Cavagnes, sent by the Huguenots from La Rochelle to the court, iii. 115. His trial and execution, 150
Cavaignac, General, prosecuted by Périer, v. 444. Trial of, 492. Recovers his freedom, 493. Amnestied and returns to France, 521. Becomes minister of war, 621. Seeks to exile Louis Napoleon, 623. Champion of the Assembly, 624. Exerts his authority, 624. His republican principles, 624. Com- mands the troops against the insurrection of the workmen, 624. His measures for putting it down, and their complete success, 624- 630. Invested with dictatorial power, 627. President of the executive government, 630. Chooses a new government, 630. His diffi- culty with regard to the prisoners of the insurrection, 632. Refuses to arrest the journalists, except Girardin, 632. Louis Napoleon elected president instead of him, 635. Sends an army to Rome, 639, 640. Quells the Socialist insurrection of June 13, 1849, 644. Louis Napoleon's endeavours to crush both him and his party, 644. His star declines in the army, 644. Arrested, 661 Cavalry, formation of, by Charles Martel, i. 16 Caylus, Madame du, becomes mistress of Louis XVIII., v. 298. And confidential adviser of the King, 337. Forces upon the dying king the appointment of a minister of ecclesias- tical affairs, 339. Rouses the King by her blandishments to receive last rites of the Church, 338. Burns the testamentary papers of the old King, 338. Pensioned by Charles X., 338
Cazotte, Mademoiselle, saves her father, but only to send him to the guillotine, iv. 527 Cé, Pont du, fortress of, given to Queen Marie de Medicis, iii. 423
Cecil, Lord Burleigh, joins the Duke d'Alen- çon's plot against the Queen Mother, iii. 156 Cecil, Sir Robert, sent on a mission to Henry IV., iii. 344
Celestin III., Pope, forbids Philip Augustus to marry Mary of Meran, i. 161. Excommuni- cates Philip, 161
Cellamare, Prince, envoy from Spain to France, iv. 138. His conspiracy against the Duke of Orleans, 153, 154. Discovered and ar- rested, 154
Cens, or Rent, serfage abolished on payment of, i. 494, 496, note
Centralisation, commencement of the French system of administrative and judicial, i. 170. Rapid establishment of, in France, 440. Retrograde movement from absolutism to federalism, 496. Louis XI.'s views and in- tentions as to, ii. 343
Centre, a party in Chamber of Deputies, v. 283 Cerdagne acquired by Louis XI., ii. 259. Ceded to Ferdinand V. of Spain, 376
Cerignola, battle of, ii. 413 Cerisolles, battle of, ii. 560 Cernolles, the archpriest, leads the vanguard at the battle of Brignais, i. 499. Wounded and taken prisoner, 499. Marches to the Rhine, but returns home to pillage, 509 Cerrachi, conspirator, arrested and executed, V. 98, 99
Ceuillote, the, of the Flemish towns, ii. 283 Cevennes, reduction of the Protestants of the, iii. 482. Rising of the Huguenots in the, iv. 87. The chiefs of the Protestants bought off, 94. The Protestants massacred by the Royalists, v. 264 Ceva, surrendered, v. 19 Ceylon, the French in, iv. 27 Chabannes, falls at Pavia, ii. 485. Chabot, Francis, denounces the new constitu- tion, iv. 607. Tried and executed, 642–644 Chabrol, Count de, forms a new administra tion, v. 366. Becomes minister of financë, 381. His resignation, 386
Chagau of the Hans, killed by Eric, Duke of Aquileia, i. 28
Chaise, Père la, confessor to Louis XIV., iv. 67. His view of the proper mode of life for the King, 67. His influence over Louis XIV, 123. His death, 123
Chalais, Count de, heads a conspiracy to mur- der Cardinal Richelieu, iii. 465. Arrested and executed, 466
Châlier, chief of the Jacobins, heads insurree- tion at Lyons, for which he is tried and ex- ecuted, iv. 196
Chalons, the famous tournament at, i. 298. Cruelties inflicted on the Huguenots in, iii.
Chalotais, La, procureur-general of Brittany, iv. 309. Arrested, 310. But set at liberty,
Chamber of Deputies. See Deputies Chambery held by Francis I., ii. 542 Chambre, Ardente, the, ii. 642, 645. Esta- blished, 158
Chamillard, Michael, appointed minister of finance, iv. 84. His financial measures, 85. His taxes in 1706, 97, 98. His dif- culties, 99. Succeeded by Desmarets, 99 Champ-Aubert, battle of, v. 220 Champagne, aversion of the people of, to both the French and German races, i. 55. putes Swiss Burgundy with the Emperor Conrad II., 90. The Champaigners defeated by Geoffrey Martel, 91. Condition of the country of, in the thirteenth century, 206, Insulted by Philip, Count of Boulogne, and joins the League of the barons, 206. tax levied by Philip of Valois on the fairs of, 418. The estates summoned by Charles the regent, 476. The country pillaged by mercenary free corps, 486. Muster of the
CHA Tardvenus in, 498. Ravaged by Sir R. Knollis, 526. Condition of, under Charles VII., ii. 175. Invaded by Charles VII. of France, 211. Given by Louis XI. to his brother Charles, 292. Advance of Coligny into, iii. 109. Poverty of the gentry of, in 1591, 283, note. The government given to the Prince of Conti, 598
Championnet, General, defeats General Mack, v. 54. Dismissed by the Directory, 56 Champs de Mars, and Champs de Mai, of the Franks, i. 24, note
Chandos, Sir John, at the battle of Poitiers, i. 463. Allowed by the Black Prince to go to the aid of De Montfort, 506. Gains the battle of Auray, 507. Ransom paid to him for the liberation of Bertrand du Guesclin, 510. Refuses to join a crusade against Peter the Cruel, of Castile, 510. His escape at the battle of Navarrete, 513. Again takes Du Guesclin prisoner, 514. Killed in a skirmish, 525
Changarnier, General, suppresses the insurrec- tion of June 13, v. 643. Appointed to watch over the republic by the Assembly, 649. Anticipates the re-establishment of the em- pire, 650. President determines to dismiss him, 650, 652. Plot to assassinate him, 651. Guarantees to the Assembly that the consti- tution shall triumph over the president, 653. Arrested by the president, 661
Chantelauze, draws up the ordonnances, v. 391. Arrested and tried, 422, 429. Con- demned, 430
Chantilly, estate of, willed to Duc d'Aumale, v.
Chantocé, town of, captured by the Royalists, ii. 289
Chantoceaux besieged and taken by Charles of Blois, i. 412
Chapelle, La, executed for duelling, iii. 471 Charenton attacked by the Prince of Condé, iii. 592
Charette, leader of the Vendeans, iv. 572. Be- sieges Nantes, 600. Raises the royalist standard in La Vendée, but unsuccessful, and executed at Nantes, v. 14, 15 Charité, La, taken by Charles the Dauphin, ii.
139. Taken by the Huguenots, iii. 108. Given up to the Duke d'Alençon, 170. Who subsequently besieges it, 185 Charlemagne conducts the Pope, Stephen II., into France, i. 21. His share of the empire at the death of his father, Pepin, 22. defeat of Hunald, Duke of Aquitaine, 22. Repairs the castle of Fronsac, 23. Efforts of his mother to keep peace between him and his brother Carloman, 23. Marries the daughter of Desiderius, King of the Lom- bards, 23. Death of his brother Carloman, 24. Becomes in consequence sole monarch,
24. Sends his wife back to her friends, 24. Embassy from the Pope, who is besieged in Rome, 24. Charlemagne's first expedition against the Saxons, 24. Takes Æresburg, and burns the idol Irmensul, 24. Marches
into Italy against Desiderius, 24. Takes Verona, and lays siege to Pavia, 24, 25. Visits Rome, 25. Confirms Pepin's donation of the exarchate to the Pope, 25. Pavia and throws Desiderius into captivity, 25. His policy in the organisation of em- pire, 26. His dukes and missi, 26. His revenues, and how they were collected, 26. His expedition against the Pagan Saxons, who received baptism at Paderborn, 27. His expedition beyond the Pyrenees, and defeat at Roncevaux, 27. His execution of 5,000 Saxons, 27. His complete overthrow of them as a nation, 27. His conquest of the Huns, 28. His second visit to Rome, where he is crowned emperor by the pope, 28, 29. His life and sports, 29. Nature of his rule, 29. His judicial arrangements, 29. His struggle with the Paganism of the East and the Mohammedanism of the South, 30. Entrusts his outlying provinces to counts or dukes, 31. His mode of warfare, 30, 31. His testamentary division of his dominions to his three sons, 32. Death of his sons Pepin and Charles, 32. Places the imperial crown on the head of his surviving son Louis, 32. His death and character, 32. Similarity between Clovis and Charlemagne, Weight of his crown, iv. 219, note Charleroi, taken by Louis XIV., iii. 662. Re- duced by the French, iv. 234. Besieged by Jourdan, 661.
Charles V., Emperor of Germany (see also Charles of Luxemburg), his first minister, De Chièvres, i. 451. Betrothed to Renée, daughter of Louis XII., 442, 451. Ascends the throne of Spain, 461. Meets Francis I. at Noyou, 462. His competition with Fran- cis for the succession to the empire, 463. His character, 463. Elected emperor, 466. Disturbed state of Spain and Germany, 467. Charles concludes a treaty with Henry VIII. at Canterbury, 468. Promised aid by the Pope, 470. Entices Wolsey to Bruges, and gains over England against France, 471, 472. war with France, 472. Invades France, 472. Gives the command of his armies in Italy to Prosper Colonna, 479. Capture of his enemy Francis, 485. Charles's demands, 488. Re- fused by Francis, 489. Who is removed to Madrid, 489. Conclusion of the treaty of Madrid, 490. And liberation of Francis, 491. Who refuses to perform the conditions of the treaty, or surrender Burgundy, ii. 492. Formation of a league against Charles, 492. His coolness to Henry VIII., 492. Who with-
draws from the Emperor and signs a treaty with France, 493, 494. Charles's indigence, 494. Formation of a league against him, 500. Charles's offers to Francis, 501. Whom he challenges, 501. Defeat of Fran- cis's soldiers by Charles's army, 504. Con- clusion of peace with France, 506. Charles paramount in Italy, 519. Crowned by the Pope at Bologna, 519. Marriage of his sister Eleonora to Francis I., 520. Creates his brother Ferdinand King of the Romans, 521. His policy and aims compared with those of Francis I. and Henry VIII., 521. His reve- rence for the Popedom, 522. Preparations of Sultan Solyman against him, 524. Charles attempts to stop the Turk's march, 525. Abandoned by the Pope, 526. Collects forces for an expedition against Tunis, 532. Milan, Genoa, and Asti formally demanded of him by Francis I., 533, 536. Their negotiations, 536. Charles's outburst against Francis, 537. Invades Provence, 539. But abandons his expedition, and retreats, 540. His idea of a great expedition against the Turks, 543. Meets Francis I. at Aigues Mortes, 543. Their proposals, 543, 544. Makes a journey through France to the Low Countries, 545. Reaches Mons, and punishes the rebels of Ghent, 546. Offers the Low Countries to the Duke of Milan instead of Milan, 547. De- feat of his expedition against Algiers, 553. His alliance with Henry VIII. against France, 556. Besieges Landrecies with an Anglo-Imperialist army, 557. Recaptures Luxemburg, and reduces Commercy, 562. Besieges St. Dizier, 562. Which surrenders to him, 563. Marches on the right bank of the Marne, 563. At Château-Thierry, 563. Retires to Soissons, 564. Concludes a treaty with France, 564. Declines to make a new arrangement on the death of the Duke of Orleans, 566, 567, 585. Crushes the Luthe- rans, and makes their chiefs prisoners, 570. Amount of his revenue, 572, note. His at- tempts at a religious compromise, 578, 604. Fails in his attempts against the Barba- resques at Algiers, 580. War declared against him by Francis I., 580. Charles defeats and captures the Duke of Saxony at Muhlberg, 597. Reaction against him in Germany, 604. Induces the Diet to accept the Interim, 604. Failure of his German policy, 605. Alliance between Maurice of Saxony and Henry II. of France against him, 607. Marches against the French in Lorraine, 610. Besieges Metz, 611. Discouraging news received by him at, 612. Raises the siege, 613. Takes Therouanne, 614. And Hesdin, 614. Marries his son Philip to Mary of England, 614. Sends Alva and Glanvelle to the conference of La Marcq, 616. Rejection of his proposi-
tions, 616. Hostility of the Pope to him, 617. Resigns his crown, 618. His proposed treaty with the Duke of Vendôme, 644. Charles VI., Emperor of Germany (see als Charles, Archduke), protests against the ne gotiations at Utrecht, iv. 116. From which he holds aloof, 117. His separate negotia- tions with France, 118. Concludes peace st Radstadt, 119. Joins the Triple Alliance, 151. Establishes the Ostend East India Company, 182, 191. Applied to by the Queen of Spain, 191. Reconciliation of the courts of Vienna and Madrid, 191. Terms of their alliance, 193. Alliance of England, France, and Prussia against them, 193. Failure of the Austro-Spanish Alliance, 198. Charles makes peace with France and Eng- land, 199. And gives up the Ostend Com- pany, 199. War declared against him by France, Spain, and Sardinia, 203. His death, 212. His policy and extravagance, 213 Charles VII., Emperor of Germany (see cle Charles Albert, Duke of Bavaria), crowned at Frankfort, iv. 218. Compelled to sign a treaty of neutrality with Austria, and allowed to remain a guest in Munich, 228. into an alliance with Frederick the Great, 229. His death, 231 Charles I. See Charlemagne. Charles II., the Bald, his parentage, i. 39.
Territory allotted to him, westward of the Rhine and Meuse, 40. His reluctance to ac knowledge the suzerainty of his brother, the Emperor Lothaire, 40. Unites his forces with those of Louis of Bavaria and attacks the Imperialists, 40, 41. Their victory & Fontenailles, 41. His union with Louis to cast off the authority of the Emperor, 42 Signs the treaty of Verdun, 42. Become Emperor, and nominally reunites the empire, 43. Pays the Normans to forego an arts on Paris, 46. Civil war in consequence of his cowardice and incapacity, 46. Unde takes the defence of the frontier against the Normans, 47. His fortifications near Rone. 47. His assemblies and edicts there, 47. His jealousy of the growth of small princ doms, duchies, and counties, 48.
Charles III., the Fat, grandson of Louis the Germanic, succeeds to the throne, 49. H cowardly policy, 49, 50. Entices the Nor man chiefs to a conference, and murdes them, 49. Covered with disgrace, 50, 51. His death, 51
Charles III., the Simple, reared by Fulques Archbishop of Rheims, i. 51. Proclaimed King in the absence of Eudes, 52. Death ef Eudes, and compromise of Charles wit Eudes' heir Robert, 52. Compromise ef- fected with the Normans: the Duchy of Normandy given to the chieftain Rollo, 53.
Crosses the Rhine to oppose the Emperor Conrad, 53. Reclamation of the crown by Duke Robert, 54. Who is crowned at Rheims, 54. Charles driven from Soissons, Laon, and Rheims, 54. Endeavours to re- gain Soissons, 54. But is routed by Robert's son, Hugh, 54. Thrown into captivity by Heribert, Count of Vermandois, 55. His death, 56
Charles IV., the Fair, King of France, his ac- cession to the throne, i. 377. Divorced from his wife Blanche, and marries Mary of Lux- emburg, 378. His third wife Jeanne of Evreux, 378. Relations of England and France in his reign, 380. War between the two countries, 380. Taxation in France at this period, 382. Charles's death, 382. His abolition of the liberties of Laon, 387 Charles V., the Wise, King of France, assumes
the title and possession of Dauphiné, i. 440. Marries a daughter of the Duke of Bourbon, 441. Created Duke of Normandy, 457. The King of Navarre and his friends surprised at the Duke's table at Rouen, and beheaded, 457. Commands a division at the battle of Poitiers, 461. Flies from the field, 463. His father, King John, taken prisoner by the Black Prince, 465. Charles's assumption of authority as lieutenant of the kingdom, 465. Refuses to accede to the terms of the Estates, 466, 467. Whom he adjourns, and goes to the Emperor at Metz, 467. Issues a base coinage, 468. Returns, and assumes the title of regent, 468. Accompanied by the cardi- nal La Foret, 468. Dismisses his ministers and chancellor, and consents to the appoint- ment of the council of thirty-six, 469. Re- vokes the powers of Marcel and the thirty- six, and retires to Rouen, 471. Returns to Paris, and compelled to bow to the decisions of the Estates, 471. Charles, King of Na- varre, released from prison, and let loose upon him, 472. War between them, 472. The Regent's harangue in the halle, 473. His treasurer stabbed by Perrin Marc, 473. His marshals of Champagne and Normandy murdered in his presence, 474. His journey to Champagne and the Vermandois, and suc- cesses there, 474. Retires to Meaux, with the ladies of the court, 478 Saved from the Jacques by the Count de Foix and the Captal de Buch, 478. Stops the supply of provi- sions to Paris, 479. Revolution in his fa- vour in Paris, 481. Reconciled to the King of Navarre, 486. Return of his father from captivity, 491. Appointed regent during his father's visit to the Pope, 501. Death of his father, 502. Charles's accession, 503. habits and temperament, 503. His library in the Louvre, 503. Mantes and Meulan recovered for him, 505. His coronation at
Rheims, 506. Successes of his partisans under Du Guesclin, 506. His arrangements with Charles of Navarre, 508. Complains to Edward III. of the ravages of English free- booters in France, 515. His character as a politician, 517. Privileges granted by him to Paris,,517. Deprives Tournay of its liber- ties, 518. Buys up the followers and friends of Edward III. and the Black Prince, 519, 523. Mode of warfare contemplated by Charles, 521, 525. His disgraceful conduct, 521, 522. Prepares for war, 522. His plea, 522. His summons to the Black Prince, 523. Declares war against Edward III., 523. Ob- tains possession of various towns, 523. Equips a fleet for the invasion of England, 523. As- sembles his estates, and obtains aid for rais- ing an army, 525, 526. Threatened in Paris by a marauding expedition under Robert Knollis, 526. Erecis the fortress of the Bastille of St. Antoine, to protect his resi- dence there, 527. Summons Du Guesclin to take command of the army, and accept the office of constable, 527. Reconquest of all the towns south of the Garonne, 529-532. Charles's mode of dealing with the Bretons, 533. Concludes a truce for two years, 537. His improvements in the administration, 537. Recovers the position of an absolute monarch, 538. First forms a regular army, 539. His reforms in the coinage, 540. Recommences the war with England, 541. Sends a fleet to ravage the coast of England, 541. Takes nearly all the towns of Gascony from the English, 542. Turns to crush the King of Navarre, 542. Puts the two agents of the Navarrese king to death, 544. Commissions Du Guesclin and the Duke of Burgundy to make war against the King of Navarre, 545. Resolves to annex the duchy of Brittany to the French crown, 547. Failure of his scheme, 547. His illness and death, 552. Charles VI., King of France, his character, and that of his uncle's who conducted the govern- ment, ii. 4, 5. His guardians, 5. His coro- nation at Rheims, 7, 8. His reception in Paris, 8. His desire to lead an army against the Languedocians, 11. His ardour checked by the Duke of Burgundy, 11. Determines to take up arms against the Flemings, 26. And marches an army against them, 26. Takes Commines and Ypres, 27. Defeats
the Flemings at Roosebecque, 27, 28. Re- turns to Paris, and punishes the rebel citi- zens, 30, 31. Inflicts punishment on Orleans, 32. Leads an army again into Flanders, 32. Marries Isabella of Bavaria, 35. Prepares for war with England, 36. The expedition abandoned, 37. Leads an army over the Meuse to furnish the Duke of Gueldres, 39. Tired of his uncle's tutelage, he entrusts the
government to the Marmousets, 39, 40. His expensive amusements, 41. Visits the South, 41. Goes to Lyons, Avignon, and Toulouse, 41.
His indignation at the extortion and tyranny of his uncle there, 41. Causes the duke's treasurer, Betizac, to be burned, 41. Leads an army to punish the Duke of Brit- tany, but is attacked with insanity on the road, 43. In danger of his life at a masque- rade, 44. Gives aid to Owen Glendower, 49. Carried off by the Queen and Duke of Orleans to Melun, 50. Forgives the Duke of Bur- gundy for the murder of the Duke of Orleans, 65. Custody of his person given to the Duke of Guienne, 82. Leads an army, and lays siege to Bourges, 87. But arranges a peace at Auxerre, 88. Plot to carry off the King from the capital, 93. His recovery of his sanity, 96. Issues the ordonnance of May, 1413, 96. Regains his health, and comes to a reconciliation with the Orleanists, 99. Marches with the Armagnacs against the Burgundians, 102. Defeat of his army at Agincourt, 112-114. Returns, with his court, from Rouen to Paris, 117. Death of his son, the Dauphin, 117. Creates Count Armagnac constable of France, 118. Causes the Queen to be imprisoned at Tours, 121. Massacre of the Armagnacs by the Parisians, 124. Re- moval of the King to the Louvre, 124. At Troyes, where a treaty of peace with Eng- land is concluded, 136. His death, 140. Sur- vey of his reign, 140
Charles VII., the Victorious, King of France,
when Duke of Touraine, married to a daugh- ter of the King of Sicily, ii. 118. Becomes dauphin on the death of his brother John, 120. Seizes his mother's money in Paris, 121.
Reduces the rebel citizens of Rouen, 122. Wrapped up in a sheet, and sent off from the infuriated Parisians to Melun, 124. Sends envoys to Henry V. before Rouen, 127. Reconciled to the Duke of Bur- gundy, 131. Meets the Duke of Burgundy on the bridge of Montereau, 132. And causes him to be murdered, 133, 134. Cry of exe- cration against him and his assassins, 134. Denounced by his mother, 134. Retires to Poitiers, and sets up another kingdom, 135. The King of England becomes regent and heir to the kingdom, 136. Charles, joined by the Duke of Buchan and four thousand Scotch, 138. Defeats the English, under the Duke of Clarence, at Béaugé, 138. Besieges Char- tres, but retires behind the Loire at the ap- proach of the King of England, 139. Threat- ens Burgundy, and takes La Charité, 139. Driven back by the Duke of Bedford, 139. Death of his father, 140. Meets his lieges at La Rochelle, 148. And crowned at Poi- tiers, 148. Constitution of his army, 148.
Activity of his partisans, 149. Conspiracy of Lallier in his favour, 149. Defeat of his troops at Crevant, 149. Receives reinforce- ments from Scotland, 149. Defeat of his army at Verneuil, 150. Creates Arthur, Comte de Richmont, constable, 153. Who is defeated by the English at St. James de Beauvoir, 153. The King's favourites, Giae and Camus, put to death by the Constable, 153. The King treated as a child by the rude warriors of his day, 153, 154. La Tremouille placed about the King's person, 154. Defends himself against the Constable, 155. Efforts of his partisans at the siege of Orleans, 156. Con- sternation of his court at the failure of all their efforts, 159. Visited by Jeanne d'Arc at Chinon, 163. Recognises her divine mission, 163. The siege of Orleans raised, 166. Con- ducted by Jeanne d'Arc triumphantly to Rheims, 169, 170. Where he is crowned, 170. Challenged by the Duke of Bedford at Montereau and at Dammartin, 171. Goes to Compiègne, which surrenders to him, 171. Advances towards Paris, 172. But retreats behind the Seine, 172. Execution of Jeanne d'Arc, 180. The King keeps his court be hind the Loire, 185. Conspiracy of his mili- tary chiefs, 187. Influence of his mother-in- law, Yolande of Aragon, over him, 187. Be- comes enamoured of Agnes Sorel, 187. His favourite, La Tremouille, removed from the King's intimacy, 187. His offers to the Duke of Burgundy, who consents to open negotia tions at Arras, 188. His proposals to the English, 190. Terms of his treaty with the Duke of Burgundy, 192. Who in consequeres abandons the English alliance, 192. The King's solemn entry into Paris, 195. Re- moval of the court and royal residence to the Loire, and cessation of enmity to England, 197. Consultation of the Three Estates in levying the tailles and aides, 199. His pre- ference for ministers from the middle class. 200. Dearth of great men in France in his time, 200. His licentiousness, 201, 232. His endeavours to rescue the country from ana chy, 202. His formation of a standing army. 204, 205. Which is opposed by his son, the dauphin, and the nobility, 205, 206. The r volt put down, and the rebels pardoned, 207. The King's aversion to peace with England 208. Avoids consulting the Estates, 208. Re- formation of the rebellion of the nobles, 269 Their remonstrances, and the King's answers. 209. His evasions, 210. Takes the fict against the nobles, and marches into Chara- pagne, 211. His punishment of the Bastard of Bourbon, 211. His pleasure in a mi- tary life, 211. Takes Creil, 211. Besieges the English in Pontoise, which he takes, 212 Refuses battle to Lord Talbot and the Duke
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