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Parkes was 8.68 lbs., and by Henwood 9.96, with 1 part of the best Newcastle coal.

The difference in the amount of steam capable of being raised by coal from different localities, together with many other important physical properties upon which the economic value of this fuel depends, induced the Government of the United States to institute a series of practical experiments upon the coal of different districts, with a view to ascertain the relative values of the different varieties, more particularly for generating steam and forging iron.

The entire investigation was entrusted to Professor W. R. Johnson, and the results were published in a Report to Congress in the year 1844. The importance of such an investigation in connection with the wants of the steam navy and various branches of national industry, led to a similar undertaking by the Government of Great Britain, which was superintended generally by Sir Henry de la Beche and Dr. Lyon Playfair, whose several Reports to Government were concluded in 1851.

The principal points to be looked for in steam fuel are thus stated by the British Commissioners :

1. The fuel should burn so that steam may be raised in a short period, if this be desired; in other words, it should be able to produce a quick action.

2. It should possess high evaporative power, that is, be capable of converting much water into steam, with a small consumption of coal.

3. It should not be bituminous, lest so much smoke be generated as to betray the position of ships of war when it is desirable that this should be concealed.

4. It should possess considerable cohesion of its particles, so that it may not be broken into too small fragments by the constant attrition which it may experience in the vessel.

5. It should combine a considerable density with such mechanical structure that it may be easily stowed away in small space; a condition which, in coals of equal evaporative values, often involves a difference of more than 20 per cent.

6. It should be free from any considerable quantity of sulphur, and should not progressively decay, both of which circumstances render it liable to spontaneous combustion.

The results of these very extensive series of experiments are contained in the following Tables:

Bituminous.

Bituminous coking.

Free burning bituminous.

Anthracite.

Designation of Coal.

324 GENERAL SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF THE CHARACTER AND

GENERAL SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF THE CHARACTER AND

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Coke of Midlothian coal..

Coke of Neff's (Cumberland) coal... Va.

Mixture, one-fifth Midlothian and four

fifths Beaver Meadow

Mixture, one-fifth Cumberland and four

fifths Beaver Meadow

New York and Maryland Mining Com

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12.31 73.50

12.67 74.53

60.30

Md. 1.431 89.44 53.70 0.600 41.71
Md. 1.337 83.28 54.29 0.652 41.26
Md. 1.307 81.69 53.47 0.655 41.90 14.98 76.26
Md. 1.313 82.09 52.92 0.645 42.33 15.53 76.69
Md. 1.332 83.26 51.16 0.614 43.78 15.52 74.29
Md. 1.414 88.40 53.29 0.603 42.04 14.87 70.851
.Pa. 1.443 90.19 50.54 0.560 44.32 13.82 74.24)
.Pa. 1.324 82.73 53.05 0.641 42.22 14.78 73.11
.Pa. 1.388 86.74 55.38 0.638 40.45 13.84 71.53]
Pa. 1.331 83.22 50.34 0.605 44.50 17.97 72.79
Pa 1.284 80.22 52.54 0.655 42.63 19.53 73.77.
Pa. 1.407 87.84 53.46 0.608 41.90 20.52 69.37
Va. 1.382 86.41 53.17 0.615 42.13 19.78 67.96
Va. 1.451 90.71 53.59 0591 41.80 24.38 59.95
Va. 1.437 87.50 50.52 0.577 44.34 27.28 61.08
Va. 1.319 82.48 46.50 0.564 48.17 32.47
Va. 1.285 80.36 45.4 0.566 19.25 32.21 56.83
Va. 1.289 80.57 45.55 0.565 49.18 32.63 58.79
Va. 1.294 80.90 54.04 0.568 41.45 29.86 53.01
Va. 1.346 84.14 45.10 0.536 49.67 34.54 54.62
Va. 1.325 82.82 47.90 0.581 46.76 35.77, 56.40.
Va. 1.283 80.21 45.72 0.570 48.99 34.70 54.06'
Va. 1.390 86.86 54.47 0.627 41.13 29.12' 56.11.
.N.S. 1.318 82.35 53.55 0.650 41.83 27.83, 56.98
1.338 83.66 47.44 0.567 47.22 23,81 67.57
N. S. 1.325 82.83 49.25 0.595 45.48 25,97 60.74
Eng. 1.262 78.89
0.607 46.78 39.96 54.90
Eng.
50.82 0.647 44.08 35.83 57.00
51.09 0.538 43.84 39.19, 48.81
46.81 0.598 47.85 36.76 54.93
47.65 0.599 47.01 33.99 58.44
21.01
106.62

.N.S.

47 88

1.257 78.54

Scotland

Pittsburg

.Pa.

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1.519 94.95
1.252 78.37
1.273 79.54

Dry pine wood..

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7.11

5.15

4.41

6.13

5.56

6.35

9.25

8.10

11.83

16.55

13.34

8.88

8.18

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12.40

10.34

8.08

7.33

9.30

14.98

11.49

10.77

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13.96 8.41

7.00

9.15

10.47

14.28

10.47

8.57

10.13 8.63 14.74

9.37

9.44

9.66

14.14

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13.39 5.49

12.51 4.62

5.40

5.7 28.18 9.710

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5.9 29.15 8.497

3.7 26.69 9.648

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11.1 27.88 8.255

9.178

9.34

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7.07

8.942

4.97

0.307

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Names of Coals

employed

in Experiments.

ECONOMIC VALUES OF NEWCASTLE COALS.

ECONOMIC VALUES OF THE NEWCASTLE COALS.

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Willington

Andrews House Tan

field

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Bowden Close..

Haswell Wallsend

Newcastle Hartley.

9.38 50.6 79.87 8.87 47.4 80.23 8.23 50.5 80.27

38.5 73.0

Hedley's Hartley

8.16

Bates' West Hartley.

8.04

West Hartley Main. 7.87

52.0 81.79 50.8 78.17 48.9 78.86

Buddle's West

Hartley

7.82

50.6 77.11

Hastings' Hartley

7.77

48.5 78.04

Carr's Hartley...

7.71

47.8 78.23

.656 52.39 44.09 80.0 .621 60.90 46.18 75.5 .611 63.66 46.86 77.5

.660 51.36 42.99 .633 57.84 44 26 .590 69.26 47.25 .629 58.95 44.35 78.5 .635 57.28 43.07 85.5 .649 53.89 44.13 69.5 .620 61.26 45.80 79.0

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Davison's West

Hartley

7.61

North Percy Hartley

7.57

[blocks in formation]

7.83 362.99 402.9 7.72 371.68 423.5

Haswell Coal Co.'s

Steamboat Wallsend 7.48 49.5 79.36

.623 60.32 45.25 79.5

7.85 370.66 291.8

Derwentwater Hart

ley

[blocks in formation]

Broomhill

7.3

Original Hartley.

6.82

52.5 77.988 49.177.98

.639 56.32 44.44 63.5 .673 48.55 42.67 65.7 .629 58.81 45.62 80.0

Cowpen and Sidney's

Hartley

6.79 47.9 78.67

7.66 373.96 451.1 7.66 383.25 397.78 6.98 334.86 428.4

.608 64.23 46.76 74.0 7.02 325.24 350.4

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