the Connecticut, occupying a rich soil, attended very little to trade, for many years. They exported horses and lumber to the West Indies, Fayal, and Madeira; but in 1680, the amount did not exceed nine thousand pounds. At that time, no more than twenty small vessels belonged to the colony. They had a trifling trade with New York, but most of their traders supplied themselves with goods at Boston, where they sold the provisions which were exported. The primitive planters of New Haven contemplated a great trade; but a ship of one hundred and fifty tons, which they had procured to be built at Rhode Island, going to sea, in the winter of 1646-7, foundered, and was lost, with six or seven of the principal planters; which, with other discouragements, frustrated their intentions.

369. Arts and manufactures. The first mill erected by the planters was a windmill, near Watertown; but the situation not being good, it was taken down in August, 1632, and placed on a hill in Boston. To this mill, corn was brought from Pascataqua to be ground. In 1633, a watermill was erected by one Dummer, at Roxbury. In 1636, a windmill was erected at Charlestown, and watermills at Salem, Ipswich, and Newbury. By order of the court, a market was erected in Boston, in March, 1634, and Thursday was directed to be the weekly market day. In the same year was set up the first merchant's shop, and the first house of entertainment. The manufactures of the settlers were very few, and confined to the most necessary articles of clothing and utensils for agriculture. Not being used to clearing lands of wood, they bestowed more labor than was necessary as they dug up all the stumps of the trees. By bills of charges now extant, it appears that the clearing of a home lot in Hartford, cost fifty pounds sterling an acre.

370. Introduction of printing. The first printing press in New England, was established at Cambridge, in March, 1639, by one Day; the proprietor's name was Glover, who died on his passage to America. The first thing printed was the freemens' oath; the second, an almanac; and the third, a version of the Psalms. No press was set up in Connecticut until the year 1709

when printing was begun at New London by one Short. The first code of Connecticut laws was revised by the general court, held at Hartford, in October, 1672, and printed by Samuel Green, at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, in 1675. The first gazette published in New England was the News Letter, printed in Boston, in 1704. The first newspaper in Connecticut was the Connecticut Gazette, begun at New Haven, by James Parker, in January, 1755, but it was discontinued in 1767, the printer moving to New York.

371. Foundation of colleges. The first college in the colonies was that at Cambridge, founded in 1638. The first commencement was held in October, 1642, when nine students were admitted to the degree of bachelors. It took its name, Harvard, from a principal benefactor. For more than sixty years, gentlemen in Connecticut sent their sons to Cambridge for an education; but in 1699, the clergy in Connecticut nominated ten of their number, as trustees to found a college. These met at New Haven in 1700, and formed a society, which was to consist of eleven clergymen and a rector, for the purpose of establishing and governing a college. A charter of incorporation was granted by the legislature, in October, 1701. Mr. Pierson, of Killingworth, was appointed the first rector, and during his life he instructed the students in that town. The first commencement was in September, 1702. On the death of Mr. Pierson, in 1704, the students were placed in Milford and Saybrook, under different instructors, and so continued until 1716, when New Haven was made the permanent seat of the college. It is called Yale college, after the name of one of its principal benefactors.

372. Establishment of public schools. The first planters of New England, aware of the importance of knowledge and learning among a free Christian people, extended their care to the education of their children; and as soon as the first difficulties of obtaining subsistence were overcome, passed laws for encouraging the general diffusion of knowledge. In Massachusetts and Connecticut, every town containing a sufficient number of householders, was obliged to procure a teacher for

such children as parents wished to put under his care. In Connecticut, this provision extended to females as well as males. And the better to induce every town to avail itself of this provision, the law grants and appropriates, to each town or school district, a sum of money payable out of the treasury of the state, equal to one five hundredth part of the value of the taxable property of the inhabitants, as rated in the grand list or pubric assessment. In addition to this, each town has the command of a large fund arising from the sale of a tract of land called the Western Reserve. In consequence of which, almost every child in the state has access to a school, some part of the year.

QUESTIONS.

332. What sort of governments were those of New England by their charters ?

333. How were the first governors of Massachusetts chosen? 331. What were the qualifications of freemen or electors? 335, 336. The first legislature of Massachusetts consisted of one house, and all the freemen attended. When was the practice altered?

340. When and how was the division into two branches made?

342. When was voting by proxy introduced?

343. What was the manner of voting?

314. How was the governor of Connecticut elected? 315. What were the first laws of the colonies?

a body of laws compiled?

When was

346. What was the character of the first settlers of New England?

317. What was the first government of the Plymouth colony? 343. What was the supreme judicial_power in the colonies? 319. Why did the Puritans leave England? What form of church government did they establish?

350. What name did the first settlers give to the days of the week and to the months? What was the origin of keeping Saturday evening as holy time?

351. What lectures were established in Boston?

352. Why were days of fasting and thanksgiving established? 353. What was the discipline of the churches?

351. When was a platform of church government established? 355. Whence arose the union of churches by associations and consociations?

356. How were the clergy at first supported? and how at present ?

357. When was the first Episcopal church collected in Massachusetts, and when in Connecticut?

358. How was property held in the first settlement of Plymouth? in common or in severalty?

359. How did the Puritans attempt to restrain luxury?

360. When was the first vessel built in New England, when was it lanched, and what was it called?

361. What was the first commerce, and what the money of the first planters of Massachusetts ?

362. Who built the first ship for foreign trade? Where was it built?·

363. What were the chief articles of export ?

363. When was the fishery begun ?

364. What occasioned jealousies between the colonies?

365. Whence did the first planters of New England obtain their provisions and clothing?

366. What vessel first went from New England to the West Indies? and in what year?

366. Where was a market first found for lumber?

367. When did the first ship arrive from Madeira?
368. What articles did Connecticut export?

368. What great loss did New Haven sustain ?
369. When was the first mill erected, and where?
370. When and by whom was printing introduced?
370. What was first printed at Cambridge?

370. When was the first printing press established in Connecticut?

370. When was the first code of Connecticut laws printed? 370. When was the first newspaper published?

371. When was the first college founded, and where? 371. When was Yale college founded?

372. What measures did the planters of New England take to promote education?

CHAPTER X.

MILITARY EVENTS.

373. Principal wars in the colonies. While the people of this country remained under the dominion of Great Britain, they were involved in all her contentions

with France and the Dutch. Soon after king Williamı ascended the throne of England, in 1688, war was declared by France, and the French commander in Canada instigated the savages to fall on the frontier settlements. It was on this occasion that Schenectady was sacked, and the inhabitants massacred. To put a stop to the depredations of the French and savages, it was contem plated to conquer Canada. For this purpose, an expedition was projected by the commissioners of the colonies in 1690. The crown was solicited to afford some aid, but it could not be granted, on account of troubles in Great Britain.

374. Expedition against Canada under sir William Phips. The land forces ordered for invasion consisted of eight hundred and fifty men, raised by the colonies of New England and New York, and commanded by general Winthrop. At the same time, a fleet of armed ships and transports, with eighteen hundred men, under sir William Phips, was ordered to sail up the St. Lawrence, to co-operate with the land forces in the reduction of Quebec. But the expedition proved unsuccessful. The fleet had a long passage, and did not arrive before Quebec till October. The land troops were not furnished with provisions, nor boats to convey them over the lake, and they returned. The forces, however, landed from the fleet, and the ships cannonaded Quebec, without much effect, while they suffered severely from the batteries of the enemy. Stormy weather soon succeeded, and made it necessary to abandon the enterprise.

375. Colonel Fletcher's commission. In 1692, colonel Fletcher arrived with the commission of governor of New York, and also with power to command the militia and garrisons of Connecticut. The colony immediately dispatched general Winthrop, as an agent, to remonstrate to the king and council, against this extraordinary power, In the mean time, colonel Fletcher went to Hartford, and in his majesty's name, required the colony to surrender to him the command of the military. The train bands in Hartford were paraded, and colonel Fletcher directed his secretary to read his