protecting any water use. The gathering of that data and information has top priority in the research and development effort of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. Considerably more data than currently available are needed.

The components of our research, development, and demonstration effort and their interrelationships can be illustrated by the feedback control system model shown in figure 4.

I need not indicate to this committee the magnitude of the water pollution problem nor the importance of finding solutions to those problems.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

I would like to call attention to the need for looking at water pollution control in its broadest sense-water quality management. All alternatives-technical, economic, legislative, enforcement, management-must be examined and considered in arriving at the best solution. Both the short- and long-range aspects of the solution should be considered. Solutions acceptable today may not be applicable in the future. Solutions which have been rejected in the past may be applicable today.

Water quality is intimately related to water quantity and thus water quality management is an important component of water resource management. The relationships among water, air, and land resource utilization and management are coming into sharper focus. That we must effectively control pollution of these resources if we are to have environmental conditions for our well-being and economic growth, there is no question.

I am confident that we have the talent and resources which will permit population growth and industrial expansion while at the same time we will be able to enhance the quality of our environment.

I thank you, Mr. Chairman.

(Appendix A of Dr. Weinberger's statement follows:)

APPENDIX A

ALTERNATE WAYS OF CONTROLLING POLLUTION

("Waste Management and Control"-National Academy of Sciences)

1. Recovery and reuse.-Recovery of used air, water, or land for reuse and/or recovery of pollutants themselves for beneficial purposes.

2. Waste treatment.-Modification of contaminants in a waste, or separation of contaminants from a waste plus disposition of the residues in non-polluting fashion.

3. Product modification.-Deliberate introduction of properties into materials that may eventually become environmental contaminants, in order to reduce their pollutional effects or to enhance their controllability.

4. Process change.-Modification of the process in which a contaminant is used or created so that the contaminant is not released or its release is reduced.

5. Elimination.-Prevention of a contaminant from entering the environment by eliminating its use or generation.

6. Dispersion.-Distribution of a waste discharge over a larger area of the land or into a larger volume of air or water.

7. Dilution.-Artificial augmentation of the volume of the environment used to assimilate wastes.

8. Detention.-Temporary hold-up of the production or the release of discharges for later gradual release or for release at a more advantageous time.

9. Diversion.-Transportation of a waste to another location for discharge. 10. Environmental treatment.-Treatment of air, land, or water to remove pollutants, to diminish their effects, or to eliminate or inhibit their generation. 11. Desensitization.-Desensitization of pollution receptors.

Senator RANDOLPH. Thank you very much, Doctor. You are hopeful, I see.

Dr. WEINBERGER. Yes, sir; and with a good deal of confidence. I think we do have the competence within our Nation to accomplish what we as Americans certainly want and will have, sir.

Senator RANDOLPH. Thank you, sir.

Colonel Meyer.

STATEMENT OF COL. ALVIN F. MEYER, JR., U.S. AIR FORCE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE

Colonel MEYER. Good morning, Mr. Chairman.

We again welcome the opportunity to appear before you and discuss some of the activities of the Department of Defense in the total area of environmental pollution control.

As you know from our previous testimony, we do believe that this Department has long exhibited leadership in aggressively attacking the problems of all forms of waste disposal. We are concerned, as we have said in the past, with the prevention of the effects of environmental hazards on our military personnel, on operational capability, and on our adjacent civilian neighbors.

In the past, we have given to the subcommittee and this is a matter of record-information on some specialized environmental pollution problems, such as those relating to air and the control of waste from vessels.

We are particularly pleased to be afforded the opportunity to participate in these hearings, oriented as they are toward efforts to develop and demonstrate new improved systems of waste disposal. We shall

utilize as a central theme the subject of solid wastes, as an example, since we are aware of the current interest of this committee therein. In so doing we shall endeavor to keep in perspective the larger issues of the total environmental question.

Although these hearings are concerned with research, it appears that presenting some information on past experiences involving the translation of research and development into operations may shed some useful light on this Department's role in Federal participation. in the total waste management effort.

As an aside, I might point out several years ago when we were testifying on air pollution from aircraft and missile launchers, we did discuss some aspects of our systems management procedures.

I am accompanied this morning by representatives of the Department of Defense Environmental Pollution Control Committee, so that if questions arise with regard to specifics, these specialists will be available to you and to me to assist in responding thereto.

NATURE OF PROBLEM

You will recollect that in previous appearances before this subcommittee, it was pointed out that there are approximately 6,000 major defense installations, worldwide. They vary in size from small, isolated bases to large and extensive complexes typical of a modern city with its industrial area.

At these installations, there are all of the varied activities characteristic of a civilian community, along with those specialized operations associated with defense activities.

There are generated at these installations the types of wastes associated with normal community and industrial activity, as well as certain special problems, such as the residues from defense materiel.

There are included food wastes, packaging materials, and all of the miscellaneous debris and residues characteristic of an industrialized urban society. There does not appear to be, from the information available, any significant difference in the type or amounts of such wastes generated in these military communities, as compared with civilian communities of comparable size.

The large-sized industrial complexes of the military departments, as is the case with civilian industry, generate considerable amounts of solid wastes, including residues of metal machining, packing materials, and military materiel, which has either outlived its usefulness or does not, for one reason or another, meet quality standards.

The outfitting and provisioning of military units and naval vessels involve large quantities of packing materials and containers, which present a major need for efficient waste management.

Another source of industrial waste or solid waste is the construction and demolition of buildings and facilities. This creates large amounts of waste construction material which must be processed and disposed of. This is, in some ways, comparable to the problems presented by urban renewal or large-scale community development programs.

On our larger installations, there is a natural resources conservation program, which deals with the problems associated with the maintenance of forests and related agricultural operations. In the case of the

Chief of Engineers' civil works activities, reservoir clearing and the accumulation of solid wastes associated with river and harbor operations are special problems.

A major concern of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is that related to the collection, removal, and disposal of harbor debris, which will be discussed briefly later on.

There are also some unique problems relating to the manufacturing, testing, and disposal of specialized military materiel and munitions. For rather obvious reasons, this is only mentioned in passing at this time.

WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES

Sir, I have mentioned that the military departments have long been concerned with the problems of hygiene and sanitation, and that the matter of waste disposal has been of traditional interest. As we shall bring out in this discussion, there has been considerable pioneering in both technology and administrative procedures in what is now described as waste management.

Many of these procedures have subsequently been adapted to civilian utility. They arose from an understanding of the need to maintain the human resource represented by military personnel, and also from an appreciation of the need for conservation of scarce resources.

I would not like to clutter up the record unnecessarily with some historical information but one aspect of any research program is to undertake an analysis of what is known, what is the existing state of the art.

RECYCLING

So, while it might seem facetious to point this out, the concept of reclamation and reuse which has been advocated for civilian communities and is being practiced in certain new installations, is one of longstanding practice in the military departments. As an example, I should like to quote for you from the "Manual for the Quartermaster Corps, U.S. Army, 1916," in this regard:

Empty barrels, boxes, crates, and other packages, together with metal turnings, scrap metal, ground bone and other waste products which accumulate at arsenals, depots and military posts which are unsuitable for the public service will be disposed of in the manner prescribed for property condemned and ordered sold in paragraph 680, Army Regulations, 1913-hides and tallows not required for public use will be carefully preserved and sold as may be convenient in the manner prescribed above.

This same manual contains instructions relating to the disposal of garbage, and a variety of other instructions relating to what today would be called environmental pollution or waste management operations.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

We have mentioned the fact that the military departments have long been pioneers, and it also seems useful to point out that the publication "Military Preventive Medicine," first issued in 1930, contained extensive recommendations regarding the handling and disposal of wastes. This book and its subsequent editions were widely used also in civilian public health departments. With regard to some specific actions concerning solid waste management, beginning in 1939

there was intensive action in the military departments associated with the buildup of the Armed Forces.

For the record, I would like to insert an excerpt from the "History of Repairs and Utilities." Perusal of this document will show a remarkable similarity to some of the problems which we are currently facing.

I call attention to the discussion regarding sanitary fills, incinerators, and refuse collection. I should like, also, with your permission, to insert for the record a copy of the "Guides and Procedures for Refuse Collection and Disposal," War Department, Technical Manual TM 5-600, November 1945, and chapter 7, "Garbage and Refuse Disposal,' Technical Manual 5-283, Air Force Manual 90-5, "Utilities."

These documents are indicative of the extent of study and effort given to the problems of waste management, which are still being continued by this Department. I would like to add, in 1939, following the buildup of the Armed Forces, it was intensive.

For the record, I would like to insert some of these items indicating this, such as the "History of Repairs and Utilities" and the "Guides and Procedures for Refuse Collection."

The information there, sir, is of considerable interest in the light of some of the current problems.

Senator RANDOLPH. Yes. That will be included.

(The exhibits furnished by Colonel Meyer follow :)

EXHIBIT 1

HISTORY OF REPAIRS AND UTILITIES, 1939-1945

(Repairs and Utilities Division, Office, Director of Military Construction, Office, Chief of Engineers)

SECTION 6.-REFUSE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

Early incinerator situation.-There were incinerators at nearly all posts, camps and stations during peacetime, which incinerators were of a sufficient capacity and efficiency to dispose of the refuse of the population of the posts. However, in 1941, with the activation of the defense program, the population at posts, camps, and stations doubled and trebled virtually overnight, and soon the old incinerators were inadequate to dispose of the excessive load. Efforts were made to provide additional incinerators at old posts and to install new incinerators at new posts, but the shortage of labor and materials prolonged fulfillment for months. In the meantime, most incinerators were overloaded and abused to the breaking point, and many posts had to resort to open dumping of refuse.

Use of sanitary fill.-Dumps of putrescible refuse caused breeding of rats, mosquitoes, and flies. The Office of the Surgeon General registered complaints against them as potential health hazards, and urged their elimination. The method of disposal known as "sanitary fill" was investigated and found to be easily adaptable for army use. Its advantages over building an incinerator plant were quick installation, flexible capacity, simple operation, and low operating cost. Large posts, particularly, benefited by a sanitary fill method of refuse disposal, as there were no restrictions as to daily capacity, the size of the earth cells merely increased or decreased in accordance with the needs of the moment. Equipment and labor requirements did not change. The health menace was eliminated as correct compaction and covering of refuse precludes harborage to vermin.

Authorization of use of sanitary fill.-OCE Circular Letter No. 1768 issued by the Chief of Engineers on 30 June 1942,5 stated in part: “In order to conserve

56 OCE Circular Letter No. 1768 (Construction Division No. 475), dated June 30, 1942, Subject: "Disposal of Garbage and Waste Material."