Chemical Technology; Or, Chemistry in Its Applications to the Arts and Manufactures, Volume 1, Issue 1H. Baillière, 1855 - Chemistry, Technical |
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Page 57
... closed vessels ( dry distillation ) are the following . From the moment in which the elements are forced by the heat to abandon their former state of equi- librium , three circumstances concur in regulating the formation of the new ...
... closed vessels ( dry distillation ) are the following . From the moment in which the elements are forced by the heat to abandon their former state of equi- librium , three circumstances concur in regulating the formation of the new ...
Page 59
... closed glass tube as the flame goes out , the charcoal cools without glimmering from want of air . It is even possible completely to char the chip , in the manner mentioned above , when the access of air is prevented from the beginning ...
... closed glass tube as the flame goes out , the charcoal cools without glimmering from want of air . It is even possible completely to char the chip , in the manner mentioned above , when the access of air is prevented from the beginning ...
Page 65
... closed up , the first period begins , namely , that in which moisture is expelled from the wood , and which is called the sweating . Fig . 7 represents a meiler with its complete covering ready for igniting . a The top of the stake or ...
... closed up , the first period begins , namely , that in which moisture is expelled from the wood , and which is called the sweating . Fig . 7 represents a meiler with its complete covering ready for igniting . a The top of the stake or ...
Page 67
... closed , and fresh ones made about 2 feet lower down , when the same appearances occur a second time . Very large heaps require a third series of holes , close to the foot of the meiler . When fire partially issues forth instead of ...
... closed , and fresh ones made about 2 feet lower down , when the same appearances occur a second time . Very large heaps require a third series of holes , close to the foot of the meiler . When fire partially issues forth instead of ...
Page 69
... closed ; about 15 inches from the ground , other holes , 3 or 4 inches in diameter , are made in the front . The portion of the pile between these now begins to draw , whilst the adjoining higher , thicker part is in the sweating stage ...
... closed ; about 15 inches from the ground , other holes , 3 or 4 inches in diameter , are made in the front . The portion of the pile between these now begins to draw , whilst the adjoining higher , thicker part is in the sweating stage ...
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Common terms and phrases
acetate acetic acid air-dried Anthracite apertures apparatus aqueous vapour arrangement ash-pit Beech blast boiler bottom bricks brown coal burning calculated carbonic acid carburetted carburetted hydrogen cast-iron charcoal charring chimney clay closed coke combustion composition condensed constructed consumed contained cooling cubic feet cubic foot cylinders diameter door draught dried dry distillation earthy employed escape evaporation evolved experiments fire flame flues fuel furnace gaseous gases grate grate-bars heap heating power hopper hydrogen hygroscopic ignited inches iron kiln latter layers lignite lime liquid manner manufacture means meiler metal naphtha Newcastle nitrogen obtained ovens oxide oxygen pass peat pipes pitch placed plungers portion produced products of combustion proportion pyroligneous acid pyrometrical heating retort shown in Fig side small coal smoke space specific gravity specific heat steam stove substances sulphur supply surface temperature turf upper ventilation vessel warmed weight wood دو
Popular passages
Page 203 - England it is customary to define a heat unit as the quantity of heat that is required to raise the temperature of a pound of water 1° on the Fahrenheit scale.
Page 253 - L of energy of the heat communicated; and that a corresponding machine, or the same machine worked backwards, may be employed to produce cooling effects requiring about the same expenditure of energy in working it to cool the same substance through a similar range of temperature. When a body is heated by such means about...
Page 212 - ... the temperature of 212° F. under any circumstances. The sides and top of the stove are thus converted into a hot chamber, offering an extensive surface of heated metal ; at the bottom, by an opening in the ornamental part, the air is allowed to enter, and rises as it becomes warmed, traversing in its ascent the different compartments formed by the hot parallel plates, and is allowed to escape at the top by some similar opening into the room.
Page 98 - The nature (age) of the peat, its consequent density, &c., must direct the burner. A mound, of the circumference stated, produced from not quite air-dried peat, 24 per cent. of the weight and 27 of the bulk ; from air-dried, 27 per cent. in weight and 32£ in volume ; from freshly dug Pfungstadt peat, 30 per cent. in weight and 29 in bulk; from excellent peat, quite dry, 35£ of the weight and 49 per cent. of the bulk. In the district of Siegen very good peat produced 23 per cent. of the weight and...
Page 41 - Coal occurs in almost every principal subdivision of Spain, but we have only included the Asturias region. Hence, as regards European countries, Great Britain takes the first rank : Belgium, as regards territorial proportion, occupies the second rank, although in relative coal area she is the least of the four. Pennsylvania, in respect of territorial proportion, is higher than any of these, being relatively...
Page 323 - ... should be concealed. 4. It should possess considerable cohesion of its particles, so that it may not be broken into too small fragments by the constant attrition which it may experience in the vessel. 5. It should combine a considerable density with such mechanical structure that it may easily be...