Experience. Haise was a research pilot at the NASA Flight Research Center at Edwards, Calif., before coming to Houston and the Manned Spacecraft Center; and from September 1959 to March 1963, he was a research pilot at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. During this time, he authored the following papers which have been published: a NASA TRD, entitled "An Evaluation of the Flying Qualities of Seven General-Aviation Aircraft;" NASA TRD 3380, "Use of Aircraft for Zero Gravity Environment, May 1966;" SAE Business Aircraft Conference Paper, entitled "An Evaluation of General-Aviation Aircraft Flying Qualities," March 30-April 1, 1966; and a paper delivered at the tenth symposium of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, entitled "A Quantitative/ Qualitative Handling Qualities Evaluation of Seven General-Aviation Aircraft,' 1966.

He was the Aerospace Research Pilots School's outstanding graduate of Class 64A and served with the U.S. Air Force from October 1961 to August 1962 as a tactical fighter pilot and as Chief of the 164th Standardization-Evaluation Flight of the 164th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Mansfield, Ohio. From March 1957 to September 1959, he was a fighter-interceptor pilot with the 185th Fighter Interceptor Squadron in the Oklahoma Air National Guard.

He also served as a tactics and all weather flight instructor in the U.S. Navy Advanced Training Command at NAAS Kingsville, Texas, and was assigned as a U.S. Marine Corps fighter pilot to VMF-533 and 114 at MCAS Cherry Point, N.C., from March 1954 to September 1956.

His military career began in October 1952 as a Naval Aviation Cadet at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Fla.

He has accumulated 5,800 hours flying time, including 3,000 hours in jets. Current assignment.—Mr. Haise is one of the 19 Astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966. He served as backup lunar module pilot for the Apollo 8 and 11

missions.

He is currently assigned as lunar module pilot for the Apollo 13 flight.

APOLLO 13 REVIEW BOARD

Senator HOLLAND. I have several questions.

First, Dr. Paine, when do you anticipate that the work of the Apollo 13 Review Board will be finished?

Dr. PAINE. The first output which we expect to get from the Review Board is a statement on their part as to when they will have the review completed. We have given them open-ended charter so that they can take all the time required for a thorough review. They have not yet told us the date that they will be prepared to give us a final report. I would guess it would be in the order of a month, Senator Holland.

Senator HOLLAND. Do I understand correctly that that report will be made immediately available to this committee and the similar committee at the other end of the Capitol?

Dr. PAINE. That is correct. And we will be happy to provide you with interim reports as the work progresses.

STATUS OF APOLLO 14 MISSION

Sen ator HOLLAND. In the meantime, what is the status, Dr. Paine, or Dr. Petrone, of the Apollo 14 mission? Is the preparation for that mission continuing?

Dr. PETRONE. Yes, we are continuing the preparation of flight hardware. The one thing we want to evaluate is the site we go to. Apollo 14 was planned to land at a site on the moon known as Littrow. What we are discussing now with the scientific community is what of the sites, that for 13 or that for 14, we should go to. We are doing that and will be doing it in the coming week. But the basic hardware, the preparation, the basic planning is going forward.

Senator HOLLAND. Are you hoping to maintain your schedule for the launch of the Apollo 14, still?

Dr. PETRONE. Sir, I would say to that, we are going to have to look at the corrections we have to make. So in terms of maintaining a schedule, it will be based around the fixes we determine necessary. We want to keep moving forward so we can take advantage of the time, but we are not adhering to a fixed schedule. It will be determined by the fixes, the corrections, the modifications we deem necessary before we will have the exact schedule.

I do anticipate that we will move forward very quickly in this

area.

EARLY CUTOFF OF ENGINE

Senator HOLLAND. One more question. Is there any possible connection between the shutoff of one of the engines, at the time of the launch and the additional burn that had to be completed before the spacecraft, was properly launched and the subsequent difficulty in the service module?

Dr. PETRONE. Senator Holland, we feel that the early cutoff of that one engine in the second stage had no effect on the incident. we are studying here of the O2 tank. We have very good telemetry information on the force that was transmitted into the spacecraft, and also the observations of the crew on board. Essentially, there were no great vibrations or forces transmitted upward into the spacecraft. But we feel fairly certain that there was no connection between the early cut off of the engine and this incident we are seeing here. Senator HOLLAND. Thank you.

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Goldwater?

Senator GOLDWATER. I might say to the astronauts that they understand now what I mean when I say I feel like tailend Charley. But it is nice sitting at this end of the table.

To you astronauts, all of you and your wives, my congratulations on a job very well done. I agree with what the others of this committee have said. You have been a great inspiration to all of us and to all Americans.

NASA CONTROL CENTER

I do not want to belittle what you did in getting back, but I think sometimes we pay too little attention to the other end of the team. It has been my experience to have been at the control center during the launching of 12, and later, during the trouble that you had last week on 13. The thing that I was impressed with most, and I wish there were some way to show this visually to the American people, is the complete calmness and know-how that these backup people have. I watched the communications trouble develop on 12, and I think within three and a half minutes the solution had been reached.

When I was down there last week, they had already started work, study, to determine just what happened to your oxygen tank. In fact, I am so impressed with this that I think the techniques that are used in the NASA Control Center can well be applied to all of the problems besetting us in America. I think it is time that we begin thinking about collecting the good brains and the good ability on all problems so that we can apply what you have learned down there, the know-how, to the problems that we have in this country.

I would like to agree also with you, Captain Lovell, on the subject of education. I guess I have spoken to over 10,000 teenagers. These are not the high school or college ones, but my grandchildren's age. I cannot wait to see these grow up, because they are real gung-ho on space and all the knowledge that is coming from it.

VALUE OF SPACE INVESTMENT

I might add that the question has come up many times about the $28 billion that we have spent in space, and some one of our colleagues has said all we have for it is several vials of moon dust. I just want to repeat one or two things that I know of that have come out of this that I think are worth the whole $28 billion, as I will say in a speech on Monday on the floor.

While I do not think I can prove it now, give me 5 years, and I think I can show you $28 billion-plus having come back from it.

But the fact that we can now prevent an airplane from catching fire as a result of space exploration, I think is worth every cent of the $28 billion. The fact that we have, through spinoff from space, the approaching ability to build an aircraft proximity warning device which will tell a pilot that there is another airplane approaching him, to me is worth all of the $28 billion-plus, because they are going to save lives.

And, too, in the demonstration we saw here last week-Dr. Paine, I think I have talked to you about it should be made available to every women's club, every Service club and every school in America. We were shown what has been accomplished in the whole field of fireproofing. As soon as this material comes on the market, I am going to buy a lot of it and call up my fire insurance agent and tell him I do not need him any more.

POSSIBLE CAUSE OF BLAZE

I have just one short question to ask of Dr. Petrone.

If you feel that it should not be answered here, please say so. When I was there last week, I was shown the fullscale drawings of the tanks and the section and the two small, electric pumps that I think rotate around 2,000 revolutions per minute, and the gage with the heater. As I remember it, I was told that even if these motors jammed or froze, they would pull no more current in that condition than when they were running; therefore, there could not be a fire from insulation burning or anything like that. And I was told that the same would apply to the measuring device and the heater.

It was suggested during that discussion that some small piece of aluminum or even hard rubber might have been in that I forget what you call it; it is not liquid oxygen, it is semigaseous

Dr. PETRONE. The supercritical oxygen.

Senator GOLDWATER. That the contact of that outside object with the heat might have caused the blaze. Can you rule that out?

Dr. PETRONE. To answer the first part of your question, what you were told is essentially correct. We made tests in the earlier part of the mission. Just stalling that fan would not give you sufficient energy to start a fire. The propellant gage system, as you have mentioned, would not have sufficient energy. These are all fused against certain demands, either fuse or circuit breakers.

However, the question of whether or not a spark could have been. caused by a piece of the material, either hard rubber or a rivet, or whether one of the leads necessary to give energy for the fan could have done it, these are things that we do not know yet. We are simulating those items. We are attempting different failure modes to understand the failure mechanism. These are the things we are searching for now.

But the elements themselves, the testing of them and the way they function, would not give us sufficient energy. But, however, some other material interacting into the supercritical conditions might. We did have a rise in there, that we know. That is the thing that we have to search for.

COMPLETE QUALIFICATION TEST

Senator GOLDWATER. One other thing. I think the public would be interested in this. Am I right in assuming that when you think you have solved the problem, you will build a full-scale mockup and see if you can make it repeat?

Dr. PETRONE. Sir, that is normally our plan, to run a complete qualification test. Now, you build this up in small instruments, and you are going to have to, in order to get something to ignite or burn, you are going to have to apply abnormal energies. However, once we have the new hardware, we will subject it to all extremes. That is how we have qualified all hardware.

What we will do with the new modification, we will put it in the system.

Senator GOLDWATER. Thank you.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

Senator SMITH of Maine. Mr. Chairman, may I make a brief comment?

The CHAIRMAN. Surely.

Senator SMITH of Maine. Mr. Chairman, earlier I mentioned that I gained a great deal of assurance and confidence from listening to and watching the wives and the families of the astronauts of the Apollo 13 and other Apollo team members for that matter. I am told Mrs. Lovell is in the audience, and I think we would all like to have her stand so we can see the other half of the Lovell family.

[Applause.]

The CHAIRMAN. A great many of these people here have come in late, Captain Lovell and Mr. Swigert, and they would like to see you stand again. Would you please stand and face back there to the audience? [Applause.]

INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much.

Speaking of the benefits from the space program, what is the effect of the space flights on cooperation among other nations?

Dr. PAINE. Mr. Chairman, one of the very fine developments of the Apollo 13 mission was the tremendous number of messages which poured into us from all over the world-large nations like the Soviet Union, small nations like Uruguay-offering us complete access to their ships, aircraft, any help they could give to us on this mission. As we have reported before this committee, we are working very hard to increase the degree of international cooperation in space.

We feel that the Apollo 13 mission and the response all around the world, the offers to help, are certainly going to facilitate and speed up this increased degree of international cooperation in space which we would like to see come about in the 1970's.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Gehrig.

DIFFICULTY WITH OXYGEN TANK

Mr. GEHRIG. Mr. Chairman, there are a few additional questions, but they can be answered for the record.

On April 19, a story in the New York Times said of the oxygen tank that ruptured:

The only time in the tank's history even the slightest doubt was raised about its preflight condition was during precountdown preparations at Cape Kennedy, Florida.

Technicians reported having trouble draining the liquid oxygen from the tank after a test. The tank seemed to empty slower than usual. But the next time it was checked out, the drainage problem did not occur.

Would you please comment on this?

Dr. PETRONE. NASA announced in a press release on April 17 that difficulty was encountered in detanking oxygen tank No 2 after the countdown demonstration test at Kennedy Space Center. An analysis indicated that the design of the fill and vent line could permit this condition to occur. A modified procedure was then used to detank the oxygen. A second tanking was performed which confirmed the above analysis. Detanking was accomplished using the same modified procedure as before. Further evaluation prior to launch indicated that the fill and vent line could only affect the detanking operation and would have no effect on fill and performance of this tank.

This and any other relationships between launch preparations and the incident are being reviewed by the Apollo 13 Review Board appointed by the Administrator and Deputy Administrator on 17 April 1970.

Mr. GEHRIG. Mr. Chairman, rather than take the time of the committee, Senator Young asks that the following questions be answered for the record:

(The questions submitted by Senator Young and the answers supplied for the record are as follows:)

SIGNIFICANCE OF LUNAR EXPERIMENT

Question 1. Dr. Paine, at least one of the lunar experiments worked, the crash of the Saturn S-IV B stage into the lunar surface about 80 miles from the seisometer left behind by the April 12 astronauts. This produced a much larger than expected return. Can you tell the Committee anything about the significance of that experiment? Answer. During the Apollo 12 mission we deliberately impacted the Lunar Module (LM) ascent stage on the surface of the moon after the astronauts had transferred back to the command module. The resulting vibration signal at the seismometer, which had been placed on the lunar surface, continued for almost an hour. Seismologists have not seen anything comparable on earth and believe this phenomenon, when better understood, could provide a basis for defining a model of the interior of the moon. This in turn could provide clues to the origin of the moon and its relation to the earth.

To gain more information about this unusual seismic response of the moon, the Apollo 13 third stage (S-IVB), weighing about 30,700 pounds, was impacted on the moon on April 14. The point of impact was about 87 miles from the seismometer; the S-IVB velocity was 8465 feet per second; its energy equivalent was 11.5 tons of TNT. These data compare with the Apollo 12 LM which impacted 42