost range begins in the county of Fairfield, and, passing through the counties of Litchfield and Berks, unites with the Green mountains at Williamstown, in the north-west corner of Massachusetts, being separated only by the narrow valley of Hoosack river. The highest part of this range is Toghkonnuck mountain in Egremont, the south-western corner of the same state. Over this mountain, elevated probably more than 3000 feet above the ocean, runs the boundary between Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York. The second range is that of the Green mountains. See our article AMERICA. The third range has the same commencement with the second at New Haven, in a delightful eminence called the East rock, and passing through the counties of New Haven, Hartford, and Hampshire, extends into Canada. The Blue hills in Southington, mount Tom, which is the principal eminence, mount Holyoke, and mount Toby in Sunderland, are the principal summits of this range south of New Hampshire. This range, which is precipitous and romantic, crosses Connecticut River just below Northampton and Hadley in Massachusetts. There is a fact related by Dr. Dwight respecting these mountains, which seems to throw some light upon the nature of those hitherto unexplained explosions, that are heard in mountainous countries. Such an explosion, about forty years ago, was heard by the inhabitants of Kinsdale township, in New England, from West River Mountain, on the Connecticut. Upon repairing to the place, they discovered that a metallic substance had been forced from the heart of the mountain, the hole which it had made being about six inches in diameter. A few trees which stood near were almost covered with the substance which had been ejected, and which consisted chiefly of melted and calcined iron ore, strongly resembling the scoria of a blacksmith's forge. The same substance was found upon the rocks and the face of the hill in several places, having evidently been propelled in a liquid or semiliquid-state. It appears clear that this explosion was volcanic.

The south or eastern range begins at Lyme 2 C