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tion of her mind. To deliberate appears to have been her delight: to resolve was her torment. She would receive advice from any; from foreigners as well as natives, from the ladies of her bed-chamber no less than the lords of her council: but her distrust begot hesitation; and she always suspected that some interested motive lurked under the pretence of zeal for her service. Hence she often suffered months, sometimes years, to roll away before she came to a conclusion and then it required the same industry and address to keep her steady to her purpose, as it had already cost to bring her to it. The ministers, in their confidential correspondence, perpetually lamented this infirmity in the queen; in public they employed all their ingenuity to screen it from notice, and to give the semblance of wisdom to that which, in their own judgment, they characterised as folly.'

He then notices her alleged parsimony, and ascribes it, principally, to the lavish expenditure incurred by her foreign policy.

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An intelligent foreigner,' he continues, had described Elizabeth, while she was yet a subject, as haughty and overbearing: on the throne she was careful to display that notion of her own importance, that contempt of all beneath her, and that courage in the time of danger, which were characteristic of the Tudors. She seemed to have forgotten that she ever had a mother: but was proud to remind both herself and others that she was the daughter of a powerful monarch, of Henry VIII. On occasions of ceremony she appeared in all her splendor, accompanied by the great officers of state, and with a numerous retinue of lords and ladies dressed in their most gorgeous apparel. In reading the accounts of her court, we may sometimes fancy ourselves transported into the palace of an eastern princess. When Hentzner saw her she was proceeding on a Sunday from her own apartment to the chapel. First appeared a number of gentlemen, barons, earls, and knights of the garter; then came the chancellor with the seals, between two lords carrying the sceptre and the sword. Elizabeth followed: and wherever she cast her eyes, the spectators instantly fell on their knees. She was then in her sixty-fifth year. She wore false hair of a red color, surmounted with a crown of gold. The wrinkles of age were imprinted on her face; her eyes were small, her teeth black, her nose prominent. The collar of the garter hung from her neck; and her bosom was uncovered, as became an unmarried queen. Behind her followed a long train of young ladies dressed in white; and on each side stood a line of gentlemen pensioners, with their gilt battle-axes, in splendid uniforms.'

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The traveller next proceeded to the dining room. Two gentlemen entered to lay the cloth, two to bring the queen's plate, salt, and bread. Ail, before they approached the table, and when they retired from it, made three genuflexions. Then came a single and a married lady, performing the same ceremonies. The first rubbed the plate with bread and salt: the second gave a morsel of meat to each of the yeomen of the guard, who brought in the different courses; and at the same time the hall echoed to the

sound of twelve trumpets, and two kettle-drums. But the queen dined that day in private; and, after a short pause, her maids of honor entered in procession, and, with much reverence and solemnity, took the dishes from the table, and carried them into an inner apartment. Yet while she maintained this state in public and in the palace, while she taught the proudest of the nobility to feel the distance between them and their sovereign, she condescended to court the good will of the common people. In the country they had access to her at all times; neither their rudeness nor importunity appeared to of fend her: she received their petitions with an air of pleasure, thanked them for their expres sions of attachment, and sought the opportunity of entering into private conversation with individuals. Her progresses were undoubtedly undertaken for pleasure: but she made them subservient to policy, and increased her popularity by her affability and condescension to the private inhabitants of the counties in which she made her temporary abode.'

From the elevation of the throne, we may now follow Elizabeth into the privacy of domestic life. Her natural abilities were great: she had studied under experienced masters; and her stock of literature was much more ample than that of most females of the age. Like her sister Mary, she possessed a knowledge of five languages: but Mary did not venture to converse in Italian, neither could she construe the Greek Testament, like Elizabeth. The queen is said to have excelled on the virginals, and to have understood the most difficult music. But dancing was her principal delight: and in that exercise she displayed a grace and spirit which was universally admired. She retained her partiality for it to the last few days passed in which the young nobility of the court were not called to dance before their sovereign; and the queen herself condescended to perform her part in a galliard with the duke of Nevers, at the age of sixty-nine.'

It is seldom that females have the boldness to become the heralds of their own charms: but Elizabeth by proclamation announced to her people, that none of the portraits, which had hitherto been taken of her person, did justice to the original: that at the request of her council she had resolved to procure an exact likeness from the pencil of some able artist: that it should soon be published for the gratification of her loving subjects: and that on this account she strictly forbad all persons whatsoever, to paint or engrave any new portraits of her features without license, or to show or publish any of the old portraits, till they had been reformed according to the copy to be set forth by authority. The courtiers soon discovered how greedy their sovereign was of flattery. If they sought to please, they were careful to admire: and adulation the most fulsome and extravagant, was accepted by the queen with gratitude, and rewarded with bounty. Neither was her appetite for praise cloyed, it seemed rather to become more craving, by enjoyment. After she had passed her grand climacteric she exacted the same homage to her faded charms as had been paid to

her youth; and all who addressed her were still careful to express their admiration of her beauty in the language of oriental hyperbole.

In her temper Elizabeth seemed to have inherited the irritability of her father. The least inattention, the slightest provocation, would throw her into a passion. At all times her discourse was sprinkled with oaths: in the sallies of her anger it abounded with imprecations and abuse. Nor did she content herself with words: not only the ladies about her person, but her courtiers and the highest officers in the state, felt the weight of her hands. She collared Hatton, she gave a blow on the ear to the earl-marshal, and she spat on Sir Matthew, with the foppery of whose dress she was offended.

Elizabeth firmly believed, and zealously upheld, the principles of government established by her father, the exercise of absolute authority by the sovereign, and the duty of passive obedience in the subject. The doctrine, with which the lord keeper Bacon opened her first parliament, was indefatigably inculcated by all his successors during her reign, that, if the queen consulted the two houses, it was through choice, not through necessity, to the end that her laws might be more satisfactory to her people, not that they might derive any force from their assent. She possessed by her prerogative what ever was requisite for the government of the realm. She could, at her pleasure, suspend the operation of existing statutes, or issue proclamations which should have the force of law. In her opinion the chief use of parliaments was to vote money, to regulate the minutia of trade, and to legislate for individual and local interests. To the lower house she granted, indeed, freedom of debate; but it was to be a decent freedom, the liberty of saying aye or no;' and those who transgressed that decency were liable, we have repeatedly seen, to feel the weight of the royal displeasure.

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The historians, who celebrate the golden days of Elizabeth, have described with a glowing pencil, the happiness of the people under her sway. To them might be opposed the dismal picture of national misery, drawn by the catholic writers of the same period. But both have taken too contracted a view of the subject. Religious dissension had divided the nation into opposite parties, of almost equal numbers, the oppressors and the oppressed. Under the operation of the penal statutes, many ancient and opulent families had been ground to the dust; new families had sprung up in their place: and these, as they shared the plunder, naturally eulogised the system to which they owed their wealth and their ascendency. But their prosperity was not the prosperity of the nation: it was that of one half obtained at the expense of the other. It is evident that neither Elizabeth nor her ministers understood the benefit of civil and religious liberty. The prerogatives which she 80 highly prized, have long since withered away: the bloody code which she enacted against the rights of conscience, has ceased to stain the pages of the statute book: and the result has proved, that the abolition of despotism and intolerance adds no less to the stability of the Throne, than to the happiness of the people.'

ELIZABETH PETROWNA, empress of Russia, was the second daughter of Peter the Great, and born in 1709. The testamentary disposition of this monarch was in favor of her succession to the throne, and she was urged to avail herself of the infancy of Ivan, who had been declared emperor under the regency of his father and mother, Anthony and Elizabeth of Mecklenburg. Her surgeon, Lestoff, seems to have decided her to assert her claim, by sending to her a picture, representing her on one side seated upon an imperial throne, and on the other beheaded on a scaffold. On the night of the 6th of December, 1741, she went to the quarters of the Preobashenki regiment of guards, who immediately declared her empress. A detachment accompanied her to the palace, where they arrested the regent prince and princess and the young Ivan; and by six o'clock in the morning she was proclaimed empress by a bloodless revolution. Elizabeth now became indolent and voluptuous. On her accession she made a vow never to inflict a capital punishment; and, resolving to pass her days unmarried, she nominated her nephew, Charles Peter Ulric (afterwards Peter III.) her successor. She, however, openly indulged in the most licentious amours, and her favorites, in fact, ruled her people. She is said to have had no fewer than eight natural children by them. With all this she was most scrupulously devout, and practised with great exactness all the ceremonies of her church. In 1756 Russia joined Austria and France against the king of Prussia; and the troops of the latter so hardly pressed upon him as to bring him to the brink of destruction, when the death of Elizabeth changed the entire prospect of affairs. This took place in December, 1761, in the fiftysecond year of her age.

ELIZABETH, in geography, a township of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster county, eighteen miles north-west by west of Lancaster, and eighty-four west by north of Philadelphia.

ELIZABETH CAPE, a cape on the island which forms the north-east point of the entrance into Cook's inlet. Vancouver describes this coast as composed of high land, before which lie three small islands and some rocks; the cape is itself the largest and the most western of these islands, which appear to afford a navigable channel between them and the main land, in an east and west direction; though between the cape and the middle island some low lurking rocks were discerned, which had the appearance of being connected with a cluster above the surface of the sea, lying south-east from the cape, at the distance of three or four miles; to the south-west of the middle island is another cluster of rocks, both above and beneath the water. Long. 208° 53′ E., lat. 59° 9′ N. Also a cape on the coast of

Main.

ELIZABETH CASTLE, a fortress of the island of Jersey, built on a rock in the east side of St. Aubin's Bay, which is insulated with the flowing of the tide. It is 663 paces distant from St. Heliers.

ELIZABETH CITY, a county of Virginia, between the rivers James and York, bounded by Warwick and York counties on the west, and Chesapeake Bay on the cast and north. It is

eighteen miles long, and eight broad. Point Comfort is the southern extremity of the county. ELIZABETH ISLAND, an island in the straits of Magellan, near the shore of Patagonia. It was visited by Bougainville, who describes its coasts as high and steep. Water and wood are both scarce, and a small sort of heath is the only thing that can be used as fuel here. Long. 71° 45' W., lat. 52° 50′ N.

ELIZABETH ISLANDS, sixteen small islands of Massachusetts, on the south-east side of Buzzard's Bay, extending south-west from Barnstaple county, and bearing north-west from Martha's vineyard. Cattahunk, Nashawn, Nashawenna, Pasqui, and Pinequese, are the chief of them. They belong to Duke's county, and lie between long. 70° 38′ and 70° 56′ W.,

and between lat. 41° 24′ and 41° 32′ N.

ELIZABETH RIVER, a river of the United States, the south head water of which rises from the Great Dismal Swamp, and running through Virginia falls into James River. A navigable canal was begun to be dug in 1797, to connect this river with the Pasquotank, which is fourteen miles distant. The canal company are incorporated by the legislatures of Virginia and North Carolina.

ELIZABETH-TOWN, a post town of New Jersey, in Essex county, seated on a rivulet which runs into Arthur Kull, six miles south of Newark, and fifteen south-west by west of New York. It is one of the oldest towns in the state, having been purchased of the Indians so early as 1664. It has two handsome churches, one for the Presbyterians and one for the Episcopalians; and is fifty-eight miles N. N. E. of Philadelphia, and twelve south-west by west of New York.

ELIZABETH-TOWN, a post town of Maryland, capital of Washington county, formerly called Hagar's Town, seated in the vale of Conecocheaque, six miles from the Potomac. It is regularly built, and has an Episcopalian, a Presbyterian, and a German Lutheran church; with a court house, gaol, &c. It carries on a good trade with the western county; and lies 175 miles west by south of Philadelphia, and fifty north-west of Baltimore.

ELK, n. s. Sax. ælc; Swed. elg; Goth. alg; Ital. and Span. alce, from Gr. aλn, strength, according to Watcher. The moose deer.

The elk is a large and stately animal of the stag kind. The neck is short and slender; the ears nine inches in length, and four in breadth.' The color of its coat in Winter is greyish, in Summer it is paler

The horns of the male elk are short and thick near

the head, where it by degrees expands into a great breadth, with several prominences in its edges.

Hill.

And, scarce his head Raised o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk Lies slumbering silent in the white abyss.

Thomson.

ELK, in zoology. See CERVUS. ELK, in geography, a navigable river of the United States, on the eastern shore of Maryland, which rises in Chester county, Pennsylvania, and running S. S. W. thirty-three miles, falls into Chesapeake Bay, on the south side of Turkey Point.

ELK, a short navigable river in Tennessee, and Georgia, which rises in Tennessee, near the head waters of Duck River, and, running south-west, falls into the Tennessee at Muscle shoals.

ELKHORN RIVER, a river of Louisiana, which enters the La Plata about forty miles above its junction with the Missouri. It has a clear gravelly channel, and is about 100 yards wide at its mouth.

ELKRIDGE, a town of Maryland, United States, on the south bank of Patapsco River, eight miles north-west of Baltimore.

ELKTON, a town of Maryland, United States, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, and the capital of Cecil county. It is situated at the confluence of the head branches of the Elk, and enjoys considerable advantages from the carrying trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia. Thirtyseven miles south-west of Philadelphia.

ELL, n. s. Sax. eln (and frequently so written by our elder authors); Goth. aul, aulin; Swed. aln; Teut. elle; Belg. el; Lat. ulna; Gr. wλevn. Both the last words, according to Vossius, being spoken of the arm as a measure of length. A measure containing in length one yard and a quarter.

The world produces for every pint of honey, a gallon of gall; for every dram of pleasure, a pound of pain; for every inch of mirth, an ell of moan; and as the ivy twines around the oak, so do misery and misfortune encompass the happiness of man.

Burton.

Acquit thee bravely, play the man; Look not on pleasures as they come, but go; Defer not the last virtue ; life's poor span Makes not an ell by trifling in thy woe. Herbert. Upon their wedding-day Mr. Spectator and she had but half an ell of face betwixt them; and thy my very worthy predecessor, Mr. Serjeant Thin, always maintained to be no more than the true oval proportion between man and wife. Spectator.

They are said to make yearly forty thousand pieces of linen cloth, reckoning two hundred ells to the piece.

Addison.

The ELL is a measure different in different countries, by which cloths, stuffs, linens, silks, &c., are usually measured. The ells most frequently used with us are the English and Flemish; the former containing three feet nine inches, or one yard and a quarter; the latter only twenty-seven inches, or three quarters of a yard; so that the ell English is to the Flemish ell as five to three. In Scotland the ell contains

thirty-seven two-tenths English inches.

in infusion of nut-galls, left to itself, is not comELLAGIC ACID. The deposit which forms posed solely of gallic acid and a matter which colors it. It contains, besides, a little gallate and sulphate of lime, and a new acid, which was pointed out for the first time by M. Chevreul in 1815, an acid on which M. Braconnot made observations in 1818, and which he proposed to call acid ellagic, from the word galle, reversed. Probably this acid does not exist ready formed in nut-galls. It is insoluble; and, carrying down with it the greater part of the gallic acid, forms the yellowish crystalline deposit. But boiling water removes the gallic acid from the ellagic; whence the means of separating them from one

another.

ELLIPOMACROSTYLA, in natural history, from Ang, imperfect; μakoog, long; and Aog, a column; q. d. an imperfect crystal with a long column; the name of a genus of crystals. The perfect figure of a crystal being a column, terminated by a pyramid at each end, those which want this character are esteemed imperfect and accordingly the bodies of this genus are defined to be imperfect crystals with single pyramids; one end of their column being affixed to some solid body, and composed of thin and slender hexangular columns, terminated by hexangular pyramids. They are dodecahedral. Of these crystals authors enumerate many species, among which are the whitish pellucid sprig crystal, a bright brown kind, a dull brown kind, and a bright yellow kind; all which are farther distinguished according to the different lengths of their pyramids.

ELLIPOPACHYSTYLA, in natural history, from Ans, imperfect; ways, thick; and svλoç, a column, q. d. an imperfect crystal with a thick column; a genus of crystals the bodies of which are composed of an hexangular column, considerably thick and short, affixed irregularly at one end to some solid body, and terminated at the other by an hexangular pyramid. There are two species, one short, bright, and colorless, found in great plenty in New Spain, and other parts of America; the other, a short, dull, and dusky brown one, found in Germany, and sometimes in England.

ELLIPSE, or ELLIPSIS, in geometry. See CONIC SECTIONS. ELLIP'SIS, n. s. Fr. ellipse; Italian ELLIPTIC, adj. elisse; Span. and Port. ELLIPTICAL, elipse, from Gr. &λELLIPTICALLY, adv.λewors (from ε out, or emphat. and haw, to fail, Parkhurst). A figure of speech whereby something implied in a sentence is omitted: one of the conic sections, called also an oval; but originally termed an ellipse or ellipsis by Apollonius, because in this figure the squares of the ordinates are less than, or defective in, the rectangles, under the parameters and abscisses.

The words are delivered by way of ellipsis, Rom.

iv. 18.

Hammond.

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He afterwards went to Trinity College, Canbridge, and was one of the writers of the celbrated Rolliad,' a satirical publication against the administration of Mr. Pitt; but he afterwards became attached to that statesman, and was appointed secretary to lord Malmesbury, on the embassy to Lisle. Mr. Ellis died in 18:5. His works are: 1. Specimens of the Early English Poets, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. Preface, Notes, and Appendix, to a Translation of Le Grand's Fabliaux, 2 vols. 8vo. 3. Specimens of English Metrical Romances, 3 vols. 8vo.

ELLIS (John), F. R. S., a zoological and botanical writer, was born in London about 1710; and, applying himself very early in life to scientific observations, discovered the animal nature of corals and corallines, on which subject he published an Essay, 4to. in 1755. He distinguished himself in botany by an account of new plants from America; a description of the Conferva, and a dissertation on the Varnish Tree of Japan. He also wrote an account of Coffee, a description of the Mangostan and Bread Fruit, and Directions to Voyagers for bringing home Vegetable Productions. He was also the author of various papers in the Transactions of the Royal Society. Lord chancellor Northington gave him the place of agent for West Florida and Dominica. He died in 1776. His Natural History of uncommon Zoophites, was published by his daughter.

ELLISIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, pentandria class of plants, natural order twenty-eighth, lurida: COR. monopetalous and funnel-shaped; the berry carnous and bilocular: SEEDS two, muricated or set with small raised points, the one higher than the other. Species one only, an annual of Virginia.

ELLORE, or ELURA, one of the northern Circars of Hindostan, is situated between 16° and 17° of N. lat. Ellore and Condapilly occupy the whole of the space between the Krishna and the Godavery. Its superficial contents are estimated at 2700 square miles, exclusive of the high mountainous region on the west. The principal towns are Ellore, Colaircotta, and Gundgoli.

ELLORE, the capital of the above district, is situated on the northern side of the Colair Lake, through which it has lately been proposed to carry a canal from the Godavery to the Kistnah. It possesses a small fort, and formerly had a military cantonment in its vicinity.

ELLSMERE, a market town of Shropshire, sixteen miles north-west of Shrewsbury, and 169 north-west from London. Its principal traffic is in malt, the culture of barley being particularly attended to in its neighbourhood. It derives its name from an extensive lake, or mere, covering 100 acres, and exceedingly well stocked with fish, and its banks ornamented with a wellbuilt town on one side, and the mansion and park, called Oatley, on the other. From the Castle-hill, on which there is one of the finest bowling-greens in the kingdom, there is a distinct view of nine different counties. The church has a square tower, with eight bells. Market on Tuesday.

ELLWANGEN, once the capital of a distric

of this name, is now the chief town in the department of the Kocher, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg, and situated in a pleasant valley on the Jaxt. It is small, but well built, and contains 2100 inhabitants. The catholic university here has been united with the protestant one of Zubingen. Thirty-two miles north of Ulm.

ELLWOOD (T.), an early quaker, and an associate of Milton the poet, published, in his twenty-second year, An Alarm to the Priests on a Message from Heaven to warn them. In 1665 he lodged with Milton at Chalfont, Bucks, and became the occasion of his writing Paradise Regained, by observing, on the return of the Paradise Lost, which the poet had lent him to read, Thou hast said much of Paradise lost, but what hast thou to say of Paradise found? The life of Mr. Ellwood was almost wholly spent in controversy, and his zeal and perseverance in his opinions rendered him constantly liable to the conventicle, and other persecuting laws. In 1705 he published the first part of Sacred History, or the Historical Parts of the Old Testament; and in 1709 Sacred History, &c., of the New Testament, His other works are numerous; one of them, entitled The Foundation of Tithes Shaken, attracted much attention at the time. He also published Davideis, the Life of David, King of Israel, a poem; and died in 1713, aged seventy-four. His life, written by himself, affords several interesting particulars of the early history of his sect.

ELM, n. s. Sax. elm; Fr. ulme, and orme; ELM'Y, adj. Lat. ulmus. A tree, formerly used to support the vine. See ULMUS.

Thou art an elm, my husband; I a vine; Whose weakness married to thy stronger state, Makes me with thy strength to communicate. Shakspeare.

The rural seat,

Whose lofty elms and venerable oaks,
Invite the rook, who high amid' the boughs,
In early Spring, his airy city builds. Thomson.
Through the sandy soil

Of elmy Ross or Devon's myrtle groves.
Dyer, Fleece.
T. Warton.

The simple spire and elmy grange.
Round the tall elm the flattering ivies bend,
And strangle, as they clasp, their struggling friend.
Darwin.

ELM, in botany. See ULMUS. The elm is a timber of peculiar property and singular use in situations where it is continually exposed either to the wet, or to be kept dry. Its grain being rough and curly, causes it to be not liable to split. If felled between the months of November and February, is found to have no sap, and is of peculiar service in mast-making.

ELMACINUS (George), author of a History of the Saracens, was born in Egypt towards the middle of the thirteenth century. His history begins with Mahomet, and continues to the year of the hegira 512, answering to A. D, 1134; in which he sets down year by year, in a very concise manner, whatever regards the Saracen empire, intermixed with some passages relating to the eastern Christians. He was son to Yaser Al Almid, secretary to the council of war under

the sultans of Egypt for forty-five years; and in 1238, when his father died, succeeded him in his place, though professing Christianity. His history of the Saracens was translated from Arabic into Latin by Erpinius; and printed in these two languages in folio, at Leyden, in 1625. Erpinius died before the publication.

ELMINA, or ST. GEORGE DEL MINA, the capital of the Dutch settlements on the Gold Coast of Africa, and one of the most respectable fortresses in that neighbourhood, was built originally by the Portuguese, who made it the capital of their settlements upon this coast in 1481. In 1637 it was taken by the Dutch, and ceded to them afterwards by treaty. From this time the Dutch claimed the sole dominion of the Gold Coast, but were soon forced by the English to resign that pretension.

Elmina stands on a peninsula, formed by a small river running nearly parallel with the sea, and the castle has two approaches, one from the town, where it is strengthened by a double ditch, over which are drawbridges; the other adjoining the river, where is a small gate, at an elevation of about twelve feet, to which an ascent is formed by a steep ladder. A fort is built on an eminence adjoining named Conradsburg or St. Jago, and this may be considered the key of Elmina. The town is large and dirty, and the river, though small, will admit vessels of 100 tons burden at high water. It repulsed a respectable English force in 1781; but this is attributed to a want of concert between the commanders.

servants

The surrounding country is, for the most part, open and flat, and the soil light, though, in some places, of a heavy clay. The inhabitants consist of traders, fishermen, and persons employed as to traders; some among them are wealthy. There are likewise many mulattoes in respectable circumstances here, who support a number of slaves, performing the duties of carpenters, masons, and blacksmiths. The place is supposed, altogether, to contain 15,000 inhabitants. In 1808 the Dutch governor was killed in a conspiracy; but he is said to have been a very turbulent and imprudent man. During the invasion of the Ashantees, the inhabitants of Elmina favored that people, and delivered up to them some of the Fantees who fled to the place. The Fantees, on this, assembled afterwards in great force, but were unable to make any impression upon Elmina. Its trade, previous to these disturbances, was brisk, consisting in slaves and gold, with a little ivory, brought from the interior. Long. 2° 30′ W., lat. 5° 10′N.

ELMSLEY (Peter), a learned divine and philologist, was born in London in 1773, and educated at Westminster school, whence he removed to Christ Church, Oxford, and took the degree of M. A. in 1797. Soon afterwards he entered into orders, and was presented to the chapelry of Little Horkesley in Essex, but is said to have bestowed all its emolument on his curate. Mr. Elmsley had a respectable private fortune, and after the peace of 1815 went to Italy, and was employed with Sir Humphry Davy in superintending the development of the papyri found at Herculaneum. To Mr. Elmsley was left the choice of the MSS. but the experiment proved

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