A. D. dening were nowhere neglected. The people 715. built houses for themselves, and sheds and stalls for their cattle, and joined together forming marches and districts. Still the labours of agriculture and housebuilding fell mostly on that class of serfs and vassals whose freedom had been lost by war or purchase. But the most momentous of all changes resulted from the introduction of the Christian faith this, after many efforts of very limited success, was accomplished by the zealous Winnifred, or Boniface, in the year 715 A.D. He baptized many Germans, and established many bishoprics in Franconia, Bavaria, and Hessen, all dependent on the Pope, then called the Bishop of Rome, who thus obtained great influence in Germany, over not only its clergy and people, but also its princes. Rome had now a Greek governor, who forbade, in the name of the Emperor Constantine, the worship of the pictures of the saints. The people made a revolt, which the Pope supported; and the consequence was, that the emperor withdrew his veto, fearing he might be deprived of all his Italian possessions. It was now that the Lombards, from the north of Italy, applied for assistance to the councillors of the king of the Franks-for the influence of those councillors generally decided the affairs of the kingdom. Pepin, who was at that time one of the council, consented to render assistance, provided the Pope in return would declare him king of the Franks; for already, in effect, he held the reins of govern

ment. The Pope accepted the terms, and Pepin A. D. became, 752 A.D., king of the Franks; and 752. marched, in the years 754, 755, twice into Italy against the Lombards. The territory of which he deprived them he made over to the Pope, but kept to himself the government of the country; and in this manner the Pope became the temporal prince of Rome, Ravenna, and the neighbouring states; and appeared to have the right to make and depose kings at his pleasure.

*CHAP. XL.

ZENGHIS KHAN AND THE MOGUL EMPIRE.

1150.

In the extensive plains between China, Siberia, A. D. and the Caspian, in the 12th century, were many pastoral tribes, then united by the genius of Zenghis Khan, who was solemnly acknowledged, at some general council of the tribes, "Emperor of the Moguls and Tartars." After becoming, by successive victories, monarch of millions of shepherds and soldiers, Zenghis sent an embassy to Pekin to demand back from the Emperor of China the tribute paid by the less warlike ancestors of Zenghis. Following up his demand by an invasion, Zenghis stormed or starved ninety cities, and

A. D. was only induced to retire by a rich payment in silk and gold, 3000 horses, and 500 maidens!

1220.

1214. In a second expedition, Zenghis drove his Celestial Majesty beyond the Yellow Sea. The siege of Pekin by Zenghis Khan is astounding to contemplate. The Chinese were reduced to feed on their fellow citizens: wanting ammunition, they discharged gold and silver from their engines. The Moguls entered by a mine, emerging in the centre of the capital; and the conflagration lasted. thirty days. The five northern provinces of China were added to the empire of Zenghis.

1220. In the west he added the dominions of Mohammed, from the Persian Gulf to the borders of India and Turkestan. Zenghis desired only friendly commercial intercourse with this Moslem prince; but a murder of a caravan of 150 of Zenghis's merchants changed peace for war. And how shall we duly estimate the greatness of the force? Napoleon's thousands were ninety-five at Waterloo; but Zinghis had 700,000, and slew 150,000 of his enemies. True, the reputed army of Xerxes was 5,200,000; but camp followers, women, and children greatly swell the armies of Asia. From the Caspian to the Indus more habitations and works of man were destroyed by the Moguls in four years, than the last five centuries have been able to replace. Zenghis, like Alexander, led his army to the Indus, and was forced to yield to the general desire of his men to return to their native land. Zenghis, having also

overthrown the kingdom of Tartary, died 1227, A. D. exhorting his sons to achieve the conquest of 1240. China. The succeeding Mogul emperors conquered:

1st, The northern empire of China, towards Pekin; then the southern, towards Canton. Greek fire and gunpowder were used under Mahometan and Frank engineers. The Chinese of the south took to their boats; and when at last the vessels of the Moguls had surrounded them, the emperor of China leaped into the water, saying, "It is more glorious to die a prince than live a slave!" and 100,000 Chinese followed his example.

2dly, Persia, and the empire of the Caliphs. The Moguls here exterminated the "Assassins" odious sectaries who devoted, like the Thugs of India, all the victims they could murder, to "the old man of the mountain.” Their name stands for murderer in most languages of Europe. They then sacked Bagdad, killing the last successor of Mahomet.

A

3dly, Armenia, Anatolia, Russia, Poland, Hungary. The Moguls burned Moscow in 1240. horde of Moguls conquered Siberia, and settled on the Icy Sea. All these victories were by the Mogul generals; the Great Khans of Mogul all the while residing at Holim or Karakum, 600 miles N.W. of Pekin; and to this, the Golden Horde, the ambassadors of Europe and Asia were forced to travel. Chinese manners were adopted; despotism,

1365.

A. D. as usual, exhausted the empire, and the provinces of China were wasted by famine. 140 years after the death of Zenghis, his successors were expelled from China, "and the Mogul emperors were lost in the oblivion of the desert.”

Hindostan was not conquered by the house of Zenghis; but the Mogul empire, in modern phrase, implies all that part of Hindostan and the Deccan held by the successors of Tamerlane.

A. D.

*CHAP. XLI.

ORIGIN OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

LANE AND THE MOGUL EMPIRE.

TAMER

THE decline of one empire marks the rise of 1800. another. Among the Tartar hordes eastward of the Caspian that retired before the Moguls and Zenghis Khan, were the Turkomans, who settled in Asia Minor. One of their leaders was Osman, who named his horde the "Osmanlis," whence "Ottomans," who conquered from the Greeks of Constantinople a territory over which Osman reigned as the first sultan of the "Turks," or the "Ottoman Empire," 1300.

The Turks won province after province from the Greeks, till in 1453 they took Constantinople, and put an end to the Eastern Empire. The