Then Mariner VI came down across the planet, roughly along the equatorial zones. Mariner VII, which completed its near-encounter sequence early this morning, followed a path which crossed the Mariner VI path at Meridiani Sinus and then traveled down over the polar regions. What I will show you then, very quickly, are the first Mariner VI far-encounter pictures.

This is No. 1, taken about 771,000 miles. (Fig. 2.) You see very clearly the polar regions-this is Syrtis-Major here. As the spacecraft approaches the planet, then you can see the planet beginning to loom up in the frame and in the far-encounter pictures, we have gotten so close to the planet that it fills the entire frame.

On this particular picture, No. 28 (fig. 3) is Syrtis-Major. This is Meridiani Sinus and corresponds to Greenwich in our system. I shows up much more clearly here.

Here you see the south polar cap. One of the things that shows up on here is that the edges of the polar cap are very rough.

Over on this picture, you cannot see it too well on this vugraph, but there is a crater right here. I am told-I have not seen the pictures yet that came in last night on Mariner VII-that they are really spectacular and as you fly down over the polar regions, you see large numbers of craters in that region.

I think I will go on now and show you a couple of pictures that are typical of the near encounter.

This is a picture (fig. 4) of Mars taken about 2,500 miles above the surface of Mars. You see the large number of craters and the very similar appearance to that of the moon.

I want to call your attention to this large crater here. It is about 150 miles across and up in this upper right-hand corner, it is barely visible with the illumination here, but you see a crater and then you see a kind of wedge-shaped white spot there.

Now, we also took pictures that are what we call narrow angle/high resolution. The next picture I show you will be at high resolution of this particular area.

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FIGURE 4.-Mariner 6 near-encounter picture 21. Many astronomers would accept this wide-angle (Camera 4A) photograph as a picture of the Moon because of the abundance, size, shape, and arrangement of the craters. It actually represents a patch of the surface of Mars roughly 560 by 430 miles in size. The largest crater visible (southeast part of photo) is about 160 miles in diameter. This photograph probably records at least 100 craters. Some show a crudely polygonal outline which is also typical of many lunar craters. The very small, regularly spaced black dots are reference points within the TV system. The picture center is at 15° east longitude, 16° south latitude. The distance from the camera is 2,150 miles. Local time is about 4:30 p.m., and the camera view angle is 16° from vertical. The picture was taken through the red filter. This picture was taken during a 20-minute period surrounding Mariner's closest approach to Mars at 10:19 p.m., p.d.t. on July 30, 1969. The television experiment team is headed by R. B. Leighton, of Caltech.

If we could look at the next picture, (fig. 5) what you see here is that this is the rim of this larger crater. This is this wedge-shaped sort of ridge that runs along here or the rim of the crater. What we see is a smaller crater on the rim of the older, larger crater. In the center of this crater, there seems to be younger, more prominent, smaller craters. Here also, you begin to see the large numbers of small craters showing up there.

Well, now, these, then, are typical of the pictures that we obtained from Mariner VI. We took 24 of these near-encounter pictures. We have taken a larger number on Mariner VII and those will be coming in later tonight or tomorrow. We do not as yet have copies of the Mariner VII pictures but will shortly and will bring some of those over to you. The region of the polar cap, I am told, is spectacular.

FIGURE 5.-Mariner 6 near encounter picture 22. This narrow-angle view of Mars spans 52 miles E-W by 45 miles N-S. The large crater at the south edge of this photograph with a prominent smaller crater on its floor is about 15 miles across. The highly irregular terrain to the northwest of this crater is debris constituting the rim of a much larger crater over 150 miles in diameter lying to the southwest and which can be seen in picture 21. Part of the smooth floor of this large crater appears in the southwest corner of the photo. Extending north from the first crater, toward the center of the photo, is an irregular sinuous ridge rather analogous to some ridges seen on the Moon. The picture center is at 21° E. longitude, 15° S. latitude. The distance is 2,150 miles. The local time is 1 hour before sunset (about 5 p.m.) and the camera view angle is 15° from the local vertical. This picture was taken during a 20-minute period surrounding Mariner's closest approach to Mars at 10:19 p.m. Pacific daylight time on July 30, 1969. The television experiment team is headed by R. B. Leighton of Caltech.

Dr. NAUGLE. Yes.

Senator GOLDWATER. Do you have that?

Dr. NAUGLE. I do not have that picture with me. That was released to the press early this morning on the west coast. I am told, actually on the Mariner pictures, that we saw what some astronomers have called canals. What we saw on Mariner VI were dark splotches, low-contrast features that were more in a line. This may be what astronomers saw from the earth and gave the name canali or canals. I have not yet seen the Mariner VII pictures.

CONCERN OVER MONEY SITUATION

Senator SYMINGTON. Mr. Chairman, if I may, I must go to an appropriations hearing on aircraft procurement. I do not want Dr. Paine to think I am not extremely interested in all this, but did promise to be there this morning. I would say just one thing before leaving.

Whatever program, Doctor, that you decide on, let us know about it as soon as possible and get it into the hopper, you might say. I am worried about our money situation. The surtax has been given a big play but the facts are it will pay for not much more than 2 months' cost of the Vietnam war, this 6-month extension. I think everybody is looking to reduce Government expenditures wherever possible in an effort to avoid this continuing inflation, which could ruin the country.

I heard a telecast on the "Today" show this morning which asserted the surtax would have no real effect on controlling inflation. They said it might even have the net effect of being wrong because it would give people false hopes. I, for one, am very worried about all these tremendous Government expenses. These are thoughts that go through my mind on this increasingly difficult money situation. It is unfortunate that at this time, when we are having this marvelous success, thanks to you and to a man here I admire, Dr. von Braun, we do have this financial bind. I hope whatever you decide, therefore, as to what should be done, we get as soon as we can so we can match it up with other priorities.

Mr. Chairman, I thank you and the rest of the committee for letting me make these short remarks.

The CHAIRMAN. We hope you will be back.

Senator SYMINGTON. Thank you very much. I hope so, too.
The CHAIRMAN. Proceed, Dr. Naugle.

REVIEWS MARINER EXPERIMENTS

Dr. NAUGLE. That is all for that slide. In addition to the television experiment on Mariner 1969, we have five other experiments. I would like to report very briefly on those. I should preface what I say by noting that the results I will be giving you are based on 2 nights and a day's analysis by the experimenters so they are very preliminary and may change as we get additional data from Mariner VII and as they are analyzed.

First, we have what we call an occultation experiment by Dr. Kliore of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This is an experiment in which you watch the behavior of the radio signal from the spacecraft as the spacecraft goes around behind the planet. You can use that to study the density of the atmosphere of the planet and from that, you can deduce the surface pressure. Dr. Kliore reported that the surface pressure on Mars was about six and a half millibars. That is very close to the seven or so millibars that he measured with Mariner IV. That was very much of a surprise to us at the time. We had thought that the surface pressure on Mars would be higher. Mariner VII confirms it and gives us confidence that the surface pressure is indeed low on Mars. The second experiment that was reported on was the ultraviolet experiment. Dr. Barth of the University of Colorado has analyzed some of the data from that experiment. The most significant result that he found is the absence of nitrogen. He did not find any evidence for nitrogen on the planet in the preliminary analysis of his data.

Another experiment, an experiment designed to measure the composition of the atmosphere and the surface temperature, is what we call the infrared spectrometer. The experiment was prepared by Dr. George Pimentel of the University of California. This was the experiment in which one of the data channels failed on Mariner VI. This particular channel worked on Mariner VII, however-all of the ex