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XLV. Gregory VII. Henry IV. of Germany

XLVI. Crusades

XLVII. Continuation of former Chapter

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XLVIII. East India products. Traffick routes by which
they were conveyed to Europe. The Hanse
league

XLIX. Sea route to the East Indies discovered

L. Discovery of America by Columbus

LI. Further discoveries in America

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LIV. Invention of paper made from linen. En-
graving. Printing. Bookbinding. Copper-
plate. Spectacles, and the compass

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LV. Decline of the Papal power. Wickliffe. John
Huss. Grecians in Italy

LVI. Luther and the Reformation

LVII. The Thirty Years' War

LVIII. Continuation of the same

LIX. Henry IV.

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CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.

B. C.

4004.

Creation of the World.

2348. The Deluge.

2059. Ninus became king of Assyria.

1921. Call of Abraham: 430 years after (1491) the Israelites left Egypt.

1728. Joseph sold as a slave.

1650 (or some say in 1722).

1582.

Sesostris reigned in Egypt. About this time Cecrops reigned at Athens.

1571. Moses born.

1491. Israelites depart out of Egypt.

1200. The Phoenician trade flourishes.

1184. Taking of Troy. Jephtha judge in Israel.

1050. David king.

1004. Solomon's temple dedicated at Jerusalem.

975. Separation of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. 884. The date of Lycurgus. Homer. Asa, king of Judah. About this time Carthage was founded.

820. Sardanapalus. Fall of the Assyrian empire.

753. Building of Rome. Isaiah.

721. Samaria taken. Kingdom of Israel at an end. 605. Jerusalem taken by the Assyrians, and commencement of the Babylonish Captivity.

587. Taking of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.

555. Cyrus founds the Persian empire from the Danube to the Indus.

538. Taking of Babylon by Cyrus.

536. Jews return from Babylon and rebuild their temple. 509. First Consulship after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome, about the same time as that of the Peisistratidæ from Athens.

490. The Greeks under Miltiades defeat the Persians at Marathon.

480. Battles of Thermopyla under Leonidas, and of Salamis under Themistocles.

479. Defeat of the Persians on the same day at Platæa and Mycale.

B. C.

445. Herodotus and Phidias. Nehemiah rebuilds Jerusalem. 431. Commencement of the Peloponnesian war, followed by the Plague of Athens, lasting twenty-eight years. 405. The battle of Egospotamos. 404. Capture of Athens by the Lacedæmonians. During the early part of the Peloponnesian war, in which Thucydides had a command, Socrates, though ridiculed by Aristophanes, was teaching Xenophon, Plato, and Alcibiades.

390. Rome taken by the Gauls.

360. Philip of Macedon conquers the Athenians at Methone.

336. Succession of Alexander the Great, the pupil of Aristotle; he destroys the Persian Empire, and forms the Græco-Macedonian Empire from the Adriatic to the Indus.

323.

Alexander dies at Babylon.

281. Romans conquer Pyrrhus.

264. First Punic War commences.

The "Arundel Mar

bles" or "the Parian Chronicle" supposed to have

been constructed.

218. Second Punic War begins. 149. Third Punic War begins.

147. Scipio destroys Carthage, and Mummius Corinth. 88. Civil war between Marius and Sylla.

63. Capture of Jerusalem by Pompey.

60. First Triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus. At this period Rome was every where victorious abroad, and continually in civil dissension at home. 31. Battle of Actium. Augustus emperor. The Roman Empire now extended from the Atlantic to the Euphrates.

A.D.

Jesus Christ was born in the reign of Augustus.

70. Jerusalem taken by Titus.

79. Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed.

64. First Persecution of the Christians. Fire of Rome.

93.

107.

164.

Second Persecution of the Christians. Third Persecution of the Christians. Fourth Persecution of the Christians. 202. Fifth Persecution of the Christians. 235. Sixth Persecution of the Christians. 250. Seventh Persecution of the Christians. 257. Eighth Persecution of the Christians.

A. D.

272.

Ninth Persecution of the Christians. 302. Tenth Persecution of the Christians.

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The misgovernment of the Roman Empire invites the attacks of barbarous hordes from Germany.

Rome invaded by the Goths.

Rome invaded by the Alemanni and Marco-
manni.

Rome invaded by the Huns and Alares.
Rome invaded by the Goths under Alaric.
Vandals and Suevi settle in Spain.

Rome taken by Alaric.

Kingdom of the Visigoths founded in Spain by
Wallia.

Settlement of the Franks under Pharamond in
Gaul.

Invasion of Gaul by the Huns under Attila.
Vandals under Genseric sack Rome.

Rome taken by Odoacer, king of the Heruli.
And end of the Western Empire.

Ostrogoths invade Italy under Theodoric.

325. Council of Nice.

333. Constantine the first Christian emperor.

395. Theodosius divides the Roman Empire into the Eastern and Western Kingdoms.

533. Belisarius conquers the Vandals in Africa. 538. Belisarius conquers the Goths in Italy.

554.

Justinian's General Narses conquers the north of
Italy.

563. Lombards invade Italy.

622. Flight of Mahomet or "Hejira," the Epoch of the Mahometans.

632. Diffusion of Mahometanism and rise of the Arabian

power.

641. Alexandria taken by the Arabians and the Alexandrian Library destroyed.

712. Spain conquered by the Moors and Arabs.

732. Defeat of the Moorish army near Tours by Charles

Martel.

800. Frank Empire founded by Charlemagne.

900. Frank Empire divided into France, Germany, and

North Italy.

919. Henry," the Town Builder," king of Germany. 964. Otho the Great unites Italy to the German Empire. 1048. The Turks invade the Eastern Empire.

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