One of the critical consumables was the water, and we were just not going to use any of our LM water because, as precious as it was, we at least wanted to get back. So with the help of the ground, we devised a procedure for extracting the water from the portable tank in the command module. This we did.

We ate fairly well. We used juice bags for our water and I would go up there and would take 10 or 20 juice bags and fill them up as full as I could and store them away until the oxygen pressure ran out. About 24 hours prior to the entry, we ran out of water in the portable tank in the command module.

We had sufficient other food in what would be called wet packs, which are small packages of hot dogs and beef and gravy and things like that, which also afforded some moisture as well as food.

We had ample cubes and squares of gingerbread and fruitcake, things like that, which were also solid food.

We did find that conditions did get a little bit-we referred to the command module and its combination--we had a two-room suite here. We referred to the command module as the bedroom for awhile until it got too cold. Then we started calling it the refrigerator. The temperature upon entry of the command module was 38° and when we landed was still a comfortable 50° if you call that comfortable. One of the problems we had was getting the lithium hydroxide canister modification. We have a picture of that. I do not know whether it has been released but it shows the modification that looks exactly like what you see here. The ground read us up the instructions and Jim and I constructed it and it worked perfectly. It reduced the partial pressure of carbon dioxide from 71⁄2 millimeters down to 10 of a millimeter in 21⁄2 hours. It will show you the resourcefulness of the ground and the versatility we have and I guess good old Yankee ingenuity.

One of the things we also had that I do not think was mentioned that we discussed as crew members using, in conjunction with the ground, was the portable life support systems, the back packs that the crew wears on lunar surface. These two back packs did have a supply of oxygen. They did have lithium hydroxide canisters and they did have electrical power and fans for circulating oxygen. So we did discuss the possibility of using these to supplement the consumables that we had on board.

I think that pretty well covers it.

EMPLOYS APOLLO 8 TECHNIQUE

Astronaut LOVELL. As we were becoming accustomed to the environment, rubbing our hands together, putting on our lunar boots to keep our feet warm-I never thought we would be using them for that purpose-we had a third maneuver coming up. After the second maneuver, we found out that the angle for hitting the earth's atmosphere was still not sufficient. The ground was tracking us. They continued to give us the procedures for this third maneuver. The third maneuver was different, however, because we were powered down, essentially a dead spacecraft except for communications, except for the life support system, particularly the air and oxygen pumps keeping things cool. Back in Apollo 8, when we were not too sure about a lunar voyage and all the ramifications that might occur, we

looked at the way-out procedures which, in case all was lost, could get the crew back. Things like you never give up, you just keep trying. One of them was if you lost the platform, how could we make a maneuver to change the angle of entry to make the angle safe. This maneuver consisted of maneuvering the spacecraft with attitude to line up with the earth's terminator, which was a handy reference system. Back in Apollo 8, although I learned it very astutely and remembered it, I never thought in all the world that I would ever have to use a technique of this nature. So when they called up and said. "Do you remember the technique back in Apollo 8 and why not use it for this maneuver?" we did. We maneuvered the spacecraft. At this time, we had a three-man team all helping to make this maneuver, which was strictly a manual one and it changed the angle for us to help make the entry.

The ground was helpful in other ways. We had batteries on board the spacecraft that were weak. They provided us with a procedure that we had never heard of before, to recharge the batteries from the LM power system. This, of course, helped to power up the command module earlier for reentry. The last 5 hours we were filled with techniques and procedures. I requested that the ground come up with procedures that we could, in our rather fatigued state, do sufficiently and accurately to make sure that we did not make any mistakes. They were very responsive. We got these procedures and, in the last 5 hours, we went through an alinement of the LM, the service module jettison, in which we were able to get some photographs of the damaged area, and then a power up of the command module, at which time I remained in the lunar module and I could see the earth getting bigger and bigger. If you are familiar with this little device, the lunar module is a very fragile machine.

Then after the command module was powered up and we could actually get an alinement, in which Jack did get a fine alinement, I went back through the tunnel, closed off the module. we jettisoned the lunar module, and made a normal reentry.

SHOWS FILM OF SPACECRAFT INTERIOR

I would at this time like to show you some of the movies which we had taken on the interior. Remember, now, that most of the film we had on board was for our lunar exploration work and we determined that we would have plenty of film on board. We wanted to show you some of the living conditions abroad this particular spacecraft configuration. I might add that we flew the spacecraft in four configurations, which I do not think has been done before. The complete stack. When we got done with the service module, we flew the command module and the lunar module together. Then after we got through with the lunar module, it was the command module. And prior to the actual docking, we flew the command and service module, these two together, so we had quite a combination of experiences in flying.

If I could have that movie now, I could show you some of our inhouse conditions.

(A short movie is shown.)

Astronaut LOVELL. I might add that our launch was as normal as we could expect, except for the one engine malfunction which Dr. Petrone has mentioned. I was fortunate enough to be able to participate in two launches with the Saturn V. I am always amazed at the accuracy and the way that the simulations that we conduct are very similar to the actual performance of the vehicle itself.

Astronaut SWIGERT. This is a shot of the command module coming back into dock with the lunar module booster combination. You will see the shadow of the command module as it comes across, puts the probe into the groove.

Astronaut LOVELL. This is after the accident, in the lunar module. You can see things are getting quite hectic. That bag was originally designed to stow water from the life support system. It is now being utilized to store urine, because we were not dumping any overboard. Fred is in his normal sleep position in the lunar module. The temperature is getting quite low and he has his hand tucked away. Back in the tunnel is Jack. He was also sleeping.

Astronaut SwIGERT. Here are some shots of food. We went this time with some spoon-bowl material in which we had some adhesive material that would stick to the spoon and not float away. That had some of the gravy in it, I think.

Astronaut LOVELL. I tried to point out that lithium hydroxide experience. That bag in back of Jim's elbow there you will be able to see the crisscross taping. During most of our flight, we were in an uncontrolled rotational mode to keep the sunlight even on the vehicle for temperature consideration. Therefore, we had light only at certain times and most of our time was spent with the flashlight.

Astronaut SWIGERT. What we are doing right here is the entry procedure and Jim and I are rolling over to get it more closely. He would be working in the lunar module, myself in the command module and this took a lot of cooperation. We found out that the procedure worked very well.

Astronaut LOVELL. I am rubbing my hands because it is cold in there.

We ended up wearing both of our sets of underwear and our garment that you see there, and the lunar boots. Unfortunately, when Jack came aboard the command module, we did not provide him with a set of lunar boots.

This is the command module showing the configuration as it looked through most of the emergency. The hatch you see at the left, the docking groove in the center and now through the tunnel. There is the configuration of the lunar module outside panel.

I might add this gave us a unique study in operating vehicles of a volume that are considerably larger than either the command module or the lunar module separately. We found out that we had no difficulty at all in transporting ourselves back and forth through both vehicles.

Our one source of entertainment was our little tape recorder that we were able to have some music on. It was indeed fortunate that our communication system was as good as it was, because the primary reason why we are back today is the way the ground took

hold of unusual situations and utilized their resources and initiated them in getting procedures for getting us home.

(Conclusion of film.)

Dr. PAINE. Mr. Chairman, we would be very happy to answer any questions any of you may have.

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Smith?

KEEPING COOL UNDER ADVERSE CONDITIONS

Senator SMITH of Maine. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for giving us this privilege. This is certainly one of the most momentous occasions of my career.

I have a number of questions but I will limit mine at this time to two simple ones.

Captain Lovell, as the young people would say, you and your associates "kept your cool." What in your background do you think contributed most to this ability to keep your cool?

Astronaut LOVELL. Senator Smith, I think that the ability to keep working under the conditions that exist is the result, perhaps, of the many years of training in the business that Fred Haise, Jack, and myself are in. We are essentially people who test equipment. We expect at times to meet adverse conditions. In this business, you cannot expect complete success all the time.

Among other things, I think, it was the coolness of the ground in helping us to determine what our problems were and to assure us that the techniques were correct to keep us going along as we did.

Senator SMITH of Maine. Mr. Swigert, do you have anything to add to that?

Astronaut SWIGERT. No; I think I agree thoroughly with Jim that it was the test pilot background that we had. I am sure that all of us being in that background had encountered unusual situations before. I think this is in large measure what enabled us to work so well with the ground.

SPACE PROGRAM STIMULUS TO EDUCATION

Senator SMITH of Maine. One thing that impressed me most was the coolness and the courage shown by the wives and families. It made me feel that at least if they could have confidence in what you were doing and that you would come back safely as you did, that I also should have confidence and not be worried.

I presume you get a great deal of mail. We here in Congress get a great deal of mail from young people of school age who would like to be astronauts, who would like to get into the space program. I sometimes wonder how to answer those letters. Do you offer any specific advice or words of caution to these young people?

Astronaut LOVELL. We do, Senator Smith, get quite a few letters from young people who would like to know about our space program and about how to enter it. We usually answer them in a manner that suggests that of all things, they continue their education. We feel that one of the best ways that we can forward our program is to have well educated people in it. I think their resourcefulness, their background, made it possible for this flight to be completed. We say above all

things, continue your education. We believe the space program, if nothing else, is a stimulus to education and inspires young people to follow along.

Senator SMITH of Maine. Mr. Swigert, do you have anything to add?

Astronaut SWIGERT. No, I think that says what I would say.
Senator SMITH of Maine. Thank you.

QUESTIONS DESIGN CHANGES OF APOLLO 13

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Symington.

Senator SYMINGTON. Mr. Lovell, I join my colleagues in the pleasure of seeing you back again successfully from another moon trip. I congratulate you on your glorious achievement. It represents all the best in this country, and also congratulate your colleagues.

Dr. Paine, may I congratulate you, too, sir, on having such a superb organization. When you ran into this trouble, you were able through probably the finest piece of cooperation we have had in technological history to bring these gentlemen back safely.

Dr. PAINE. Thank you.

Senator SYMINGTON. Were there any changes in design of the Apollo 13, especially in the service module, which made it different from the previous Apollos and which might not have been adequately tested? Dr. PETRONE. Senator Symington, there were no significant changes in the design in the service module, specifically in the area where we think we had our difficulty.

NO SAFETY SHORTCUTS CAUSED BY BUDGET CUTS

Senator SYMINGTON. Thank you.

Some people have alleged that the sharp reductions in appropriations that NASA has taken in the last few years has caused NASA to take shortcuts which may have compromised safety. Dr. Paine, is there any truth, in your opinion, in that allegation?

Dr. PAINE. None whatever, Senator Symington. NASA will not fly any missions unless we feel we are prepared in all respects to do so. The fact that we have been able to effect substantial economies has had nothing to do with the fact that we had this difficulty. We have kept all of the essentials and we expect that despite the economy, we are fully prepared to fly these missions.

CHANCE OF METEOROID DAMAGE

Senator SYMINGTON. Thank you.

What's the theoretical estimate in percentage, if you have one, about the chance of having one of our space-one of our spacecraft being hit by a meteoroid on future flights?

Dr. PETRONE. Senator Symington, the numbers there are very difficult to arrive at. But we have a series of numbers-it is less than one in a million in this particular time exposure. When you say how much less than one in a million, with very simple changes in your assumption make it one in 10 million. There is a very high order of magnitude, a very low probability that a meteorite could do damage in a space flight.