had been directed against Austria, and the Pope as well as France had seconded it. But in 1847, when France had alienated England and assimilated her policy to that of Austria, the part of the Pope was quite other. The popular movement, too, had broken out into overt acts. Charles Albert inaugurated political changes at Turin. The Grand Duke of Tuscany, at Florence, and the Prince of Lucca were obliged to fly. In the midst of all these circumstances, Lord Minto, a member of the English cabinet, visited Italy, and though deprecating violence and ultra-Liberalism, could not but applaud the efforts made everywhere for emancipation. The Liberal movement, however, did not wait upon Lord Minto's smile or approval; he had only reached Rome when Sicily and Naples burst out into insurrection. The Pope grew alarmed, and his hesitation began at once to beget his unpopularity. Such was the state of Europe, and of France in it, at the close of 1847. The changes and the tendency of its policy threw Louis-Philippe into the arms of Austria, whilst the Liberal tendency and convictions of the English minister prompted him to trust the party of the people. That such a state of things would have drawn the King of the French by degrees into an alliance with the despotic powers, and into not merely estrangement but even hostilities with England, is evident. But the French people perceived the course their sovereign was taking, and this, added to the persistance in a similar policy in domestic affairs, of which the results appeared daily, gradually brought people's minds round to the necessity and probability of a revolution.
There were not wanting members of the King's own family who were alarmed by the direction affairs were taking. The Queen had misgivings which she communicated to Montalivet and Sebastiani. The Prince de Joinville was haunted by the same fears, which he ventured to express; his father, on hearing them, gave
as an answer the order to the Prince to take the command of the Mediterranean squadron. From on board, the Prince de Joinville addressed the following letter to his brother, the Duc de Nemours, depicting so strongly and truly the state of things as to render unnecessary any remarks of the historian. It was published at the time in the Akbar, a journal of Algiers, then under the influence of the Duc d'Aumale, who no doubt thought the publication of his brother's letter useful.
"I am troubled by the events I see gathering on all sides. I begin to be seriously alarmed, and when one is so, one likes to communicate with those enjoying our confidence. The King is inflexible; he listens to no advice; his will must overbear all others. One great danger is the action exercised by our father, which is so unyielding that a statesman who cannot break it finds, like Bresson, no resource but in suicide. Debates this session must turn upon this anormal state of things, which destroys all constitutional freedom, and puts the King personally forward. There are no longer any ministers, at least there are none of any responsibility. The King is of an age that accepts no observation to be made to him; he is accustomed to govern, and he likes to show it. His immense experience, his courage and great qualities prompt him to face danger, but the danger exists not the less. The present year will display more forcibly this false position. Constitutional government was established to avoid the inconvenience of having a monarch too young or too old. But it has failed with us.
"Our situation is bad. In the interior our finances, after seventeen years' peace, are not brilliant, and our foreign policy is as little so. Palmerston's accession to office, by arousing the passionate mistrust of the King, has betrayed us into the Spanish campaign, and left us open to a charge of bad faith. Separated from
England, at the moment when the affairs of Italy de- CHAP. manded its support, we have been able to do nothing. We durst not affront Austria, lest a new holy alliance should be formed and England join it. With a state of things thus detestable at home and abroad, the result of the King's growing superannuated, we come before the Chamber. Nor do I see a remedy. At home, our finances stare us in the face; abroad, what can be done? An Austro-French campaign in Switzerland would make matters worse. Italy, I had hoped, would have furnished us means of redemption. But the opportunity has
been lost. Without England we can do nothing but throw ourselves into the arms of the retrograde party, which is worse than nothing. Oh, these sad Spanish marriages!
"In sum, our dilapidated finances, the alternative abroad of either submitting to Palmerston or acting the gendarme to Austria and Switzerland, all this is due to the King. It is very serious; and I fear that instead of discussions upon the rise and fall of ministers, the Chamber will go into constitutional principles. If there was any opening for action, one might enter into it with spirit, and win a victory. But there is not a chance.
"Excuse this, as well as what I say of father; you know my affection and respect for him. But it is impossible to look into the future without being alarmed."
This letter, which sums up the chief causes of discontent connected with foreign policy, passes over that springing from domestic government as too well known. It mentions, indeed, the finances, the expenditure being nearly double that of the Restoration, and the wilfulness of the King, which effaced the responsibility of his ministers. The opposition did not slacken in denouncing these evils, but that most dwelt upon was corruption. The party which dominated in the Chamber, and gave the majority to the King and government, was
Philip III. of Burgundy, 192. Who takes it |
from the English, 193. Recovered by France,
264. Captured by Louis XI., 298. Taken
by the Royalists, 298. Besieged by Charles
the Rash, 298. The Huguenots of, crushed,
iii. 59. Captured by the Spaniards, 329. Who
are besieged and compelled to surrender by
Henry IV., 330. Refusal of the citizens to
sign the League, 184. Peace of, v. 97
Amour, Loi d', of Peyronnet, v. 357, 360
Amoureux, war of the, iii. 193
Anabaptists, their insurrection and extrava-
gance in Germany, ii. 531
Anarchists, their opposition to the Directory,
v. 8. Their excesses create a host of ene-
mies, 10. Babœuf's plot, 12. Conspire
against Directory, 13. Conspirators dis-
persed, 13. Ste Convention; Directory; Gi-
rondists; Mountain
Anastatius, Emperor of Rome, sends the ensigns
of the consular dignity to Clovis, King of
the Franks, i. 5
Ancenis, town of, besieged by Louis XI., ii.
289. Taken by La Tremouille, General of
Charles VIII., 367
Ancients, Council of the, its formation in 1795,
v. 7. Terrified at the raising of supplies by
the Directory, 7. Quarrel with the Cinq
Cents, 33. See Directory; Buonaparte, &c.
Ancona, arrival of the French expedition
at, v. 459. Withdrawal of garrison from,
511
Ancre, Maréchal d'. See Concini
Ancy le Franc, château of, pillaged by the mob,
Andelot, D', brother of Admiral Coligny, re-
lieves St. Quentin, ii. 625. Escapes, 626.
Sent to prison for heresy, 639. Openly in-
clines to Protestantism, 641. His parentage
and connexions, iii. 11. His character, 11.
Admitted by Catherine de Medicis to the
council, 51. His vigilance in saving Orleans
to the Huguenots, 56. Conveys forces into
Orleans, 69. At the battle of Dreux, 71,
note. Left by Coligny to defend Orleans, 73.
Attacks the Royalists at Jarnac, 102.
sent at the assembly of notables at Rouen,
417
Andelys, taken by Louis the Fat, i. 119. Treaty
between Philip Augustus concluded at, 163.
The castles of, taken by Philip Augustus,
164, 165. Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of
Louis Hutin, strangled in the castle, 353.
André, St., Marshal de, a favourite of Henry II.,
ii. 593. Leads an embassy to England, 604.
Taken prisoner at St. Quentin, 626. Nego-
tiations for his liberation, 632, 633. Won
over by the Guises, iii. 13. Threatened by
the Provincial Estates, 40. League between
him, the Constable, and Guise, 40. Killed at
Dreux, 72
André, St., member of Committee of Public
Safety, iv. 609
Andreghen, Maréchal d', in the service of Henry
II. of Castille, at Navarrete, i. 513. Taken
prisoner there, 514
Angelo, Marquis of St., killed by Francis L., ii.
484
Angers sacked by King John of England, i. 163,
166. Rebellion of, against the taxes of Louis
XI., ii. 256. Attempt of the Prince of Condé
upon, iii. 206. Massacre of the Huguenots
of, 149. Muster of the malcontent nobles
in, 424. Where they and the Queen are re-
duced by Louis XIII., 425. Held by the
Duke de Rohan against the Mazarinians, 618.
Taken by Marshal Hocquincourt, 618. Cap-
tured by the Vendéans, iv. 600
Anglo-Angevin princes, compared with those of
the House of Capet, i. 151, 152
Anglo-Saxon royal family, commencement of
the relations of the Dukes of Normandy with
the, i. 88
Angoulême, Duc d', his discontent excited by
Count Dunois, ii. 351, 352
Angoulême, Duke of (afterwards Duke of Or-
leans), youngest son of Francis I., proposal
to marry him to Mary of England, ii. 533.
And subsequently to her sister Elizabeth,
533. Proposal to give him the Duchy of
Milan, 536. Sent against Luxemburg, which
is taken, 553, 554. His appeal to the Ger-
man Protestants, 554. Proposal to marry
him to a Spanish princess, 564, 565. Pro-
tests against it, 565, note. His death. 568.
Joins the league for restoring the authority
of the Three Estates, 366
Angoulême, Duc d', natural son of Charles IX.,
Angoulême, Duc de (formerly Count d'Auvergne,
which see), sent on a mission to Germany, iii.
427
Angoulême, Duc d', declares himself at Bor-
deaux, v. 226. Taken prisoner at Bordeaux,
216. Heads the army for the invasion of
Spain, 323. Defends Guilleminot, 327.
Crosses the Bidassoa, 328. His policy in
Spain, 328. His conciliatory policy in Spain,
Restored to his title of Dauphin, 342.
His menins, or whipping boys, 342. Quarrels
with Marmont, and orders his arrest, 413.
Fails in his efforts to command the army,
413, 414. Joined by the Duchess, 413. Signs
abdication of the King in favour of the De
de Bordeaux, 414. His flight, 415, et seq.
Embarks for England at Cherbourg, 416, 417
Angoulême, Duchess d', M. de Montmorency
her chevalier d'honneur, v. 320. Restored to
her title, 342. Her remark on the proceed
ings of the Royal Courts, 382
Angoulême, Francis, Count d'. See Francis I.
Angoulême, Count d', given by his brother, the
Duke of Orleans, in pledge to the English,
ii. 88
Angoulême, Bastard of, ordered by Charles IX.
to slay Guise, iii. 110. Joins in the St. Bar-
tholomew massacre, 141
Angoulême, county of, brought to her husband
by the Countess de la Marche, i. 207. Cap-
tured by Lord Derby, 420. But recovered
by the Duke of Normandy, 422. Surrenders
to the French, 530. Given up to the Duke
d'Alençon, iii. 170
Anjou, Duke of, youngest son of Henry II. of
France. See Alençon, Duke of
Anjou, Henry, Duke of.
Anjou, Philip, Duke of. See Philip V., King
of Spain
Anjou, Louis, Count or Duke of. See Louis,
Count of Anjou
Anjou, under Henry, eldest son of Henry II. of
England, i. 146. An apanage in, given by
Henry II. to his son John, 146. Motives of
policy which actuated the English princes of,
150. The difference between the Angevin
and the Capetian monarchs, 151. Given by
Louis VIII. to his son Charles, 200. Ceded
by the English to René d'Anjou, ii. 215.
Confiscated by Louis XI. at the death of
René I., 342. The duchy granted to Frederic,
ex-King of Naples, 412. Given in apanage
to the Duke d'Alençon, iii. 173. Given to
Marie de Medicis, 423
Annates, amount of the, at the time of the
Council of Constance, ii. 107. Abolished by
the Council of Basle, 218
Anne, Queen of England, withdraws her favour
from the Marlboroughs, iv. 99. Takes the
Tories into her ministry, 107. Her death,
131
Anne of Austria, affianced to Louis XIII., iii.
396. Her marriage, 408. Her treatment of
the son of the Maréchal d'Ancre, 415. Neg-
lected by her husband, and snubbed by
Richelieu, 457. Receives the addresses of
the Duke of Buckingham, 457. Joins a plot
against the King, 465. Severity of Richelieu
to her, 527, 528. Discovery of her letters to
Spain and the Cardinal's enemies, 530.
Birth of her son, Louis XIV., 531. Illness
of the King, 542. Who proclaims her regent,
542. Her court, after the death of the King,
553. Her journey with her son, Louis XIV.,
to Paris, 554. Becomes absolute regent, 555.
Recalls and recompenses her friends, 555.
Appoints Cardinal Mazarin chief of the
council, 556. Exploits of Condé and Turenne,
569, 570. The Queen insulted in the streets
of Paris, 584, 589. Her perplexity as to
Mazarin, 584. Conflict between the troops
and the judges, 587. Arrest of the President
Broussel and commencement of the Fronde,
587, 588. The Queen liberates Broussel,
589. And makes concessions to the judges
and Parisians, 590, 591. Flies with the
King from Paris to St. Germains, 592. Ter-
mination of the first war of the Fronde, 597.
The Queen returns to Paris, 598. Insulted
by the Prince of Condé, 600. Goes with
Mazarin into Normandy, 601. And into
Burgundy, 601. Kept a prisoner in Paris,
605, 606. Liberates Condé and the princes,
606. Her offers to Condé, 606. Her pro-
posed reconciliation prevented by Mazarin,
607, 609. Gives Condé the government of
Guyenne, 609. Gives orders for his arrest,
but refuses to slay him, 609. Her supposed
marriage with Cardinal Mazarin, 614. Who
does his utmost to diminish her influence
with her son, 643, 644. Her denunciation
of heretics, iv. 6
Anne, Empress of Russia, supports Frederic
Augustus of Saxony on the throne of Poland,
iv. 203
Anne, daughter of the Czar Jaroslaw, married
to Henry I., i. 92
Anne, Duchess of Brittany, ii. 365. Her hand
offered by her father to the Count d'Albret
and to Maximilian I., 367. Becomes Duchess
of Bourbon, 367. Compelled to refrain from
assuming the title of Duchess. 369. War
made upon her by France and by her own
nobles, 369, 370. Betrothed to Maximilian
I., 371. Loses Nantes, 371. Married to
Charles VIII. of France, 374. Death of her
husband, 393. Marries Louis XII., 396.
Her preference for marriage treaties to
battles, 409. Her aversion for Louise of
Savoy, 419. Her jewels seized by Marshal
Gié, 420. Concludes a treaty with Austria
for the marriage and settlement of her
daughter Claude, 420. Which is broken off,
421. Her death, ii. 442
Anne of Burgundy, married to John, Duke of
Bedford, ii. 147. Her kindness to Jeanne
d'Arc, 182 note. Her death, 186
Anne of Cleves, niece of Philip III. of Bur-
gundy, married to the Duke of Orleans, ii.
208
Anne of Esté, Duchess of Guise, present at the
execution of the Huguenots, iii. 22
Anne, Lady of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis XI.,
ii. 351. Her regency during the minority of
Charles VIII., 351. Convokes the States-
General, 352. Grievances of the Commons,
358. Her dread of the influence of the Duke
of Orleans, 363. To whom she raises up a
rival in René of Lorraine, 363. Dissembles
her project for uniting Brittany to the Crown,
366. Chief objects of French policy during
her regency, 363-365. Complaints of the
Duke of Orleans against her and her hus-
band, 364. Her determination to reduce
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