Bourges, Archbishop of, sent on an embassy to Henry V. of England, ii. 110 Bourg-la-Reine burned by the English, i. 424 Bourmont, Marshal de, minister of war, v. 380. His testimony against Ney, 381. His unpopularity, 381. Heads an expedition against Algeria, 386. Paralyses the rising in La Vendée, 465
Bournonville, French deputy, exchanged for daughter of Louis XVI., v. 8
Bourqueney, M., arranges boundaries of Tur- key, v. 530, 531
Bourré, conferrer of offices under Louis XI., ii.
Boves, castle of, besieged by Philip Augustus, i. 153
Boves, Hugh de, at the battle of Bovines, i. 190 Bovines, battle of, i. 190. Rivalry between it and Dinant, ii. 280
Brabançons, their valour at Bovines, i. 190. Licentiousness of the, of the Duke of Bur- gundy, ii. 82
Brabant, reaction against the French in, i. 327. Claimed by the Count of Nevers at the in- stance of Louis XI. of France, 284. Claimed by Louis XIV. by right of evolution, iii. 659 Brabant, Duke of, slain at Agincourt, ii. 114. Married to Jacqueline of Holland, 151. Di- vorced, 152
Braddock, General, sent against the French in America, iv. 263. His defeat, 263 Braganza, House of, embark for the Brazils on invasion of Portugal by Junot, v. 153 Brandenburg eaten up by Wallenstein's army, iii. 494. Erected into the kingdom of Prus- sia, iv. 81. The Russians driven out of, 279 Braun, Marshal, defeated by Frederick the Great at Labositz, iv. 267 Braunau, battle of, iv. 226
Brazil, Admiral Coligny's scheme for founding a French colony in, ii. 641
Bréa, General, unsuccessful in his efforts to per- suade the insurgents to surrender, is taken prisoner and brutally murdered, v. 628 Bread riots in Paris, iv. 346, 668, 676, et seq. Breda, fall of, iii. 453. Captured, iv. 562 Brenneville, battles of, i. 119; ii. 186 Brescia taken by the French, ii. 421. Besieged by the Emperor Maximilian, 461 Breslau, occupied by Frederick the Great, iv. 215. Peace of, iv. 221
ressan, the, held by Francis I., ii. 542 Bresson, M., minister for foreign affairs, v. 487. Commits suicide, 568
Brest taken by John of Montfort, i. 412. Be- Bossuered by Du Guesclin, 534. Reinforced by Catholic 1 of Salisbury, 535. Garrisoned by Claude, 8. 1ers, ii. 10. Taken by the French Bouchain captured 369
Bouchard of Montmorengagement in the, ii. 440 the French prisoners at L, King of France, i.
in the way of executing the treaty, 490, 491. True causes of the want of solidity in the treaty, 515. Broken by Charles V., ii. 109 Breton, Cape, taken by the English, iv. 240. Restored to France, 246. Again taken by the English, 273
Bretons, the, join the Normans in their incur- sions, i. 46. See Brittany.
Brezé, De, favourite of Charles VII., ii. 221. Sent to besiege Metz, 221. Obliged to fly on the accession of Louis XI., 253. Placed in command of an expedition to support the Lancasters in England, 261. His subsequent career, 261, note. The King's distrust of him at Montlhery, 270. Where he is slain, 271. The castle of Rouen delivered up by his widow to the League, 274. Recovers the good-will of the King, ii. 277
Brezé, Marshal, defeats the Spaniards at Avain, iii. 512
Briconnet, abets Charles VIII.'s proposal to invade Italy, ii. 380. Created a cardinal,
Briçonnet, Bishop of Meaux, favours the first Protestants, ii. 515. Partly retracts, 515 Bricquemaut, sent by the Huguenots from La Rochelle to the court, iii. 115. His trial and execution, iii. 150
Bride, Jean, the Flemish butcher, thrown into prison by the French, i. 324.
Bridport, Lord, defeats Admiral Villaret, iv.
Brie, given by Louis XI. to his brother Charles, ii. 292
Brienne, Count de, taken prisoner by Loria, i. 300
Brienne, Archbishop of Toulouse, becomes controller-general, iv. 388. His character and financial administration, 388, 389. mode of dealing with Calonne's scheme, 389. Results of his policy, 393. His illness, 397. His plan for doing away with par liament, 397. His inability to raise money, 402. Promises the convocation of the States- general for the following year, 402. Re- signs, 402, 403. Fills his pockets on leaving, 403
Brienne, battle of, v. 219
Brigands, the, or foot soldiers, in France, i. 437. Their raids, 437, 438 Brignais, battle of, i. 499 Brill, capture of, iii. 129
Brion, Admiral de, taken prisoner at Pavia, ii. 485. Sent with a French army to invade Savoy, 536. Occupies Turin, 538. graced by Francis I., 549 Brisgau, the, ceded to France, iii. 576 Brissac, Duke de, décrété, iv. 480. Sent to
prison, 480. Killed in the Versailles mas- sacre, 530
Brissac, French general in Piedmont, his suc- cesses against the Imperialists, ii. 612. Ar- rested, iii. 231. Routed in Normandy, 246 Brisson, first president of parlement, beheaded,
Brissot, becomes member of the Legislative Assembly, iv. 467. Expresses his opinion that Louis XVI. could not be king of the revolution, 474. Draws up first petition of the Jacobins against the re-installation of the King, 475. Declares war to be necessary, 475. Carries the Assembly and the Jacobins on the war question, 476. Moves the accu- sation of Delessert, 479. Votes the adjourn- ment of the King's déchéance, 504. pierre's proposed arrest of, 523. Moves the commission on the state of Paris, &c., 538. Imprisoned, 618. His trial and death, 620 Brittany reduced to subjection by Charles Mar- tel, i. 20. Given by Charles the Simple to Duke Rollo for pillage, 53. Homage done by Geoffrey, son of Henry II. of England, to Louis VII., for, 146. The dukedom claimed by Arthur, nephew of King John of England, 163. Invaded by Henry III. of Philip VI.'s endeavour to England, 214. secure the reversion of, 398. Disputed suc- cession to the dukedom, 411. Struggle be- tween Charles of Blois and John de Mont- fort for the duchy, 506. Death of Charles in the battle of Auray, and recognition of De Montfort as duke, 507. Invasion of, by Du Guesclin, 533, 534. Flight of the duke, John de Montfort, 546. Resolution of Charles V. to annex the duchy to the crown of France, 547. Resistance of the Bretons to this absorption, 547. Return of De Montfort, 547. The expedition for the suc- cour of the duchy sent from England under the Duke of Buckingham, 551. Seizure of the Duke of, by the party of the Dauphin, ii. 135. Who are compelled to liberate him, 135. At war with France, 285. The Ad- miral Bourbon sent into, 289. Activity of the royal generals in, 289. Question of the succession in 1486, 365. Convention of the rebel Breton nobles with the King of France, 365. Project of Anne of Beaujeu for uniting Brittany to the crown of France, 366. De- termination of Lady Anne to reduce Brittany Defeat of the by force of arms, 367. Bretons at St. Aubin, 368. Conclusion of the treaty of Sablé, 369. War recommenced by France, 369. Assistance sent to Brittany from England and Spain, 369. Condition of the duchy at this period, 370. Refusal of the Bretons to murder the Huguenots, iii. 149. The Spaniards masters on the coasts and in the towns, 322. Quarrel of
the court of Louis XV. with the Parliament and Estates, iv. 309-312. Resistance of the province to the abolition of its parliament, 400 See Assembly, Legislative, &c. Brittany, Duke of (grandson of Louis XIV.), his death, iv. 111
Brittany, Duchess of, taken by Philip Augustus, i. 166
Broglie, Duc de, minister of public instruction, v. 421. Resigns, 424. Minister for foreign affairs, 473. His irritation at being shelved by Louis Philippe, 504
Broglie, Count de, punished by D'Aiguillon, iv.
Broglie, Marshal, left in command in Prague, iv. 221. Besieged there by Prince Lobkowitz, 222. Which he stealthily evacuated, 222. Driven from Bavaria, 226. Appointed lieu- tenant to Marshal Contades, 279. Assumes the command, 279. Commands the troops concentrated round Paris, 421. Retreats to Sèvres, 424.
Broglie, General, defeated at La Secchia, iv. 204 Broke, Lord, commands an army to assist the Bretons against the French, ii. 369
Brosse, Peter de la, made a confident of, by Philip the Hardy, i. 297. Makes an enemy of Queen Maria, 297. Found guilty of treason, and hanged, 297, 298 Brouages, siege of, by the Catholics under Mayenne, iii. 186. Besieged by the Prince of Condé, 206
Broussel, president of parliament, arrested, iii. 587. Liberated, 589. Elected provost of
the Marchands of Paris, 627
Bruat, Captain, governor of French possessions in the Pacific, v. 557
Bruges, armed combatants of, in the time of Philip Augustus, i. 153. Reduced by Philip Augustus, 188. The citizens of, at the battle of Bovines, 189, 190. Submits to the French under Philip IV., 314. Insurrection against the French, who are defeated at Courtray, 324-326. Supports Robert III. of Flanders against France, 372. Opposition to Count Louis in, 390. Permission given to the town to open a canal to the Lys, ii. 16. The party of the Count defeated by John Yoens and his white capes, 17. Taken by the people of Ghent under Philip von Arteveld, 21. Re- deems itself from French yoke by a heavy war contribution, 29. Maximilian's court of the Golden Fleece held at, 339. Declares against France, iv. 96. Surprised by the French, 100. Taken by the Duke of Ormond, 115. Reduced by the French, 238. Brühl, Henry, Count, Saxon minister, forms an anti-Prussian anti-English league, iv. 262, 266. Punished by Frederick the Great, 266. Their Brularts, their Spanish policy, iii. 440.
foreign intrigues, 441. Dismissed, 441
Brumaire, 18th, revolution of the, v. 68, 69. Repetition of, suggested by Buonaparte, 103 Brune, General, forces passage of the Adige, v. 90. Murdered by the Royalists, 264 Brunehild, daughter of the Gothic King of Spain, married to Sigebert, King of Aus- trasia, i. 8. Court at Metz formed under her influence, 8. Causes of the quarrel between her and the Austrasian aristocracy, 8-10. Invades Austrasia, 11. Her death, 11. Brunet, M., executed, iv. 636
Brünn reduced by Frederick the Great, iv. 220 Brunnow, Baron, his intrigues as to the Spanish marriages, v. 567
Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne, brother of the Emperor Otho I., his government of Lor- raine, i. 61. His vindication of the King's rights against the lesser barons or chiefs, 62. Places Odalric in the archiepiscopal chair of Rheims, 62. His death, 63
Brunswick, Frederick William, Duke of, his manifesto to the Assembly, iv. 505. Pur- poses restoration of the King, who protests against his menaces and measures, 505, 506. Captures Longwy, 523. Fails to march on Paris, 523, 524. Defeats the coalition of European powers, 532, 533. Admires the revolution and its leaders, 533. Lingering on his road to Paris, enables Dumouriez to occupy roads and defiles, 533. Engages the French at Valmy, 533. Gives up the cause of monarchy, and the hopes of saving the royal family, 534. Shrinks from attacking Dumouriez at Valmy, 543. Advises Prussia to abandon the Austrian alliance, 544. Be- sieges Mayence, 601, 603. Defeated by Davoust, v. 129, 130
Brussels, magnificence of Charles the Rash's receptions at, ii. 282 note. Claims of the people at this duke's accession, 284. Meet- ing of the States of Flanders, Brabant, and the North at, in 1468, 287. Occupied by the French, iv. 234, 661. Insurrection in, v. 426. See Belgium; Assembly, Legislative; Napoleon I.; Louis Philippe, &c. Buch, John de Grailly, Captal de, saves the ladies at Meaux from the Jacques, i. 478. Who are annihilated, 478. His rules of warfare, 504. Leads an army against the partisans of France at Cocherel, 505. Taken prisoner, 506. Wealth and honours heaped upon him by Charles V. of France, 517. Again taken prisoner, 528, 530 Buchan, Duke of, joins Charles the Dauphin with four thousand Scotch, ii. 138. Ap- pointed constable by Charles VII., 148. De- feated by Lords Salisbury and Suffolk at Crevant, 149. Loses an eye there, 149. Defeated and slain at Verneuil, 150 Bucharest, treaty of, v. 182
Buckingham, Thomas, Earl of (uncle of Richard
II.), conducts an expedition to succour Brittany, i. 551. His march through France, 551. Besieges Nantes, and retires to Vannes, 10. Returns to England, 10
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, his trouble before Calais, iii. 452. His journey to Paris, 457. His amorous homage to the Queen of France, 457. His conversation with Cardinal Richelieu, 457. Concludes a treaty with Holland, and subsidises Denmark, 461. Quarrels with Lord Holland, 473. Not allowed to go to Paris, 473. His plan of operations against France, 473. Conducts an expedition to the Isle of Rhé, 474. Aban- dons the enterprise, 475. His letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 551
Buckingham, Villiers, Duke of (son of the preceding), his part in the Triple Alliance, iii. 665. Sent on a mission to Louis XIV. in Holland, 682
Buda, occupied by the Turks, ii. 505 Budæus, sent by Francis I. to Pope Leo X., ii. 456. His services to learning, 461. On the trial of Berquin, 518
Buenos Ayres, French successes at, v. 511 Bugeaud, Marshal, heads a French force against Don Carlos, v. 501. His campaign against Morocco, 559, et seq. Commands the troops and endeavours to put down the revo- lution, 590, 591. Suspends hostilities at the demand of M. Thiers, and the monarchy is lost, 391. Objects to abdication, 594. Com- mands the army of the Alps, 637
Bulletin des Loix,' establishment of the, iv. 639 Bull-fights, Spanish, introduced into France, iii. 123
Bülow, General, defeats Oudinot and Hey, v. 211 Bulwer, Sir Henry, his propositions as to the Spanish Marriages, v. 568
Buonaparte, Eliza, Tuscany given to, v. 149 Buonaparte, Jerome, proposed transfer of duchy of Warsaw to, v. 138. Becomes king of Westphalia, 143. Enthroned at Cassel, 143. Warns Napoleon of the dis- content of his German provinces, 182. Driven from his capital by the Cossacks, 211. His wife arrested and robbed by a Royalist emissary, 241. Sent ambassador to Italy, 42. His instructions to respect the Pope, 42, 43. Nominated king of Italy, 126 Buonaparte, Joseph, his installation at Madrid approved of by the Emperor Alexander, v. 156. Made king of Spain, 157, 179. Ap- pointed to defend Paris, 227
Buonaparte, Louis, becomes king of Holland, iv. 143. His disagreements with Hortense, 172. Abdicates in favour of his son, 172 Buonaparte, Lucien, opposes the salt tax, v.
Resigns his ministry of police, 80. Refused as president, 250. Presses Napo- leon to re-enact the 18th Brumaire, 256
Buonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I. Buonapartists, Buonapartism, procession of, at funeral of General Lamarque, v. 468, 469 Buonarotti, Jacobin conspirator, writes history of Babœuf's conspiracy, v. 12. Burchard, Baron of Montmorency, sets the claims of the abbey of St. Denis at nought, i. 114. Compelled by Louis the Fat to sub- mit, 114.
Bureau, John, his improvement in cannon and, the art of undermining fortifications, ii. 201. Effect of his artillery on the walls of Caen, 228. And at Castillon, 230 Bureaucracy, formation of the, iii. 580 Burgh, Hubert de, holds Dover Castle for King John, i. 192. Gained over by Blanche of Castille, i. 214
Burgoyne, General, his surrender, iv. 355 Burgundians, their forced hospitality and division of the land of their hosts, i. 3. Defeated by Clovis on the Ouche, 5. Slightness of the hold of Clovis over them, 5. Struggle between them and the Armagnacs, ii. 101. The siege and sack of Soissons, 103. The siege and peace of Arras, 103. Their losses on the field of Agincourt, ii. 117. A conspiracy among their partisans discovered, 119
Burgundy, the regal dignity assumed by Con- rad in Alpine Burgundy, i. 51. Aversion of the people of Burgundy to both the French and German races, 55. King Robert's war in, 81. The county acquired by the Count of Nevers, who marries King Robert's sister, 81. Robert's son Henry (afterwards Henry 1.) recognised as duke of the province, 81. The duchy obtained by Robert, son of Robert II., 87. Submits to Philip Augustus, 154. Louis X.'s concessions to the county of, 365. Pillaged by mercenary free corps, 486.
War contribution levied by Edward III. of England, 488. The dukedom given by John II. to his son Philip, who founds a brilliant house, 500, 501. Extent and con- dition of the duchy at the commencement of the fifteenth century, ii. 81. Fall of its last prince on the field of Nancy, 324, 325. Condition of the duchy at this period, 326. Seized by Louis XI., 327, 328. Who purchases and pensions the nobles, 332. Becomes part of the dominions of Austria, 334. Invaded by the Swiss, 439. duchy demanded by the Emperor Charles V., 488, 489. Ceded to Charles by Francis I., 490. Who refuses when liberated, to surrender it, 492. Cruelties inflicted on the Huguenots of, iii. 64. Attempt of Richelieu to abolish the Estates of, 503. Insurrection in consequence, 503. The government taken from the Prince of Condé, and given to the Duke of Vendôme, 601
Busaco, battle of, v. 180
Bussy, d'Amboise, falls at Pavia, ii. 485 Butchers of Paris. See Cabochiens. Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, his peace policy, iv. 283. Becomes prime minister, 284. Makes overtures to Austria, 286. His efforts to restore the negotiations for peace, 287 Byng, Admiral, destroys the Spanish fleet, iv. 152. Attacks La Galissonnière, but abandons Minorca, iv. 264
YABET, M., republican, heavy fine inflicted on, v. 482, 483
Caboche, the Paris tanner, one of the leaders of the Paris butchers, ii. 84. Forces his way into the palace, and insults the Dauphin, 94 Cabochiens, or Butchers of Paris, their as- cendancy and cruelties, ii. 84. Fall into an ambuscade, 85. Jacqueville appointed their captain, 93. Their forcible entry into the palace, 94. Collect the taxes, 98. Burn the palace of the Bicêtre, 98. Their dislike of the fine arts, 98. Execute Des Essarts, 99. Their opposition to peace with the Armagnacs, 100. Put down, and some of them executed, 101. Return with the Duke of Burgundy towards Paris, 117. butcher corporation broken up, 119 Cabrières, massacre of the people of, ii. 584 Cadets, rise of the military school of the, iv.
Cadiz, an expedition sent to, by Queen Elizabeth, iii. 325. Failure of an English attempt against, iv. 92. Storming of, v. 328 Cadiz, Duke of, proposed as husband for Queen of Spain, v. 568. Why negatived, 569 Cadoudal, Georges, joins the royalist army at Quiberon, iv. 674. Conspires against First Consul, v. 99. His second attempt, 113. Ar- rested and tried, 114, 116 Cadoudal, William, defends Rennes for John of Montfort, i. 413. Capitulates, 413, 414 Cadsand, Island of, taken from the Flemings by Edward III., i. 400
Caen, taken by Edward III., i. 423, 424. Besieged by Henry V. of England, ii. 122. Taken from the English, 228. Declares for the Huguenots, iii. 57. Taken by Louis XIII, 424. Riot in, iv. 430. Fugitive Girondists meet at, to organize an insur- rection, 593
Cagliostro, his acquaintance with the Cardinal de Rohan, iv. 377.
Cahors, atrocities committed upon the Hugue- nots of, iii. 47. Besieged and taken by
Henry of Navarre, 194 Caietan, Cardinal, sent as nuncio to Paris, iii. 262. Leaves Paris, 268 Cairo seized by Buonaparte, v. 48. Abandoned by French, 95
Calabria, Duke of, son of René of Anjou, joins a league against Louis XI., ii. 267. Terri- tories ceded by Louis to him, 275 Calais, naval expedition fitted out at, against England, by Philip of Valois, i. 392. Be- sieged and taken by Edward III., 430-436. Story of the six citizens of, 435. Edward's arrangements for ordering and fortifying the town, 436, 437. Fixes the staple of tin, lead, and woollen cloth at, 437. Demanded by Ed- ward in direct sovereignty, 486. The demand rejected by the French, 487. Besieged un- successfully by John Sans Peur, Duke of Burgundy, ii. 52. Besieged by Philip III., Duke of Burgundy, 193. Who raises the siege, 193, 194. Promise of Margaret of Anjou to cede Calais to France for aid against the Yorkists, 261. Landing of Henry VII. with the army at, 375. Besieged by the Duke of Guise, 628, 629. Surrenders to the French 629. Restoration of, demanded by Queen Elizabeth, iii. 126. Besieged and taken by the Spaniards, 322. Offered by Henry IV. to Queen Elizabeth, 331. Recovered by the treaty of Vervins, 345. Refusal of Riche- lieu to allow an English army to land at, 452. The town threatened by Spinola, 453. Conspiracy to seize the port, 508. Calas, Jean, his death on the rack, iv. 291 Calder, Admiral, watches Villeneuve, v. 121. Caldiero, battle of, v. 25
Caldoé, Charles, provost of the merchants of Paris, leads the citizens into the presence of the Regent, ii. 8, 79. Flies from the cruel- ties of the Cabochiens, 84
Calixtus II. elected pope, i. 124. Calls a council at Rheims, 124. Peace between the Emperor and the Church effected by the treaty of Wurtzburg, 124. Calixtus orders Henry I. of England and Louis VI. of France to keep the truce of God, 125
Calonne, Charles Alexander de, appointed in- tendant of Metz, iv. 322. Appointed con- troller-general, 368. His first act, 368. His administration, 369. His prodigality, 370, 371. Supported by the King, 371. Proposes an Assembly of Notables, 371. His proposals to the Assembly of the Notables, 383. Be- comes, unknown to himself, the tool of the Economists, 384. Rejection of his proposals, 386. His quarrel with Necker, 387. Dis- missed, 387. Adoption of his scheme by the King and the Chancellor, 389
Calverley, Sir Hugh, commands the reserve at the battle of Auray, i. 507. Joins an expedition against Peter the Cruel, 510. Joins an expe- dition to relieve Brittany, 550. Joins the crusade into Flanders under the Bishop of Norwich, ii. 32
Calvin, John, flies from the Sorbonne to Geneva,
Duchess Renée, 535, note. Notice of him, ii. 576. In Paris, 576. Escapes to Switzer- land, 577
Calvinism, how represented by the envoys from the Emperor Frederic II. to Louis XIII., iii.
Cambacèrés, John James R. de, accuses Tallien, iv. 665. Nominated as a director but not chosen, v. 6. Becomes consul, 78. Dis- suades Buonaparte from a repetition of 18th Brumaire, 103. Created archchancellor, 118. Appointed minister of justice, 245 Canibon, arrested and exiled, iv. 672. Con- spires against the First Consul, v. 95 Cambray, efforts of the people of, to shake off the rule of the archbishop, i. 84. Munici- pality of, founded, 99. Taken but abandoned by Louis XI., ii. 339. League of, against Venice, formed, 427. Treaty of, or Lady's Peace, 506. Meeting of the French and Imperialists at, 631. Taken by the Spaniards under the Count of Fuentes, iii. 317. At- tempt of Count Harcourt to take, 598. Taken by the French, 696. Congress of, iv. 182, 190. Reduced by Louis XV., 229. Besieged by the Duke of Coburg, 615
Cambridge, Earl of, sent to the relief of Aqui- taine, i. 524. Sails with an army to the support of the Duke of Brittany, 526. Takes St. Pol de Leon, and shuts up De Clisson in Quimperlé, 536
Cambrils taken by Los Velez, iii. 519 Cambronne, General, trial of, v. 281 Campan, Madame, her miraculous escape, iv. 517
Campobasso, Count of, his treachery to Duke Charles of Burgundy, ii. 324
Campo Formio, treaty of, v. 40, 87 Camus de Beaulieu, favourite of Charles VII, put to death by the Constable Richmont, i. 153, 154
Camus, French commissioner, deposes Dumou- riez, iv. 564. Exchanged for the daughter of Louis XVI., v. 8
Canada, French colony of, iv. 27. The French at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, 164. Hostilities between the English and French in, 258. Conquest of, by the English, 274, 275
Canclaux, General, defends Nantes against the Vendeans, iv. 600. Refuses promotion,
Candale, Jean de Foix, Count of, the command of Calais proposed to be given to, ii. 261 Cang, combat of, ii. 119 Canning, Right Hon. George, defied by Cha- teaubriand, v. 329. Sympathises with the Hellenes, 349. Despatches troops to Lisbon. 350. His conduct approved by Villèle,
ii. 535, note. Invited to Ferrara by the Cannon, first use of, in battle, i. 428. At the
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