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EMEND,' v. a.
EMENDATION, n. s.
EMENDA TOR, 1. S.

French, emendation; 14 to 15 glucina, 2 to 3 iron, and 27 to 31 loss. Ialian, emendatione; The last is chiefly water, and in some measure Latin, emendatio. See alkali. Found in Peru and Brasil. It is a beauEMEN DATORY, adj. AMEND. To correct. tiful mineral, but two brittle for jewellery. Emendation is the correction made; and emendator, he who makes it; emendatory, is correc

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Grew. He had, what is the first requisite to emendatory criticism, that intuition by which the Poet's intention is immediately discovered.

Johnson.

EM'ERALD, n. s. Fr. emeraude; Ital. smeraldo; Span. and Port. esmeralda; Teut. and Belg. schmaragd; Lat, smaragdus; Arab. zmarad; Armen. zmaragthos; Gr. opapaydos, from the verb ouapaoow, luceo, to shine. A precious stone of considerable beauty and value.

Do you not see the grasses how in colour they excel Sidney. the emerald? The emerald is a bright grass green; it is found in fissures of rocks, along with copper ores.

Woodward on Fossils. Nor deeper verdure dies the robe of Spring, When first she gives it to the southern gale, Thau the green emerald shows. Thomson's Summer. The emerald is evidently the same with the ancient smaragdus; and, in its most perfect state, is perhaps the most beautiful of all the gems. The rough emerald is usually of a very bright and naturally polished surface, and is ever of a pure and beautiful green, without the admixture of any other colour. The oriental emerald is of the hardness of the saphire and ruby, and is second only to the diamond in lustre and brightness.

Hill on Fossils.

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May its verdure like emeralds be:
There should not be the shadow of gloom,
In ought that reminds us of thee. Byron.
EMERALD. This genus contains two species,
the prismatic and rhomboidal.

Rhomboidal emerald, of which there are two sub-specics, the precious emerald and the beryl. Precious emerald is well characterised by its green color, of various depths. It is generally crystallised. The primitive form is an equiangular six-sided prism, on which various truncations are found. Lustre splendent. Cleavage straight and four-fold. Transparent. Moderate double refraction. Nearly as hard as topaz. Specific gravity 2.6 to 2.77. Heated to a moderate degree, it becomes of a blue color, but recovers its tint on cooling. At a high heat, it fuses into a white vesicular glass. Its constituents are silica 64-5, alumina 16, glucina 13, oxide of chrome 3-25, lime 16, water 2. It occurs in drusy cavities, along with iron pyrites, calcareous spar, and quartz, in veins that traverse clay-slate. The most beautiful emeralds come from Peru. As a gem it is valued next to the ruby. The emerald is perhaps the most beautiful of all the gems; and according to Wallerius, when heated in the fire, changes its color to a deep blue, and becomes phosphorescent; but recovers its green when cold. When pulverised it has a white appearance, and with borax melts to a very thin and colorless glass. It becomes electric by being rubbed, and some have the property of the tourmalin, viz. of being electrified by heat, and in that state attracting ashes or other light substances; though after having attracted the ashes, they retain them without any signs of repulsion. Pliny mentions twelve different kinds of these precious stones; though it appears, from the vast size of some of them, that they must have been only certain kinds of green spar, or other green stone, which at that time went under the name of emerald among the ancients. Theophrastus, however, mentions one four cubits long and three broad likewise an obelisk composed of only four emeralds, the whole length being forty cubits, and the breadth from four to two.

EMERGE,' v. n.
EMERGENCE, N. S.
EMERGENCY,
EMERG'ENT, adj.
EMER'SION, n. s.

from e

Lat. emergo, privative and mergo, to plunge. To rise out of a fluid; to issue; proceed; to rise into view, and hence out of obscurity. Emergence and emergency are the act of rising in this way; also (metaphorically) any sudden casualty or Occurrence. Emersion is confined to the rising out of a fluid or out of obscurity; as in its particular application to the re-appearance of a star. Emergent is proceeding or issuing forth, from something; and is sometimes used for sudden, casual, unexpected.

The man that is once hated, both his good and his

Ben Jonson.

Prismatic emerald, Euclase of Hauy. Its colors are green, of various shades, and sometimes sky blue. It is found only crystallised. The primitive form is a prism of 133° 24'. Lustre splendent. Cleavage perfect in the direc- evil deeds oppress him; he is not casily emergent. tion of the smaller diagonals of the prism. Transparent. Refracts double. Harder than quartz, but softer than topaz. Easily frangible. Specific gravity 29 to 3.3. Loses transparency, and then melts before the blow-pipe. Its constituents are 35 to 36 silica, 18 to 19 alumina,

All the lords declared, that, upon any emergent occasion, they would mount their servants upon their horses. Clarendon.

Immediately the mountains huge appear Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave Into the clouds.

Milton.

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Most of our rarities have been found out by casual emergency, and have been the works of time and chance rather than of philosophy. Glanville's Scepsis.

We have read of a tyrant, who tried to prevent the emergence of murdered bodies.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. The time was in the heliacal emersion, when it becomes at greatest distance from the sun.

Id.

par

The emergency of colours, upon coalition of the ticles of such bodies, as were neither of them of the colour of that mixture whereof they are ingredients, is very well worth our attentive observation. Boyle on Colours.

They emerged, to the upper part of the spirit of wine, as much of them as lay immersed in the spirit. Boyle.

Thetis, not unmindful of her son, Emerging from the deep, to beg her boon, Pursued their track. Dryden's Homer. The stoics held a fatality, and a fixed unalterable course of events; but then they held also, that they fell out by a necessity emergent from, and inherent in, the things themselves, which God himself could not alter. South. The mountains emerged and became dry land again, when the waters retired. Burnet's Theory.

In any case of emergency, he would employ the whole wealth of his empire, which he had thus amassed together in his subterraneous exchequer.

Addison's Freeholder.

If the prism was turned about its axis that way, which made the rays emerge more obliquely out of the second refracting surface of the prism, the image soon became an inch or two longer, or more.

Newton's Opticks. The white colour of all refracted light, at its very first emergence, where it appears as white as before its incidence, is compounded of various colours.

When, from dewy shade emerging bright,
Aurora streaks the sky with orient light,
Let each deplore his dead.

Id.

Thomson's Summer.

Pope's Odyssey. Then from ancient gloom emerged A rising world. In this situation of Europe, Scotland, which had hitherto wasted her strength between France and England, emerged from her obscurity, took her station in the system, and began to have some influence upon the fate of distant nations.

Robertson. History of Scotland.

As one, who, long detained on foreign shores, Pants to return, and when he sees afar His country's weather-bleached, and battered rocks, From the green wave emerging, darts an eye Radiant with joy towards the happy land; So I with animated hopes behold.

Cowper.

-Hither, emerging from yon orient skies, Botanic Goddess! bend thy radiant eyes; O'er these soft scenes assume thy gentle reign Pomona, Ceres, Flora, in thy train. From silent mountains, straight, with startling sound,

Darwin.

Torrents are hurled; green hills emerge; and lo,
The trees with foliage, cliffs with flowers are crowned;
Pure rills through vales of verdure warbling go;
And wonder, love, and joy, the peasant's heart o'er-
flow.
Beattie.

EMERSION, in astronomy, is used when the sun, moon, or other planet, begins to re-appear, after its having been eclipsed, or hid by the interposition of the moon, earth, or other body. The difference of longitude is sometimes found by observing the immersions and emersions of the first of Jupiter's satellites. The immersions are observed from the time of Jupiter's being in

conjunction with the sun to his opposition; and
the emersion from the opposition to the conjunc-
months each and divide the year between them.
tion; which two intervals are usually six

EMERSION, in physics, the rising of any solid
above the surface of a fluid specifically heavier
than itself, into which it had been violently im-
merged or thrust. It is one of the known laws
of hydrostatics, that a lighter solid being forced
down into a heavier fluid, immediately endea-
vours to emerge; and that with a force equal to
the excess of weight and quantity of the fluid
above that of an equal bulk of the solid. Thus,
if a solid be immerged in a fluid of double its
specific gravity, it will emerge again till half its
bulk or body be above the surface of the fluid.
E'MERODS, n. s. Į Corrupted in pronun-
E'MEROIDS.
ciation from hemorrhoids,

appoides. Painful swellings of the hemorr-
hoidal veins; piles.

He destroyed them, and smote them with emerods.
1 Sam.

EMERSON (William), a celebrated mathematician, was born in 1701, at Hurworth, near Darlington. In the earlier part of his life he attempted to teach a few scholars; but he soon discontinued the pursuit; and, satisfied with a devoted himself to moderate competence left him by his parents, a studious retirement. Towards the close of 1781 he disposed of the whole of his mathematical library to a bookseller at York; and on May 20th, 1782, died of a lingering and painful disorder at his native village, aged eighty-one. Mr. Emerson was a recluse of singular habits and temper; coarse, proud, and affecting frivolous singularities. To his mathematical acquirements he added considerable skill in the science of music, but was a poor performer. He wrote, 1. The Doctrine of Fluxions; 2. The Projection of the Sphere, orthographic, stereographic, and gnomonical; 3. The of Mechanics; 5. A Treatise of Navigation on Elements of Trigonometry; 4. The Principles the Seas; 6. A Treatise of Algebra, in two books; 7. The Arithmetic of Infinites, and the differential method, illustrated by examples; 8. Mechanics, or the Doctrine of Motion; 9. The elements of Optics, in four books; 10. A System of Astronomy; 11. The Laws of Centripetal and Centrifugal Force; 12. The Mathematical Principles of Geography; 13. Cyclomathesis; or an easy Introduction to the several branches of Mathematics; 14. A short Comment on Sir Isaac Newton's Principia; to which is added, A Defence of Sir Isaac against the Objections that have been made to several parts of his Works.

EMERY, a sub-species of rhomboidal corundum. Its color is intermediate betweer. and disseminated, and also in granular concregrayish-black and bluish-gray. It occurs massive ture fine-grained uneven. Translucent on the tions. Lustre glittering and adamantine. Fracedges. So very hard as to scratch topaz. Specific gravity 4.0. Its constituents are 86 alumina, 3 silica, 4 iron, and 7 loss. In Saxony it occurs in beds of talc and steatite. It occurs abundantly in the Isle of Naxos, and also at Smyrna. It is used for polishing hard minerals and metals Its fine powder is obtained by trituration and

elutriation. It is also sometimes very red, and then usually contains veins of gold. Dr. Lewis supposes that some kinds of emery may contain platina. For its use in various manufactures, emery is ground in mills, and the powder separated into parcels of different degrees of fineness by washing; distinguished into first, second, and third qualities: the first being that which remains longest suspended in water, the others, such as sink sooner in the same liquor, which is pourea from them, with the finer kind swimming in it and afterwards allowed to settle. Emery thus prepared is of great use to different artificers in polishing and burnishing iron and steel works, marble, cutting and scalloping glass, &c. EMETIC, n. s. Gr. EμETIKOS, from the EMET'ICAL, adj. verb eμew, to throw forth; EMETICALLY, adv. to vomit. A medicine provoking vomits.

Various are the temperaments and operations of herbs; some purgative, some emetic, and some sudorifick.

Hale.

It has been complained of, that preparations of silver have produced violent vomits; whereas we have not observed duly refined silver to work emetically, even in women and girls.

Boyle.

Gorgonius sits abdominous and wan,
Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan:
He snuffs far off the' anticipated joy;
Turtle and venison all his thoughts employ;
Prepares for meals as jockeys take a sweat,
Ob, nauseous!—an emetic for a whet! Cowper.
No doubt he would have been much more pathetic,
But the sea acted as a strong emetic.
Byron.

EMETICS. See MEDICINE. Emetics may be arranged under those derived from the vegetable, and those from the mineral kingdom. From the vegetable kingdom are numbered ipecacuanha, scilla maritima, anthemis nobilis, sinapis alba, asarum Europæum, nicotiana tabacum. From the mineral kingdom, antimony, the sulphates of zinc and copper, and the subacetate of copper. To these may be added ammonia, its hydro-sulphuret, and the tartar emetic. The preparations of mercury are seldom employed as emetics. The sulphate, or turpeth mineral, has been chiefly used, but its operation is violent.

Iron, in aqua fortis, will fall into ebullition, with noise and emication, as also a crass and fumid exhalation.

Browne.

EMICTION, n. s. From Latin, emictum. Urine; what is voided by the urinary passages. Gravel and stone grind away the flesh, and effuse the blood apparent in a sanguine emiction.

Harvey on Consumptions. EM'IGRATE, v. a. & adj. Latin, emigro, EM'IGRANT, n. s from e& migro, EM'IGRATION. Sto wander. To remove from a place; generally applied to removing from one country to another. An emigrant is he who thus removes.

We find the originals of many kingdoms either by victories, or by emigrations, or intestine commotions.

Hale.

These emigrants were to receive pay and subsistence for some years at the public expense.

Robertson.

The gnats of this country are produced in greater numbers in some years than others, and are then scen in swarms for many evenings near the lakes or rivers whence they arise; and, I suppose, emigrate to upland situations, where fewer of them are produced. Darwin.

EMIGRATION. This is a topic connected with another very important branch of political economy, that of POPULATION, upon which we are not disposed to express all our opinions until we can support them with that degree of proof of which we consider them to be capable. At present we assume the popular basis of this interesting subject, that population, in all the settled countries of Europe, presses hard upon the means of subsistence; so hard that, with all the local attachments and sympathies of mankind, thousands at this moment are seeking in our own country, the most eligible mode of leaving it for distant shores, and hoping to find, in the cultivation of the very wilds of nature,

more of certain subsistence and ultimate comfort, than in their native and still beloved country.

But is this, in itself, an evil? We mean, the propensity of mankind to jostle one another (we know of no equally intelligible mode of exEMETIN, in chemistry, the vegetable basis pressing what we would convey) in old countries; of ipecacuan root which is thus procured. Di- and thus producing by re-action the exploration gest ipecacuan root, first in ether and then in and settlement of new ones? We think not. alcohol. Evaporate the alcoholic infusion to dry-While it may arise immediately from some errors ness, redissolve in water, and drop in acetate of lead. Wash the precipitate, and then, diffusing it in water, decompose by a current of sulphureted hydrogen gas. Sulphuret of lead falls to the bottom, and the emetin remains in solution. By evaporating the water this substance is ob

tained pure.

Emetin forms transparent brownish-red scales. It has no smell, but a bitter acrid taste. At a heat somewhat above that of boiling water, it is resolved into carbonic acid, oil, and vinegar. It is soluble both in water and alcohol. It is precipitated by protonitrate of mercury and corrosive sublimate. Half a grain of emetin acts as a powerful emetic, followed by sleep; six grains vomit violently, and produce stupor and death. EMICATION, n ́s Lat. emicatio. Sparking; flying off in small particles, as sprightly liquors.

VOL. VIII.

that are reproachful to human nature and human governments, it may also be a part of the wise dispensations of Providence to accomplish the further peopling of the earth, and the more extended happiness of man,

We therefore regard emigration as among the best of expedients in the hands of a wise government, for correcting the ordinary surplusage of population; and we would, with all deference, submit that the discreet application of such an expedient, in a country like our own, is peculiarly called for at the present time. What others have regarded as a great and radical evil,' afflicting society with the want of food,' we would endeavour to exhibit as a principle of expansive good, designed to stimulate the rulers of a country to more enlarged ideas of the government of it; particularly as designed to teach the science of governing such a country

P

as our own in times of peace: and ultimately to impress upon us this great truth, that mankind at large, to be governed happily, must and will finally be governed but as the various branches of one universal family.

We reason in this way, with regard to mankind, considered as a whole. The thinly-peopled parts of the earth have always hitherto been more in number and wider in extent than what are called the thickly-peopled parts. If you have one China, for instance, upon the earth, you have a Russia, and a Turkey in Europe and in Asia, over the face of which all the existing inhabitants of China might be distributed, and travellers in half a century would scarcely perceive a difference in those statistical and moral wastes. At home, if we have one Ireland we have two Canadas (to say nothing of other promising appendages of our empire); and, if these hints of what might be done by way of equalising population and subsistence, be thought speculative, look, we say, at an accomplished and matter-of-fact proof, that where any sufficient portion of mankind is duly regarded as one family, they will always find a portion of the one earth we inhabit, abundantly sufficient to maintain them. Look at our children, the United States of North America. We were of one family: some of our children we persecuted for their religion, and they went thither; others of them were discontented, or behaved ill at home, and they followed, or were sent after them; at last a general family quarrel took place between the mother country and these distant establishments, and they have now therefore settled themselves as an independent family. But still neither they nor we can blot out the fact from history (why should either wish to do it?) that they were and are our children; and if we could for a moment admit that we were at this time a decayed and exhausted people at home, we should insist that these new and rising states of the west present an indubitable proof that those parts of the earth which Providence has placed under one control are wide enough for one family. Looking at them and ourselves as branches but of one system of public polity, they are multiplying faster than was ever recorded in history, while they are receiving annually large accessions of population from our shores, and those of Europe generally; and have as yet not explored several thousands of miles of the geographical territory they claim, and are capable of defending. We might further advert to old and decayed Spain-ready and worthy to perish as a nation, on one side of the Atlantic, and Mexico, Peru, Colombia, and the central states of America, her children, on the other: or to Portugal, whence, in point of fact, the king and government have emigrated before the people (and they are not likely to have preferred the worse country) on the right hand and Brasil on the left. If all this has been done, we say, with the earth, in our own time and memory almost, when mankind have been almost universally quarrelling, and much of it in direct connexion with these quarrels, what might not be done if men could learn to agree?

In fact, upon this subject, we must be allowed

to quote an anecdote of the life of the late bishop Watson. Being told of the tendency and general arguments of a certain celebrated work on the alarming increase of our population: 'I laid it down,' he says, 'for even admitting his theory that population has a tendency to increase in particular circumstances beyond the means of subsistence; as God and nature say, 'Increase,' it is our clear and indisputable duty not to attempt to stop the one, but TO AUGMENT THE OTHER.' We contend, therefore, that the history and experience of the last two centuries, go to prove that the resources of mankind, considered as a whole, are unbounded by any calculation we can make, or that is ever likely to become practicable; or that our duty to our own people, and those of all other countries, as far as we nave power, is not to check population, but to increase the means and happiness of our fellow-men: we cannot check population in the virtuous and honorable' method in which God has appointed it to increase, without increasing vice, and with vice, misery. While we cannot earnestly desire and industriously endeavour to promote and economise the means and happiness of mankind, without increasing virtue, teaching and practising religion in its best forms; leading others, and being led ourselves, from suffering man to a wise and benevolent God.

It will not here be out of place to review briefly what the modern investigation of the doctrine of population seems to have established. 1. Then it would appear to be proved by the united evidence of ancient history and recent discovery; it is forced upon our belief by all that we hear, or read, or see, or feel; that it is the uniform tendency of population in every known stage of society, from the earliest to the most advanced, to press against the actual or available supply of food.

2. Population, even while it presses against the existing provision of subsistence, has a uniform tendency to keep within the powers of the soil, if the natural order of things is not counteracted by human neglect or impolicy. Because before the productive powers of any tolerably fertile soil can be nearly exhausted, the people in the regular progress of social communities must have become colonial, commercial, manufacturing; must be collected into large towns and cities; must require soldiers, mariners, servants, &c.; in short, must have reached that state of society in which population does not increase with rapidity.

3. During the alternate progress of population and subsistence, the pressure of the former by a previous increase of people is necessary to stimulate the community to a further production of food: so that the pressure of population against the means of subsistence, instead of being the cause of most of the miseries of human life, is in well-governed states the cause of all public happiness, industry, and prosperity. The pressure against subsistence ensures industry, industry ensures increase of produce, increase of produce again encourages population; and these alternate oscillations of the balance are calculated not to disjoin, but to unite and strengthen the structure of society. If with this

last view of the beneficial effects of the principle of population as inherent in our nature, we connect the indubitable facts of the large colonies that accrue to all extensively civilised and commercial people; and the existing state and capabilities of our own country in this respect, before alluded to, the modern doctrine of population, admitting all its facts with regard to rapid increase, stimulates us to gratitude and exertion, not to alarm and despair.

It should stimulate us to avail ourselves of our colonies: to regard the whole territorial dominions of Great Britain and its dependencies as one integral government, one common soil. Let the government so regard it; and, removing all foreign and inequitable laws in the colonies, and approximating them as much as possible to the institution of the mother country in their entire condition, encourage respectable, and give facilities of removal to poorer emigrants. In fact, so complete an illustration of our views of this important topic is presented in the existing situation of Ireland on the one hand, and our dominions in North America on the other, that we shall content ourselves in this paper with abridging a luminous statement of the facts on this subject which has lately appeared in the Edinburgh Review.

Ireland then, at this moment (1827), has an alarming portion of its people habitually involved in the most squalid and abject poverty. The witnesses examined by the late committees of the houses of lords and commons on the state of Ireland, all concur in representing the population as excessive, and the condition of the poor as wretched in the extreme. Above 6,000,000 of peasantry are hutted over the face of the country. Their cabins are not superior, perhaps not equal, to the wigwams of the American Indians; they are destitute of chimneys, and of any thing that can be called furniture; many families are without either beds or bed-clothes; the children, generally in rags, are often absolutely naked; and, whenever the potatoe crop becomes even in a slight degree deficient, which is found to be the case once every five or six years, the scourge of famine and disease is felt in every corner of the country! Mr. Maurice Fitzgerald, M. P., informed the committee on the Employment of the Irish Poor, that he had known the peasantry of Kerry quit their houses in search of employment, offering to work for the merest subsistence that could be obtained, for two-pence a day, in short for any thing that would purchase food enough to keep them alive for the next twenty-four hours.' Mr. Tighe mentions, that the number of persons in Ireland supported by charity is quite inconceivable; they must be supported either by charity, or by pillage and plunder; to the want of employment I attribute every thing that afflicts and disgraces the country.' (Report p. 158.) 'In the part of the country (Cork) with which I am best acquainted,' says Mr. O'Drischoll, the condition of the people is the very worst that can possibly be; nothing can be worse than the condition of the lower classes of laborers, and the farmers are not much better. The land is overpeopled and exhausted.' (Report on the State of Ireland, p. 380 Dr. Rogan, a physician

of eminence, employed by government to report on the state of disease in the north of Ireland, states, in his valuable work on the Fever in Ulster, that 'throughout the extensive counties of Tyrone, Donegall, and Derry, the population is only limited by the difficulty of procuring food. Owing to the universal adoption of the cottier system, and to the custom of dividing farms among sons at the death of the father, the laboring classes are infinitely more numerous than are required for the purposes of industry. Under these circumstances, they are engaged in a constant struggle for the bare necessaries of life, and never enjoy its comforts,' (p. 8). And, not unnecessarily to multiply references, we shall only further subjoin the following extract from the evidence of Dr. Doyle, the catholic bishop of Leighlin. The population is immediately increased, as every one must perceive, by improvident marriages; but those marriages themselves, in my opinion, result in a great measure from the extreme poverty of the people; for that poverty has paralyzed their energies; it has prevented them from taking such an interest in creating a respectable situation for themselves in life, as men possessed of some property always feel; for those wretched people say their state cannot be worse when married than before, and hence they go together. Their depression throws them together, like savages in a wood. It is a frightful state of society; and, when it is considered, it fills me with so much pain and horror, that I have frequently prayed to God, if it were his will, rather to take me out of life than to leave me to witness such evils.' (Report, p. 208).

Statements to the same effect might be produced from other quarters: but the obvious and pressing question is, What is to become of the wretches who are thus situated? They can obtaiu no employment in the towns, which are already gorged with unemployed inhabitants: and it is therefore quite evident, that if they are not carried to some other country, or in some way provided for, the landlords will either not be able to continue the system they have begun, and the reign of pauperism and degradation will in consequence he perpetuated, or the ejected paupers will transport themselves to Great Britain, and lay the foundations of the same wretchedness here that is now universal in their own country. It is thus clear, hat, in whatever point of view this subject may be considered, it is of paramount importance to the people of Britaia. But we need not reason hypothetically on the subject. The process of equalisation has already commenced. We believe that it is not too much to say,' observes the Edinburgh Review, No. 89, 'that at this moment from a fourth to a third part of the laborers in the west of Scotland and the west of England consist of Irishmen. The latter have almost entirely supplanted the Scotch and English laborers in all those departments in which strength is of more importance than skill; and they are rapidly gaining on them in the others. The consequence is, that a double injury is inflicted upon the native population of Britain. In the first place, their wages are reduced by the competition of the Irish; and, in the second place, their opinions with respect to what is neces

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