ANTINORI, Ridolfi, and Gazzeri, M.M., their experi- DE LUC, M., development of the relation of the va ments in electro-magnetism, 391. ARAGO, M., attraction of iron filings by the connecting wire of the battery, 335, 336. BARLOW, Mr., his method of communicating magnetism to needles, 410. His experiments in electro-magnetism, 405. BATTERY, Voltaic, circuit made through water, 119. 319. Experiments on the great, of the London Institution, 386. Voltaic, best conductors for dis charging the, 318. BERZELIUS, M., electro-magnetic experiments by, 393. Experiments to prove that oxidation is not the cause of the electricity of the Voltaic apparatus, 109. rious parts of a Voltaic apparatus to the different effects it produces, 109. His experiments, 110. His first dissection of the pile, ib. Second dissection, 111. Third dissection, 114. His theory of the Voltaic pile, 116. Electric column, 122. DIAMOND, experiments on, 304. EARTHS, experiments on, by Messrs. Pontir and Berzelius, and Sir H. Davy, 168. ELECTRIC COLUMN, M. De Luc, 122. Mr. Singer's experiments on the, 123. Construction of the instrument, ib. ELECTRICAL CEMENTS, preparation of, 200. ELECTRICAL CHIME of Mr. Forster, 124. Mr. Singer's, 125. BERZELIUS and Pontin, M.M., experiments relative ELECTRICAL CURRENTS, M. Ampère on, 342. to the expansion of mercury, 163. BERZELIUS, Pontin, and Sir H. Davy, experiments on earths, 168. BICHAT, M., his galvanic experiments on frogs, 241. BINARY PILE constructed by Zamboni, 99. To restore its action, 166. BIOT'S, M., experiments, 354. BIOT and Savart, M.M., on determining the law by which a connecting wire acts on magnetised bodies, 345. BOISGERAUD, M., his experiments in electro-magnetism, 341. CARLISLE, Mr., his first experiments upon the moist CAVENDISH, Mr., conductibility of iron, 237. CHILDREN, Mr., powerful Voltaic apparatus by, 266. His experiments, 267-280. 284--288. 290-303. CHIME, electrical of Mr. Forster, 124. Mr. Singer's, 125. COLUMN, electric, by M. De Luc, 122. Mr. Singer's CRIMINAL, Dr. Ure's experiments on a, 250-265. DAVY, Sir H., his experiments relating to the separa- ELECTRICITY, its effects on frogs, discovered by Galvani, 3. Volta discovers the effect of, on different kinds of metals, 96. Professor Berzelius's experiment to prove that oxidation is not the cause of the electricity of the Voltaic apparatus, 109. Quantity wanted in the Voltaic battery to produce the electro-magnetic effect, 329. ELECTRO-MAGNETISM, M. Oersted's first experiments in, 316.329. M. Boisgeraud's experiments in, 341. M. La Borne's experiments in, 392. Mr. Barlow's experiments in, 406. ELECTROMETER, effects of a column upon the gold leaf, 126. EXPERIMENTS, electro-magnetic, 320-325. 331. 333. 335. 337. 343-346. 350. 354-359. 361. 363-382. 384-386. 389. 391-404. 406. 410. Voltaic, 172-184. 186-192. 241. 267-280. 284. 288. 290-303. MAGNETIC virtue given to metallic bodies when the MERCURY, Messrs. Berzelius and Pontin's experi- METALS, Volta discovers the effect of electricity on NEEDLE, one magnetised by the Voltaic battery NERVES, Dr. Wilson Philip, on the influence of the NICHOLSON, Mr., his first experiments upon the OERSTED, M., his early experiments in electro-mag- OXIDATION, Professor Berzelius's experiment to PEPYS'S, Mr., Voltaic battery of, 202. PHILIP, Dr. W., influence of the Voltaic battery in PILE, Voltaic, 97. Zamboni's galvanic, 99. To PONTIN and Berze.ius, M.M., experiments relative RABBIT, M. Valli's galvanic experiments on a, 23. RIDOLFI, Gazzeri, and Antinori, M.M., their expe- ROBISON, Professor, arrangement of a series of ROTATION, electro-magnetic, of mercury, 396. SAVART and Biot, M.M., on determining the law by SINGER, Mr., his first experiments, 108. On the SOLUTIONS, best calculated for the Voltaic battery, SPARK, influence of the Voltaic, on gases, 216. SPIRALS, M.M., Arago and Ampère's experiments SPIRAL WIRE, M. Prechtl's experimental illustration STELL BAR, how to magnetise, 406. TASTE, effects of galvanism on, by M. Lehot, 60. URE, Dr., experiments on a criminal, 250—265. VOLTA's experiments, 95. Effects of electricity on different kinds of metals, 96. VOLTAIC APPARATUS, Professor Berzelius's experi- VOLTAIC BATTERY, solutions best calculated for the, VOLTAIC PILE, first experiments made upon the VOLTAIC SPARK, influence of, on gases, 216. WIRE, effects produced by the conducting, of the ZAMBONI, his galvanic pile, 99. To restore its ac- ELECTRUM, Gr. ŋλeктpov. Amber: or a mixed metal, according to some authors. See ELECTRE, ELECTRICITY, and below. She of whose soul, if we may say 'twas gold, Donne. ELECTRUM, Lat. "HλEKTρov, Gr. Electrum, according to Ovid, was that resinous substance now called amber; of which there are two kinds, the white and the yellow. Sometimes its color approaches to a hyacinthine red. Also, according to Pliny (lib. xxx. cap. 4), a mixture of gold and silver, of which the fifth part was silver, According to other ancient writers, they ha three varieties of substances called electrum, that were used in the arts; namely, glass, a compound metal, and succinum. In the Homeric poems electrum is often mentioned, which seems to have been succinum, the yellow or white amber. According to Eustathius the ancients used sometimes to call gold by this name, probably from its brilliancy, the word crop signifying the sun. Pliny thinks that the alloy is the same that Homer mentions in the fourth book of the Odyssey, in describing the palace of Menelaus, which he says was ornamented with gold, electrum (λérρov), silver, and ivory. The scholiast upon Aristophanes, supposes that the electrum of Homer was glass, but there is nothing in any of his works to warrant such a supposition, for glass is not designated by any character. It is more probable that electrum was yellow amber, which has a resplendent sunny brilliancy according with its Greek name; and Herodotus mentions that succinum or amber was known to the ancients. Pliny says, all gold is naturally alloyed by silver in various proportions; some containing a tenth, some a ninth, and some an eighth part. Wherever the silver amounts to a fifth of the mass, the compound is called electrum; this alloy may also be prepared artificially, by adding to gold the requisite proportion of silver. But if this latter exceeds a fifth of the whole, the mass ceases to be malleable. The nature of electrum is to reflect a richer lustre by lamp-light than pure silver does. That which is native has also the additional property of detecting poisons, iridescent rings passing rapidly over the surface of the cup, accompanied by a noise like that of hot metal plunged in water. Electrum was not only used for ornamental plate, but was occasionally employed for coin, at least for medals. Thus Lampridius, in his life of Alexander Severus, says that that prince caused medals to be struck in honor of Alexander the Great, both of electrumn and gold. (Electreos aliquantos, sed plurimos tamen aureos.) The Romans themselves appear to have preferred the white lustre of silver to the yellow radiance of gold, &c. probably this taste together with the imperfection of the art of assaying, as practised by them, aided also by an idle superstitious notion of the efficacy of electrum in detecting poison, contributed to give to this alloy a temporary celebrity. Modern taste, however, prefers the native lustre of the noble metals in all their purity to any alloy of them with each other, nor is it probable, that the Roman electrum will ever again be met with at VOL. VIII. the mint or on the sideboard. There are many coins of this alloy of the kings of Bosphorus, some small ones of Syracuse, and many Celtic and of ancient Gaul. ELECTUARY, n. s. Fr. and Belg. electuaire; Ital. elettuario; Span. and Port. letuario; Lat. electuarium; all from. Gr. EKλEKTNOLOV, EKλEYW, eligo, to choose-Minsheu. But Vossius and Gesner prefer ελyμa, from ɛλuxɛv, to lick; as the etymology. A form of medicine made of conserves and powders, in the consistence of honey. The modern pharmacopoeias treat of these articles as confections. We meet with divers electuaries, which have no ingredient, except sugar, common to any two of them. Boyle. consistence is too thin, ferment: and when too thick, Electuaries made up with honey or syrup, when the candy. By both which the ingredients will be altered or impaired. Quincy. ELEEMOSYNA ARATRI, ELEEMOSYNA CARUCARUM, or pro aratris, in our ancient customs, a penny which king Ethelred ordered to be paid for every plough in England towards the support of the poor. It is sometimes also called eleemosyna regis, because first appointed by the king. ELEEMOSYNARIUS, in old records, the almoner, or officer who received the eleemosynary rents and gifts, and distributed them to charitable uses. See ALMONER. ELEEMOS'YNARY, n. s. & adj. Gr. ελeμowŋ; ab ɛλɛog, compassion. One who lives upon alms: as an adjective it means given in charity or living upon it. It is little better than an absurdity, that the cause should be an eleemosynary for its subsistence to its effects, as a nature posterior to and dependent on itself. Glanville's Scepsis. In the year 1430, it appears that the eleemosynary boys, or choristers, of that monastery acted a play. Warton. History of English Poetry. ELEGANCE, n. s. ELEGANCY, EL'EGANT, adj. ELEGANTLY, adv. Fr. elegance; Ital. eleganza; Lat. elegantia, elegans, ab eligere, to choose. The beauty of propriety, not of greatness, says Dr. Johnson. Rather that which is selected or chosen because it pleases: hence applied particularly to objects of taste. Milton uses the adjective for accurate in discernment, or nice in taste. St. Augustine, out of a kind of elegancy in writing, makes some difference. Raleigh's History. They describe her in part finely and elegantly, and Bacon. in part gravely and sententiously. Lovers are anxious to trick themselves out; to be spruce in their apparel; to have their locks neatly combed and curiously curled; to adorn their shoes with elegant ties; to be point device in all their Burton. accoutrements. The elegant arts owe their choicest beauties to a taste for the contemplation of nature. Percival. If we can direct the lights we derive from such exalted speculations upon the humbler field of the imagination, whilst we investigate the springs, and trace the courses of our passions, we may not only communicate to the taste a sort of philosophical solidity, but we may reflect back on the severer sciences some of the graces and elegances of taste, without which the greatest proficiency in those sciences will always have the appearance of something illiberal. This cap to my cousin I owe; She gave it, and gave me beside, Wreathed into an elegant bow, The riband with which it is tied. Though well perfumed and elegantly dressed, Burke. Cowper. His infant muse, though artless, was not mute : Of elegance as yet he took no care; For this of time and culture is the fruit; Id. Beattie. ELEGIT, in law, a writ of execution, which lies for a person who has recovered debt or damages; or upon a recognizance in any court, against a defendant who is not able to satisfy the same in his goods. EL'EGY, n. s. Fr. elegie; Ital. Span. ELEGIAC, adj. and Lat. elegia, of Gr. Xeyos, ELEGIAST, n. s. complaint or grief. A plaintive or funeral poem. An elegiast, or elegist, is a writer of such poems. He hangs odes upon hawthorns, and elegies upon brambles, all forsooth deifying the name of Rosalind. Shakspeare. So on Meander's banks, when death is nigh, The mournful swan sings her own elegy. Dryden. Let elegiac lay the woe relate, Soft as the breath of distant flutes. Gays Trivia. ELEGY is derived from the Greek λeyɛa; but who was the inventor of elegiac poetry is not known. Horace acknowledges himself ignorant of it. Among the Latins, the principal writers of elegiac verse were Propertius, Ovid, and Tibullus; the latter of whom is esteemed by Quintilian the best elegiac poet; but the former is preferred by the younger Pliny. Among the Greeks, Callimachus, Parthenius, and Euphorion, were the principal writers of elegy. See POETRY. EL'EMENT, n. s. & v. a." According to Vossius from old Lat. eleo, (oleo), cresco, to increase; because all things are supposed to proceed from certain elements. A first, or constituent principle: hence an ingredient or constituent part; and that which is proper, or agreeable, to a person or thing. The verb, derived from the noun, is used by our old writers for to compound with elements, to constitute. Sometimes the element,' when used alone, signifies the air. Elementarity is simplicity of nature; the state of being uncompounded: elementary, having but a single or simple principle; initial; made of, or belonging to, the elements. We, when we were children, were in bondage under Gal. iv. 3. the elements of the world. The heavens and the earth will pass away, and the elements melt with fervent heat. Petor. Contending with the fretful elements, Bids the wind blow the earth into the sea, Or swell the curled waters. Id. King Lear. Who set the body and the limbs Of this great sport together as you guess? -One sure that promises no element In such a business. Id. Henry VIII. We are simple men; we do not know she works by charms, by spells, and such daubry as is beyond our element. Shakspeare. A prince should watch that his reason may not be so subdued by his nature, as not to be so much a man of peace as to be a jest in an army; nor so much a man of war, as to be out of his element in his council, Saville. Here be four of you, able to make a good world; you are as differing as the four elements. Not all, as if some perished by this, But so as all in you contracted is: As of this all, though many parts decay, The pure, which elemented them, shall stay. Have not all souls thought, For many ages, that our body's wrought Bacon. Donne. Id. Of air, and fire, and other elements? And now they think of new ingredients. Sure it is but an elementary fire that goes out; that which is celestial continues. Milton. Bp. Hall. Contemplations. Our torments may, in length of time, Become our elements. Leeches are by some accounted poison, not properly, that is by temperamental contrariety, occult form, or so much as elemental repugnancy; but, inwardly taken, Ital. elemento; they fasten upon the veins, and occasion an effusion Lat. elementum. of blood. Browne. Fr. element; Span. Port. and Waller. A very large class of creatures in the earth, far above the condition of elementarity. Browne's Vulgar Errours. He from his flaming ship his children sent, To perish in a milder element. A man may rationally retain doubts concerning the number of those ingredients of bodies, which some call elements, and others principles. Boyle. Whether any one such body be met with, in those said to be elemented bodies, I now question. Id. There is nothing more pernicious to a youth, in the elements of painting, than an ignorant master. Dryden. If dusky spots are varied on his brow, Dryden's Virgil. All rain water contains in it a copious sediment of terrestrial matter, and is not a simple elementary Ray. water. They shew that they are out of their element, and that logick is none of their talent. Baker on Learning. The elementary salts of animals are not the same as they appear by distillation. Arbuthnot on Aliments, Soft yielding minds to water glide away, and sip with nymphs their elemental tea. Pope. Simple substances are either spirits, which have no manner of composition, or the first principles of bodies, usually called elements, of which other bodies are compounded. Watts. First the fine forms her dulcet voice requires, Which bathe or bask in elemental fires. Darwin. enquire into the origin of this apparent diversity, nearly the same. Thus the blood, chyle, milk, Peace! heaven-descended maid, whose powerful mists, with Paracelsus at their head, pretend voice From ancient darkness called the morn; Beattie. Far, far was hurled the void abyss along. ELEMENTS, in physics, the first principles of which all bodies in the system of nature are composed These are supposed to be few in number, unchangeable, and by their combinations to produce that extensive variety of objects to be met with in the works of nature. There seems to be in reality some foundation for this doctrine; for there are some principles evidently exempted from every change or decay, but which can be mixed or changed into different forms of matter. A person who surveys the works of nature in an inattentive manner, is apt to form a contrary opinion, when he considers the numerous tribes of fossils, plants, and animals, with the wonderful variety that appears among them in almost every instance. He is thence induced to conclude, that nature employs a vast variety of materials in producing such prodigious diversity. But let him to speak of four elementary bodies, salt, sul- |