Foundation of the French monarchy, 44. In- cursions of the Normans on the west coast, 45. And inland, 46. Civil war in conse- quence of the cowardice and incapacity of Charles the Bald, 46. Division of the South of France amongst a princely aristocracy, who hold their possessions as allodial property, 48. Advance of the Norman invaders from the Scheldt and from Belgium, 49. Murder of the Norman chieftains by Charles the Fat, and the consequent disturbances, 49, 50. Election of Eudes, Count of Paris, as king, 51. Accession of Charles the Simple, 52. Lorraine conquered by the German Emperor Otho, 57. Expulsion of the Carlovingians, and coronation of HUGH CAPET, 69. Insig- nificance of early France, and of its kings, 70. Compared with Germany in the eleventh century, 71. Slow establishment of the feudal system, 73. Great period of castle and church building, 82. New ideas and new movements of the reign of Robert II., 82. Attempt of the towns to obtain freedom and independence, 83, 84. Grievances of the episcopal towns, 84. The country put under a papal interdict, 98. Delay in introducing free institutions into the duchy of France, 123. Internal peace during the first two centuries of the reign of the Capets, 128. Compared and contrasted with the empire and with England, 129, 130. Institutions which sprung up in France in the twelfth century, 131. That country the asylum of education at this period, 134. Condition of the aristocracy of France under Louis VII., 145. Placed under an interdict by Celestine III, 161, 163. Condition of the kingdom under Philip Augustus, 167. Commence- ment of the French system of administrative and judicial centralisation, 170, 171. The supremacy of the crown under Philip Augus- tus, 171. The system of French monarchy at this period, 171. The Albigenses and the princes and populations of the South of France crushed by the battle of Muret, 183. Power of France in 1236, 216, 217. Im- poverished by Rome, 229. State of the king- dom during St. Louis's absence in the East, 238, 241. Rise and dispersion of the Pas- toreaux, 239. The first French acquisition in Italy, 247. The Pyrenees settled to be the boundary between France and Spain, 247.
The monarchy centralised and abso- lute under Louis the Saint, 269, 270. Na- tional animosities between English and French in the thirteenth century, 298. Con- dition of the kingdom at the accession of Philip the Fair, 298. Causes of centuries of resuscitated despotism in France, 305. Debt of France to the Popes, 311, 312. The kingdom placed under an interdict by Boni-
face VIII., 313. Development of the mon- archy in 1299, 316, 316. The absolute power in France during the reign of Philip the Fair, 356. The first state loan in France, 367. Anarchy in the kingdom in the reign of Louis X., 367. Establishment of the Salic law, 370. Relations between France and England during the reign of Edward II., 380. Causes of the war between Philip VI. and Edward III. of England, i. 382, 389. Military condition of the two countries at this period, 385, 386. The liberties of the towns trodden down in the thirteenth century, 386. Causes of this, 387. War between England and France, 400. The throne of France claimed by Edward III., 402. Who invades the kingdom, 404. Consequences of the Salic law to France, 407, 408. The first naval battle between France and England 409. The kingdom again invaded by Ed- ward III., 409. The great disaster of Crecy, 428. Loss of Calais, 436. Sufferings of France from brigands and pestilence, 437, 438. Rapid establishment of central author. ity and absolute sovereignty by the French monarchs, 442. Franchises and immunities granted by John II. to the towns, 448. Com- mercial derangements and difficulties caused by the tamperings with the coin, 448. ceptional position of princes of the blood in France, 449. Defeat and capture of the King of France at the battle of Poitiers, 463. Disastrous state of the country in con- sequence, 465, et seq. Ravages of the mer- cenaries round Paris, 472. Democratic ten- dencies of the Parisians and other townsfolk, 475. Horrors of the Jacquerie, 477, 478. Revolution in favour of the Regent in Paris, and suppression of the democrats, 481, 482. Origin of the republican spirit of the towns in the fourteenth century, 483, 484. Recur- rence of similar positions and events in French history, 484. Peace concluded be- tween the Kings of France and England for the first time, as feudal equals, at Bretigny, 490.
Condition of France at this period, 491. Causes of French inferiority, 493. Gradual rise of the lower classes, 494. Abo- lition of serfage, 494. Necessary decentral- isation at this time, 496. Ravages of free- booters, 498, 508. Efforts of the Pope and Emperor to liberate France from their rava- ges, 509. Causes of the admixture of French and Italian politics, 549. Difference of kingly power in England and in France, ii. 1. Antagonism of classes in France at the close of the fourteenth century, 3. Syncope of government at this period, 10. Anarchy into which the country had fallen at the com- mencement of the fifteenth century, 66. Condition of the French church and clergy
at this time, 69. Consolidation of the inde- pendence of the Church of France, 76. Com- mencement of the civil war between the Or- leans party and that of Burgundy, 82. Ra- vages of the former, 89. Invasion of Henry V., 111. Battle of Agincourt, 112-114. Ravages of the English round Paris, 135. Henry V. made regent and heir of the king- dom, 136. The reduction of the north com- pleted by Henry, 139. State of France during the reign of Charles VII., 140. The fiefs of France distributed by Henry V. among his followers, 146. Consternation of Charles VII. and his court at the siege of Orleans, 159. Jeanne d'Arc, 161-181. Cir- cumstances of the times in which she lived, 182. The new spirit which saved France from the English, 183. Result of the En- glish victories in France, 196. Removal of the court and residence to the Loire, and ces- sation of enmity to England, 187. Condi- tion of the kingdom from the battle of Ver- neuil to the siege of Orleans, 198, 199. The foundations laid in France for the represen- tative system, 199. Dearth of great men in the time of Charles VII., 200. Selfish and mercenary character of his aristocracy, 201. The political destiny of France, En- gland, and Germany contrasted, 215. Rela- tions between France and Germany in the middle of the fifteenth century, 216. Re- covery of Normandy and Gascony from the English, 226-231. Review of the reign of Charles VII., 245-249. Louis XI. recovers the towns lost by the treaty of Arras, 264. Results of the war of the 'Public Good,' 275. The last great attempt of England to crush France by invasion, 313, 314. Extent of the kingdom of France at the end of the reign of Louis XI., 343-349. Public men
of the time, 350. Difference between the French and English three estates, 356. Landing of Henry VII. of England in France, 375.
Condition of France at the commence- ment of the sixteenth century, 400, 401, 443. And of the army at this time, 409, 418, 443. Effects of France being compelled to military defence, and the maintenance of a regular army, 443. Failure of French aims notwith- standing, 445. Monarchic power in the kingdom at the accession of Francis I., 448. Decline of the learned professions at this time, 460. Invasion of the kingdom by three armies at once, 478. Spread of the doctrines of the Reformers, 514. Invasion of the north by the Imperialists, 540. Establishment of the Inquisition, 631, 641. Progress of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, 636. Condition of the country at the close of the reign of Henry III., iii. 244. Results to France of the civil and religious wars of the
sixteenth century, 303. Separation of the nation into two classes and two religions, 304. Condition of the kingdom in 1596, 324. Result of a century's struggle between France and Spain, 345. Character of the reign of Henry IV., 381. Condition of the kingdo in the middle of the seventeenth century, 521. Review of the reign of Louis XIII., 546- 553. Anarchy and agitation of the kingdom in the middle of the seventeenth century. 612. Condition of France at the end of the Fronde, 631. And in 1654, 635. Dissolne ness of the age of Louis XIV., 651. Condi- tion of France in 1679, 704. Splendour and genius of the court contrasted with the misery and ignorance of the provinces, it 2. Licentiousness of the King and nobles. 3. Poverty and famine of the country is 1693, 1694, 48, 49. France compared with England at this period, 49. Boundaries de termined by the peace of Ryswick, 63. Es- haustion of the kingdom at the commen ment of the eighteenth century, 85. The severe winter of 1709, 101. Outbreak of a epidemic, 110. Conclusion of the peace Utrecht, 116. And of Radstadt, 119. Stace of France at this period, 121. Review of the reign of Louis XIV., 132-135. Fatal effec of despotism, 140. Change in foreign poly 142. Stationary policy, 142. Conclusion a new Triple Alliance, 148. The finances & this time, 156. National bankruptcy pr posed, 156. Spoliation of the national er- tors, 159. Law's schemes, 162, et seq. Effec of his schemes upon the general condition the kingdom, 179. Joins England and Prassi against Spain and Austria, iv. 193. rection against Paris, Duvernay's income tat 194. Alliance of France and Spain, 20 Literature and fashion in the time of Less XIV. and XV., 208. Rise of colonial rita between France, and England, 211. State the country during the administration of Cas dinal Fleury, 223, 224. War declared agains England, 226. Economical state of Fra in 1748, 248. Enters into an alliance w Austria, 262. Enormous cost on the part France in the Seven Years' War, 282. Co clusion of peace, 288. Anti-religious anti-monarchical tendencies of the age, 20 292. Condition of the kingdom in 176 320. The Abbé Terrai's taxation, 327. T dency to turbulence and insurrection mar fested throughout the kingdom during last ten years of the reign of Louis XV., Corn riots in 1764, 330. Condition of French people in 1774, 335. Their servit 336. Their fiscal burdens, 338. Bands robbers along the Seine, 346. Alliance tween France and the United States, 3 And consequent war with England, 3
Provincial assemblies recommended by Tur- got and Necker, 362. Commercial treaty with England, 381. Severe winter of 1788-9, 404. Commencement of the revolution of 1789, 412. Riots in the provinces, 420, 430. Distress in Paris, v. 579. See Revolution; Convention; Directory; Napoleon I.; Louis XVIII.; Charles X.; Louis Philippe; Pro- visional Government; Napoleon III. Francfief, i. 265. Abolished, 265. Franche Comté, menaced by Philip the Fair, i.
310. Who procures one of the princesses of, in marriage with his second son, 310. French suzerainty established over, 315. Conduct of Jeanne, heiress of, 353. Secured to the French crown, 360. Given by Philip V. to Eudes IV. of Burgundy, 370. Reverts to the Dowager Duchess of Flanders, 500. Throws off the French yoke, ii. 338. Brought in dowry to the Dauphin, after- wards Charles VIII., 341. Restored, 375. Proposal to give it to the Duke of Orleans, 547. Occupied by the partisans of Henry IV., iii. 314. Entered by the King, 315. Its independence protected by the Swiss, 315. Claims of the Prince of Orange upon, 328. Ceded to the Archduke Albert, iii. 345. Attempt of the Prince of Condé to conquer it, 513. Conquered by Louis XIV., 666. Evacuated by the French, 667. Definitively taken by the French, 688.
Franchet, of the Congregation, secret adviser of Charles X., v. 372
Franchise, Electoral, measures of, submitted to the chambers, v. 286
Francis I., Emperor of Germany (see also Fran- cis, Duke of Lorraine), elected and crowned at Frankfort, iv. 234. Acknowledged by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 246
Francis I., King of France, when Count d'An- goulême, affianced to Claude, daughter of Louis XII., ii. 421. Condition of France at his accession, 443, 447. His absolute power, 449. His first acts, 449. His policy, 450. Formation of a league against him, 451. His minister, De Boissy, 450. Concludes a treaty with Charles of Luxemburg, and with Henry VIII. of England, 451. Musters an army for the invasion of Italy, 452. Passes the Alps to the conquest of Milan, 453. Endeavours to purchase the neutrality of the Swiss, 453. Whom he defeats at the battle of Marignano, 454, 455. Knighted on the field by Bayard, 455. Concludes an alliance with the Medici, 456. And with Pope Leo X., 456. Concordat between him and the Pope, 458. Meets Charles I. of Spain at Noyon, 462. And concludes a treaty with him, 462. And with Henry VIII., 462. His competition with Charles I. of Spain for the the succession to the empire, 462, 463.
feated in the contest, 466. Meets Henry VIII. at the field of the Cloth of Gold, 469. Promised aid by the Pope, 470. Accident to him at Romorantin, 470. Sends an army to recover Navarre for D'Albret, 470. Defeat of his army at Logrono, 471. Betrayed by Wolsey, 471, 472. Prepares for war with Charles V., 472. Reverses of his troops in Italy, 473, 474. Disgraces their commander, Lautrec, 474. Puts the treasurer, Semblan- çay, to death, 475. Rebellion of the Constable Bourbon, 475, 476. War declared by Henry VIII. against France, 477. Francis's tactics, 477. Sends an army under Bonnivet into Italy, 478. Orders the arrest of the Constable Bourbon, who escapes to Italy, 478. mistress, Diana of Poitiers, 478. Reverses of his army in Italy, 480. Leads another army into Italy, 482. Takes Milan, and lays siege to Pavia, 482. At the battle of Pavia, 484. Where he is taken prisoner, 485. Re- moved to the fortress of Pizzighetone, 486. Activity of his mother for his liberation, 486. Demands of Henry VIII. and the Emperor Charles V., 488. Francis's proposals for regaining his freedom, 488. Carried to Barcelona, and thence to Madrid, 489. His illness there, 489. Refuses to give Burgundy to the Emperor, 489. Prepares an act of abdication in favour of his son, 490. Signs the treaty of Madrid with tacit reserve, 490. Betrothed to Eleonora, sister of the Emperor, 491. His liberation, 491. His two sous exchanged for him, 491. Refuses to perform the conditions of the treaty, 492. His mistresses, the Duchesses of Chateaubriand and Etampes, 495, 507. Gives himself up to pleasure, 495, 507. Sends the Marquis of Saluzzo with a small force to Italy, 495. Ill- success of his allies there, 496. An alliance between England and France concluded, 494, 499. Francis obtains money for a war with the Emperor, 500. Challenged by the Empe- ror, 501. Despatches Lautrec with an army into Italy, 501. The siege of Naples, 503. Francis estranges Andrew Doria, 503. Who contributes to the ruin of the French army before Naples, 504. Its capitulation, and evacuation of Italy, 504. Francis's dis- graceful peace with the Emperor, 506. His licentiousness and taste for the arts, 507, 508. Bond of affection between him and his mother and sister, 508. Founds a trilinguist college, 513. Two parties in his family, court, and council, 516. His tastes and predilections, 517. Establishes the College de France, 518. Marries Eleonora, sister of Charles V., 520. His policy and aims compared with those of Charles V., 520, 521. His relations with Sultan Solyman, 524. His treaty with Henry VIII. at Boulogne, 525. Sends envoys
for the purpose of winning Pope Clement, 525, 526. Whom he meets at Marseilles, 526. The Pope's promises to him, 526. Affords Charles V. causes of complaint, 527. Sends an agent to the Duke of Milan, 527. Concludes the marriage of his son Henry with Catherine of Medicis, 528. Death of his mother, 528. Takes the part of Duke Ulrich, of Wurtemburg, who is reinstated, 529. Raises an army, 529, 530. Abandons his projected invasion of Italy, 530. Hugue- not placard affixed to the door of his cham- ber, 531. His severities in consequence, 531. Proposals of Charles V. to Francis, 532. Who formally demands of the Emperor Mi- lan, Genoa, and Asti, 533, 536. Resolves to occupy Savoy, 533. Sends Du Bellay on a mission to the German Protestants, 535. His negotiations with the Emperor, 536. Sends his army into Piedmont, and occupies Turin, 536. The Emperor's outburst against him, 536. Francis's breaches of his engagements, 538. Disbands his troops, and recalls De Brion, 538. Places the Marquis of Saluzzo in command, 538. And is betrayed by him, 538. Provence invaded by the Emperor, 539. The North of France invaded by the Imperialists, 540. Death of the Dauphin, 541. Francis's arrangements with the Sultan Solyman, 541. Concludes a truce for ten years with Charles V., 542. Meets Charles V. at Aigues Mortes, 543. Their proposals, 544. Charles offers the Dauphin the Low Countries instead of Milan, 547. Which Francis declines, 548. His difficulties, 549. Disgraces Montmo- rency and Chabot, 549. Changes his minis- ters, 549, 550. Appoints a council of finance, 550. Nature of his government at this period, 551. His envoys to Turkey murdered in Italy, 552. Commences war with the Emperor, 553. Fails at Luxemburg and in Roussillon, 554, 555. His clemency to the Rochellois, 556. Al- liance of the Emperor and Charles V. against him, 556. His town of Landrecies besieged by Charles, 557. Combines with the Turks, and burns Nice, 557, 558. Assigns Toulon for winter quarters for the Turks, 558. Horror created in Europe at Francis's policy, 558. De- feats the Imperialists at Cerisolles, 560, 561. Surrounded with enemies, 562. Boulogne taken by Henry VIII., 562. Advance of Charles V. towards Paris, 563. Treaty be- tween Francis and Charles, 564. Feud amongst Francis's family in consequence, 565. The King's sinking health, 565. Sends the Dauphin to retake Boulogne, 565. Naval encounter between his fleet and the English, 566, 567. Goes himself to the siege of Bou- logne, 568. Loses his youngest son, 568. Dis- gusted with Charles V., 568, 569. Makes peace with Henry VIII., 567. Amount of his
revenue, 572. Principles and tendencies of his government, 574. Declares war against the Emperor, 580. Suspends persecution against the Vaudois, 583. But orders the massacre of Merindol and Cabrièras, 584. His last illness and death, 587, 588. His policy and character, 588-591. Comparison between his views of the Reformation and those of Henry VIII., iii. 4
Francis II., King of France, when Dauphin be trothed to Mary, Queen of Scotland, ii. 602, 604. Married to her, 631, 643. Sets up t arms of England, 634. Death of his father. 648. His accession to the throne, iii. 1. E- trusts the Guises with all power and influence 7. His stringent measures against the H- guenots, 16. His ill-health, 17. Conspiracy of La Renaudie, 18, 19. The King present at the execution of heretics, 22. Demand of Coligny for the dismissal of the King's guard, 27. Orders the arrest of the Pris of Condé, 31. His death, 32 Francis, Emperor of Austria, proposes armistis to Napoleon, v. 167. See Assembly; Car vention; Directory; Napoleon I.
Francis II., Duke of Brittany, joins the leagu formed against Louis XI., ii. 266. When brother, Charles, Francis succeeds in veigling, 268. His acquisitions from t war of the Public Good,' 275. His ang 276, 277. Accompanies Charles, Duke of Normandy, to his new duchy, 276. But not allowed to enter Rouen, 277. Relapses in hostilities with Louis XI. of France, 285. The Admiral Bourbon sent against him, 285. Compelled to submit to the royal forces, 20 Abets the scheme of marrying Mary of B gundy with the Duke of Guyenne, 297. Es upstart minister, Landais, 362. His aid the Duke of Orleans, 363. Landais hang 363. Besieged in Nantes by La Tremoalle 367. Offers the hand of his daughter, Anne to the Count d'Albret and Maximilian Austria, 367. His troops defeated at battle of St. Aubin, 368. Concludes th treaty of Sablé, 369. His death, 369 Francis, the Dauphin (son of Francis L.) e changed for his father, Francis I.. by
Spaniards, ii. 491. His liberation, 506, 5. His death, 541
Francis, Duke of Guise, son of Duke Ch. (see also Aumale, Duke of), surnamed Balafré, ii. 593. His influence over Her 593. Provides Metz with the means defence against the Imperialists, 611. F gallant defence of the town, 612. The se raised by the Emperor, 613. His treatme of the wounded of his enemy, 613. the skirmish of Renti, 616. Quarrels De Coligny, 616. Proposes to establish Inquisition in France, 619. Advises th
rupture of the truce of Vaucelles, 621. Crosses the Alps with the army of the Holy League, 622. Marches to the conquest of Naples, 622. Recalled to France, 624, 627. Appointed lieutenant-general of the king- dom, 627. Takes Calais from the English, 628, 629. His reception in Paris, 631. Takes the King to Thionville, and forms the siege of the place, 632. Establishes the In- quisition in France, 641. His character and personal appearance, iii. 6. Entrusted with the command of the army, 7. Declared lieutenant-general of the kingdom, 21. And grants an amnesty to the Huguenot insur- gents, 21. His revenge, 21. Sends an army into Scotland, 24. Which is overcome by Queen Elizabeth, 24. Edict of Romorantin, 25. Assembly of Fontainebleau, 26. Guise's opposition to Coligny, 28. Death of Francis II., and overthrow of Guise's power, 33. His dismissal from court demanded by the King of Navarre, 40. League between him, the Constable, and St. André, 40. His policy and hypocrisy, 51, 52. His massacre of the Huguenots of Vassy, 53, 54. Marches, not- withstanding the King's order, towards Paris, 54. Endeavours to raise forces for the de- fence of Paris against the triumvirate, 54. To whom he is compelled to abandon the capital, 55. Gains the battle of Dreux, 71, 72. En- trusted with full power, 72. Besieges Orleans, 72. Assassinated, 73. His character, 74. Francis, Duke of Lorraine, his marriage with Maria Theresa, of Austria, iv. 202. Accepts the duchy of Tuscany in lieu of Lorraine, 206. The empire claimed for him by his wife on the death of her father, 213. League between France, Prussia, and Bavaria against him, 216. Relieves Prague, 219. Elected emperor, 234. See Francis I., Emperor Francis of Sickinghen, invades the lands of the Lord of Sedan, ii. 472
Francis, St., his mission addressed to the hum- ble and poor, i. 203 Franciscan Friars, reason for the establishment of the, i. 185. Threatened in France, 374. Fall into a scrape, ii. 530, note Franconia, French system of rapine in, iv. 34 Frankfort, treaties of, ii. 369; iv. 229. Captured by Custine, 563
Franks, peculiar organisation and Teutonic character of the, i. 3. Defeat of the German Franks by Clovis, 4. Their settlement on the lands and in the towns from the time of Clothaire, 7. The German Franks led by Clothaire against the Saxons and are beaten, 7. Change in the condition of the Franks from the time of Clovis to the time of Charles Martel, 15. Rise of the Austrasian aristo- cracy or chivalry, 15. Aquitaine and the South brought under the domination of the
Franks, 16, 17. Missionaries from the Celtic Church of Ireland to them, 17. Missionaries from the Anglo-Saxons, 17. Their Champs de Mars and de Mai, 24, note. Nature of the rule of Charlemagne, 29
Fredegonde, wife of Chilperic, King of Neus- tria, supports the Austrasian grandees in their turbulence, i. 10. Causes the assassin- ation of King Sigebert, 10 Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor of Germany, his defeat and ruin, i. 144. Leads the Third Crusade, 158. His death in the Cydnus, 158 Frederick II., Emperor of Germany, his rivalry with Otho IV., i. 188. Who is defeated at Bovines, 190. His recovery of Jerusalem from the Sultan of Egypt, 217. The Pope's endeavour to excite the French princes against him during his absence in the East, 217, 218. His law as to the right of private war, 225. Compels Innocent IV. to take refuge in France, 226. Excommunicated by the Pope, 228. The imperial fief of Provence wrested from him, 230. His death, 238. Decrees the succession of Hainault, 246
Frederick IV., Emperor of Germany, applies to Charles VII. of France for forces against the Swiss, ii. 219. Proposals of Duke Charles of Burgundy to the Emperor, 304. Meets the duke at Treves, 305. And abruptly quits the meeting, 306
Frederick V., Elector Palatine, elected king of Bohemia, iii. 426. Proposal of France to him to resign his claim to Bohemia, 427. Left exposed to Austria and Bavaria, 427, 428. Driven out of his dominions by Spinola, 433 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, bought off by France, iii. 663. But subse- quently gives up French partisanship, 664. Roused to a sense of danger from France, 676, 682. Marches towards the Rhine, but com- pelled to return, 684, 685. Makes peace with France, 686. But breaks it again, 687. De- feats the Swedes at Fehrbelin, 692. Compelled by France to disgorge his Swedish conquests, 704. Joins the League of Augsburg, iv. 28 Frederick I., first King of Prussia, iv. 81. Gueldres ceded to him, 116. Signs the peace of Utrecht, 116. His death, 212 Frederick II., the Great, King of Prussia, succeeds to the throne, iv. 212. His rise, 214. Invades Silesia, 215. His pleas for this aggression, 215. His victory at Mohl- witz, 216. His desire to maintain the power of Austria, 216. His treaty with France and Bavaria, 216, 217. Takes Glatz, 218. Besieged by English envoys, 220. His pre- liminary secret agreement, 220. Breaks through his agreement and invades Moravia, 220. Induces the Saxons to join him, 220. Reduces Brünn and blockades Olmütz, 220, 221. Defeats the Austrians at Czaslau, 221.
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