miles from the seismometer with an equivalent energy of approximately 1 ton of TNT. The depth of penetration of the S-IVB impact signal is approximately 12-25 miles (vs approximately 10 miles for the LM impact). This result implies that the outer shell of the moon to depths of at least 12 to 25 miles may be formed from the same crystalline rock material as found at the surface. The overall character of the seismic signal is similar to that of the LM impact signal, but the combination of higher energy and greater distance between point of impact and seismometer gave a seismic signal 20-30 times larger than the LM impact andf our times longer in duration (approximately 4 hours vs 1 hour).

Analyses of these scientifically significant and highly unique signals should lead us closer to unlocking the mysteries concerning the origin of the moon and the earth-moon system.

SPACE PROGRAM APPLICATIONS TO POLLUTION

Question 2. Captain Lovell and Mr. Swigert, many of us are quite concerned with the problems of pollution and environmental control right here on this planet. On Wednesday of this week, we saw a massive outpouring and concern during "Earth Day."

Can you give us your views on the space program as it relates to these problems? Answer. The space program is making direct contributions to environmental control and the reduction of pollution, and I believe its efforts will be even more productive in the future. There are several kinds of environmental pollution with which we are all concerned-air, water, and noise pollution, principally. NASA is carrying on a dozen or so activities aimed at reducing air pollution. I am submitting a list of them, attached to this response. They are carried out under direction of NASA's Office of Advanced Research and Technology.

The future will witness another form of attack on the pollution problem. This is NASA's Earth Resources Survey program, which has the potential of identifying and monitoring surface and atmospheric pollutants in water and air from aircraft and spacecraft systems. We will be able to measure these pollutants and determine their evolution and movement.

The Earth Resources Technology Satellite program will permit us to better understand the intricate processes of the oceans, and their ability to produce food and to absorb pollutants. North American fresh water systems will be understood well enough for us to manage them on a continental scale, neither wasting nor hoarding this vital resource. Agricultural management will very likely be improved.

Noise is a particularly irritating pollutant. NASA has instituted research programs to try to determine the mechanisms of noise generation from turbofan systems and supersonic engine exhaust jets, and how to reduce this noise. NASA is also developing a "quiet engine" for aircraft.

To sum up, Jack Swigert, Fred Haise, and I are firmly convinced that a strong and viable space program will definitely increase our ability and our resolve to to overcome earthly problems, both old and new.

The list referred to above follows:

Investigation of the kinetics of smoke and nitric oxide formation under conditions typically found in aircraft gas turbine combustion systems. Investigation of the dispersion of the exhaust plume in the atmosphere (Massachusetts Institute of Technology-FY 1971—$50,000).

Investigation of the chemical kinetics of the dispersion process of pollutants with the primary emphasis on the oxidation of hydrocarbons because this process plays a dominant role in photochemical air pollution (Jet Propulsion Laboratory FY 1971-$50,000).

Investigation of the fluid dynamic mechanism of the dispersion and interaction of pollutants from airborne and ground sources in urban areas (New York University-FY 1971-$30,000).

Development of a material for a thermal reactor to be attached to an automobile in place of the exhaust manifold. This is being supported by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and is utilizing NASA expertise in high temperature materials. FY 1970 funds ($300,000) have been requested to continue this work (Teledyne, Continental Motors-FY 1969-$300,000).

In support of the above thermal reactor work, NASA is performing limited inhouse studies. The research includes a computer study of the kinetics of combus

tion of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in the thermal reactor and pulsed air injection into the exhaust ports which expedites the combustion process (Lewis Research Center-FY 1971-$25,000).

Investigation of the mechanism by which ultraviolet radiation from the sun transforms nitrogen oxides into smog in the presence of hydrocarbons in urban atmospheres (Ames Research Center-FY 1971-$65,000).

A study to examine microwave spectrometer signals in parts per billion of a host of contaminants which include automotive colorless gases of interest to National Air Control Pollution Administration (NACPA) such as oxides of sulfur (SO1), of nitrogen (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO2). The NACPA laboratory personnel from Raleigh, N.C., and NASA have been meeting and exchanging technical information. NASA and NACPA are planning to support work toward the miniaturization of a microwave spectrometer which will have application_to public air control groups, industry, and NASA (University of Wyoming-FY 1971-$40,000).

A study has been underway for the last two years to develop a hybrid sensor which consists of a mass spectrometer and selective columns from a gas chromatagraph apparatus. This will sense and monitor various contaminants including those of interest to NACPA. During a recent review of this program, representatives from NACPA expressed interest in supporting this work when the fabrication phase is initiated (Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Pomona, California-FY 1791$150,000).

An investigation of methods of the removal of oxides of nitrogen and of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and chlorine in low concentrations from air as part of an effort to develop an effective atmospheric purification subsystem. The results of this laboratory work have demonstrated that solid-gas reaction was found to be the most generally effective method of contaminant removal and specifically a reaction bed containing both manganese dioxide and lithium carbonate will remove most of the sulfur oxides and over 99% of the chlorine and hydrogen halides. This coming year an operational subsystem will be fabricated. The NACPA personnel are on our mailing list for these reports and they have been in contact with both Langley Research Center and the Texas Technological College on the progress of this work (Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas-FY 1971-$50,000).

In the Aeronautical Vehicle program, the efforts related to the alleviation of pollution and smoke are a part of a continuing program to improve the performance of aircraft engines. (For example, one of the continuing objectives of the Lewis research program on aircraft gas turbine combustors.) This work is important because of several reasons including: the reduction in air pollution, the reduction of visual detection of military aircraft, and the increased operating life of combustors due to the reduction in heat radiation to metal surfaces due to a reduction in smoke.

The present trends in advanced engines are toward higher flight speeds and toward high temperature and pressure ratios inside the combustor. Smoking tendency is made worse by an increase in pressure. A major part of the experimental work is conducted at pressures (up to 450 psia) which are typical of the values expected in future engines. However, the results should be applicable to current engines which operate at pressures up to about 350 psia.

A number of experimental gas turbine combustors are being tested to evaluate their overall performance and their smoking tendency. In an effort to reduce smoke output and heat radiation to the combustor surfaces, various design features are being studied which include variations in air entry ports and variations in the fuel injection system. Carbon content in the flame zone is indicated by measurements of spectral and total emittance. Thirty professionals are associated with the advanced combustor program at Lewis.

The general technique being used by the engine manufacturers to reduce smoke is to introduce more air into the primary zone of the combustor. Some reduction in the altitude blowout limits of the combustor is associated with the added air in the primary zone. However, this penalty is not expected to be a problem with commercial aircraft although it may be a problem with military aircraft. Adding air into the primary zone of current aircraft combustors results in higher temperatures and causes a reduction in the emission rates of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons and apparently causes an increase in the emission rates of oxides of nitrogen.

NASA plans to continue the advanced combustor research work and to keep abreast of combustor work conducted by the engine manufacturers and the related work supported by the FAA and the Department of Defense. The Lewis effort on low-cost small gas turbine engine technology is an area for increased attention and support by NASA since replacing small aircraft reciprocating engine with a gas turbine engine will alleviate the aircraft pollution problem.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, all of you here today. It has been a fine and inspiring meeting. You have helped us very much. The meeting is adjourned.

(Whereupon, at 11:50 a.m., the committee adjourned, to reconvene subject to the call of the Chair.)

APPENDIX

TO STATEMENT OF

Dr. Thomas O. Paine

Administrator

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

before the

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences

United States Senate

(53)

REFERENCES:

Mr. Edgar M. Cortright

Establishment of Apollo 13 Review Board

(a) NMI 8621.1 - Mission Failure Investigation Policy and Procedures

(b) NMI 1156.14 - Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel

1. It is NASA policy as stated in Reference (a) "to investigate and document the causes of all major mission failures which occur in the conduct of its space and aeronautical activities and to take appropriate corrective actions as a result of the findings and recommendations."

2. Because of the serious nature of the accident to the Apollo 13 spacecraft which jeopardized human life and caused failure of the Apollo 13 lunar mission, we hereby establish the Apollo 13 Review Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board) and appoint you Chairman. The members of the Board will be qualified senior individuals from NASA and other Government agencies. After consultation with you, we will:

(a) Appoint the members of the Board and make any subsequent changes necessary for the effective operation of the Board; and

(b) Arrange for timely release of information on the operations, findings, and recommendations of the Board to the Congress, and, through the NASA Office of Public Affairs, to the public. The Board will report its findings and recommendations directly to us.

3. The Board will:

(a) Review the circumstances surrounding the accident to the spacecraft which occurred during the flight of Apollo 13 and the subsequent flight and ground actions taken to recover, in order to. establish the probable cause or causes of the accident and assess the effectiveness of the recovery actions.