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from the scones. An Indian was seen following him, but with marks of fear, as he stopped two or three times. At last, he struck the captain on the back of the head with a club, and then hastily ran back.

Captain Cook, R. N.

Captain Cook staggered a few paces, and then fell on his hand and one knee, dropping his musket. Another Indian now stabbed him in the neck with a dagger. He then fell into a pool of water, where others crowded upon him; but still he struggled violently with them, got up his head, and looked to the boats, as if for assistance. One of them was not above five or six yards off; but such was the confused and crowded state of the crew, that no assistance could be given. The Indians again got him under, though he still continued to struggle, and once more got up his head: but, being quite spent, he turned towards the rock, as if to support himself by it, when a savage struck him, with a club, a blow which probably put an end to his life, as he struggled no longer. The savages dragged his lifeless body up the rocks, and mangled it in the most shooking manSome fragments of his remains were afterwards recovered, and solemnly committed to the deep on the 21st of February, 1779.

ner.

This most lamentable occurrence produced the impression, which long subsisted, that the inhabitants of Owhyhee were a race of fierce and bloodthirsty barbarians; but it has been discovered that, though possessing that disregard of human life, which is always found to attend man in a state of nature, and which is a remarkable proof of our fallen state, the people of the Sandwich Islands (of which Owhyhee is the chief) are gentle, as well as intelligent. The attack upon Cook was made in the belief that his intentions were hostile; and his death occurred in the heat and violence of an affray, in which blood was shed on both sides.

An astonishing change has taken place in these islands since the days of Cook. They now present the aspect of a civilized community, with a regular government, laws, and institutions: and, above all, the Christian religion. Unhappily, however, the good they have derived from European intercourse has not been unmixed with evil. They have learned European vices. Drunkenness, of which we have both taught them the lesson, and supplied them the means, is prevalent among them, with its train of baleful

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effects. It is impossible to contemplate the situation of this interesting race, now so entirely dependent upon Britain, without an anxious wish that all possible means should be taken by this country to secure their future welfare.

AMONGST the causes which tend to the cheap production of any article, and which require additional capital, may be mentioned, the care which is taken to allow no part of the raw produce, out of which it is formed, to be absolutely wasted. An attention to this circumstance sometimes causes the union of two trades in one factory, which otherwise would naturally have been separated. An enumeration of the arts to which the Horns of Cattle are applicable, furnishes a striking example of this kind of economy.

The tanner, who has purchased the hides, separates the horns, and sells them to the makers of combs and lanterns. The horn consists of two parts; an outward horny case, and an inward conical-shaped substance, somewhat between hardened hair and bone. The first process consists in separating these two parts, by means of a blow against a block of wood. The horny outside is then cut into three portions, by means of a frame-saw.

1. The lowest of these, next the root of the horn, after undergoing several processes, by which it is rendered flat, is made into combs.

2. The middle of the horn, after being flattened by heat, and its transparency improved by oil, is split into thin layers, and forms a substitute for glass in lanterns of the commonest kind.

3. The tip of the horn is used by the makers of knifehandles and of the tops of whips, and similar purposes.

4. The interior, or core of the horn, is boiled down in water. A large quantity of fat rises to the surface: this is put aside, and sold to the makers of yellow soap.

5. The liquid itself is used as a kind of glue, and is purchased by the cloth-dressers for stiffening.

6. The bony substance, which remains behind, is ground down, and sold to the farmers for manure.

Besides these various purposes to which the different comb-making are sold to the farmer for manure, at about parts of the horn are applied, the chippings which arise in one shilling a bushel. In the first year after they are spread over the soil, they have comparatively little effect; but during the next four or five, their efficiency is considerable. The shavings, which form the refuse of the lantern-maker, are of a much thinner texture. A few of them are cut into

various figures, and painted and used as toys; for they curl up when placed in the palm of a warm hand. But the greater part of these shavings are sold also for manure, which, from their extremely thin and divided form, produces its full effect upon the first crop.-BABBAGE on Manufactures, &c.

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VOL. I.

No 21.

OCTOBER 27, 1832. ONE PENNY.

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contracted in many parts to little more than twelve LONDON BEFORE THE GREAT FIRE. feet broad. Some of the richest citizens had not WE have here presented to the reader a copy of merely their shops or stands, but their dwelling houses Hollar's celebrated view of the vast metropolis of also, on this bridge, which, to use the words of NorEngland, such as it existed nearly two centuries den, who published a view of it about the year 1624, ago, before the Great Fire of 1666 had reduced its was "adorned with sumptuous buildings and statelie streets to heaps of mouldering ashes, and involved and beautiful houses on either side, inhabited by in one common ruin its churches, its palaces, and its wealthy citizens, and furnished with all manner of cottages. In this article it is our intention to per- trades, comparable in itself to a little city, whose form the office of a guide, pointing out, and giving a buildings are so artificially contrived, and so firmly brief account of some of the most interesting objects. combined as it seemeth more than an ordinary street; Conspicuous above all other buildings, on the for it is as one continual vault or roof, except certain opposite bank of the river, stands the Cathedral Church void spaces reserved from buildings for the retire of of St. Paul, the largest and most magnificent in passengers from the danger of carts, cars, and droves England; and, until the erection of St. Peter's at of cattle usually passing that way." In one of the Rome, the largest in the Christian world. In length houses on London-bridge lived in 1536 Sir William from east to west it measured 690 feet (190 more Hewitt, a cloth-worker, and afterwards Lord Mayor than the present St. Paul's), in breadth 130, and the of London; from a window overlooking the river, his height of the central tower was 260 feet. Above this infant and only daughter fell into the raging tide, tower once soared a magnificent spire, tapering in the from which she was saved by the courage and premost beautiful proportion, and 274 feet high, so that sence of mind of Edward Osborne, then her father's the entire elevation to the top of the weathercock ex- apprentice, who plunged after her and bore her in his ceeded 520 feet, being fifty feet more than the cele- arms to land. The infant became eventually heiress brated steeple of Strasburgh, and surpassing in height of all her father's estate, and was sought in marriage even the Great Pyramid. This spire was finished both by the wealthy of the city and the nobles of the A.D. 1222, partially burned by lightning A.D. 1444, court; but the reply of the grateful parent to all and entirely destroyed by fire in 1561; after which, applications was, "Osborne saved her, and Osborne although several attempts were made, it was found shall have her." They were accordingly, in due time, impracticable to raise the sums necessary to rebuild it. married; the brave and fortunate apprentice lived to The first Christian church erected upon this spot be himself Lord Mayor of London, and was the was built by Ethelbert, King of Kent, A.D. 619; the ancestor of a family which in a few generations edifice represented in the plate was the work of various attained to the highest dignity in the British peerage, periods, and exhibited in its details various styles of his great grandson being created Duke of Leeds. architecture, from the semicircular Norman arch of the twelfth century to the Corinthian colonnade of the seventeenth. The western division, or nave, of the church was commenced about the year 1100, but the eastern part was not finished before 1283; the repairs which decay or accident rendered necessary were executed in the taste of the period which required them, the last being the work of Inigo Jones.

Amongst the cluster of churches to the west, or left hand, of St. Paul's may be distinguished, by four little pinnacles at the corners, the square steeple of St. Bride's, Fleet-street, and immediately under it, close on the banks of the Thames, is seen Baynard Castle, once the property of Robert Fitzwalter, Castellan and banner-bearer of London, and leader of those barons who wrung the Great Charter of English liberties from King John; afterwards the residence of several princes of the House of York: in it Edward IV. received the news of his being elected king by the people assembled in St. John's field; and from it Richard III. set forth to take possession of his usurped crown. Following the banks of the river westward, the Temple, Arundel-house, the Savoy, and Durham-house, may successively be distinguished, until the view closes with Whitehall and the Royal Palace. In the opposite direction, that is, on the right hand side of St. Paul's, the eye passes over the whole length of the city with its dense crowd of steeples (amongst which the lofty spires of St. Laurence Poultney, and St. Dunstan's in the East, are the most conspicuous), until it rests on the Tower of London. On the hills in the back-ground are seen the villages of Harrow, Hampstead, and Highgate.

Perhaps the most curious, if not the most interesting, feature in the print, is the ancient Londonbridge, with its twenty narrow arches, covered, as until the middle of the last century it still continued to be, with an almost continuous street of houses overhanging on each side the parapet walls, and affording to passengers and traffic only a vaulted thoroughfare,

Hans Holbein, the painter, and John Bunyan, the author of Pilgrim's Progress, both resided for some time in houses on London-bridge.

At the hither or southern end of the bridge is seen an embattled gateway, with its towers and portcullis, which formed the barrier between London and Southwark, and acquired the appellation of "Traytor's Gate," from its being the place where, according to the barbarous custom of former times, the heads of persons executed for high-treason, were exposed to public view. Next beyond this is another turretted building, elaborately constructed of timber; in the fifth arch from the Surrey side, as seen in the print, but really in the seventh, was a drawbridge for the convenience of the larger vessels passing upwards towards Queenhithe; and, on the pier at the northern end of the drawbridge stood, "Nonsuch-House," the most curious and stately of all the buildings with which the bridge was adorned. It is said to have been originally constructed in Holland, entirely of timber, brought over to England in pieces, about 1580, and put together again on London-bridge, with wooden pegs, not a single nail or other metal fastening being used throughout the whole fabric; in shape it was a long square, having its shorter sides looking over the river, with square towers, surmounted by low domes or kremlin spires at the corners; each front was ornamented with a profusion of transom casement windows, with carved wooden galleries before them, while richly-sculptured wooden panels and gilded columns were to be found in every part of it.

In the foreground of the print are several interesting objects, of which the magnificent church of St. Mary Overy (now usually called St. Saviour's), the burialplace of the poet Gower, has alone survived the devastations of time. To the left of the church stands the town palace of the Bishop of Winchester; further to the left, three oval buildings are rendered remarkable by each having a flag-staff, with a flag flying, on the roof; the furthest from the church is the Swan

Theatre; the next, the "Bear Garden," a place, as its name imports, dedicated to the barbarous exhibition of bear-baiting; a sport, however, which, although now banished by the progress of humanity and refinement from the amusements of even the lowest classes of society, was little more than two centuries ago considered worthy the presence and patronage of Majesty itself. The last of these buildings, is the "Globe Theatre," the place where enraptured audiences fostered the infant muse of SHAKESPEARE, and within whose walls were first produced those stupendous monuments of imagination and poetic genius which succeeding ages have united to admire, but despaired to rival, or even imitate.

ORIGIN OF SOME OF THE HOSPITALS OF LONDON,

In the beginning of the year 1553, Dr. Nicholas Ridley, Bishop of London, preached before King Edward, whose health was then rapidly declining, at Westminster. The subject he selected for his discourse was Charity, in which he urged the King, in eloquent and moving language, to take care that a more effectual provision should be made for the poor. This discourse produced so great an impression on the mind of the young king, that he sent for the bishop; and after commanding him to sit down, thanked him much for his seasonable exhortation; and desired him to state, what, in his opinion, would be the most expedient plan to bring about so great and excellent a design. The good Bishop was much pleased to find the King thus graciously disposed, and, with tears of joy, told him that the London poor, on account of their numbers, required his more immediate concern; he would, therefore, advise him to have letters written to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen to take this affair into consideration, and to project a scheme for the relief of the poor.

The King, approving of this advice, allowed Bishop Ridley to be furnished with such letters and instructions, which he accordingly conveyed to Sir R.Dobbs, then Lord Mayor. A meeting of the Aldermen and Common Council was then held; the Bishop having been introduced for the purpose of guiding and assisting them in their deliberations. It was resolved that a general contribution should be set on foot among the more wealthy citizens. The motion was readily received by the inhabitants of London; men subscribed according to their ability, and books were kept in every Ward of the City, in which the sums contributed were set down. These books were afterwards delivered, through the Lord Mayor, into the hands of the King's commissioners. In this scheme for the relief of the poor, they were ranged under three divisions in the first were placed poor distressed orphans: in the second, the sick and the lame in the third, the lazy and sturdy vagabonds.

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For the orphans, Christ's Hospital was provided, where the children were properly fed and lodged, instructed in a religious and virtuous manner, and qualified for some honest business. The Hospitals of St. Thomas, in Southwark, and St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield, were appointed for the diseased and lame : and the King gave his palace of Bridewell, erected by Henry VIII., for licentious beggars and vagabonds, who were there to receive due correction and be kept to hard labour. For the better endowment of these hospitals, the young monarch dissolved the hospital which Henry VII. had founded in the Savoy for the benefit of pilgrims and travellers, but which had become worse than useless, being a harbour for thieves; and he assigned this to the City of London for the maintenance of the new foundations, M.

COFFEE AND COFFEE-HOUSES. Two centuries ago, our ancestors could little imagine that their descendants would be reduced to the necessity of sending to the East and West Indies for the materials of a comfortable breakfast. It is observed by Wood (Ath. Oxon. II. 1140) that while Nathaniel Conopius, a Cretan baron, continued in Baliol College, in Oxford, which he left in 1648, he made the drink for his own use, called coffee, and usually drank it every morning, being the first coffee, as the ancients of that house informed him, that was ever drunk in Oxon. In the year 1650 we learn, from the same author, (Life, 8vo. v. Index,) " Jacob, a jew, opened a coffee-house at the Angel, in the parish of St. Peter in the East, Oxon, and there it was by some, who delighted in novelties, drank. In 1654, Cinques Jobson, a jew and jacobite, borne near Mount Libanus, sold coffey in Oxon; and, in 1655, Arth. Tillyard, apothecary, sold coffey publicly in his house against All Souls' Coll. This Coffey House continued till his Majestie's return and after, and then they became more frequent, and had an excise set upon coffey.”

The author of the New View of London (1708, p. 80) found it recorded "that one James Farr, a barber, who kept the coffee-house which is now the Rainbow, by the Inner Temple Gate, (one of the first in England,) was, in the year 1657, presented by the Inquest of St. Dunstan's in the West, for making and selling a sort of liquor called coffee, as a great nuisance and prejudice of the neighbourhood. And who could then have thought London would ever have had near 3000 such nuisances, and that coffee would have been (as now, 1708) so much drunk by the best of quality and physicians."

In the Kingdom's Intelligencer, a weekly paper, published by authority, in 1662, are inserted four advertisements, the last of which is as follows:

"At the coffee-house in Exchange Alley is sold, by retail, the right coffee-powder, from 4s. to 6s. 8d. per pound, as in goodness; that pounded in a mortar at 2s. per pound; also that termed the East India berry at 18d. per pound; and that termed the right Turkie berry well garbled at 3s. per pound; the ungarbled for lesse, with directions gratis how to make and use the same. Likewise, there you may have chocolate, the ordinary pound boxes at 2s. 6d. per pound, the perfumed from 4s. to 10s. per pound; also sherbets made in Turkie of lemons, roses, and violets perfumed; and tea, or chaa, according to its goodness. For all which, if any gentlemen shall write or send, they shall be sure of the best, as they shall order, and to avoid deceit, warranted under the house seal, viz. Morat the Great, &c. Further, all gentlemen, that are customers and acquaintance are (the next New Year's Day) invited at the signe of the Great Turk, at the new coffee-house in Exchange Alley, where coffee will be on free cost."

In the year 1665 appeared in 4to. a poem, with the title of "The Character of a Coffee House: wherein is contained a description of the persons usually frequenting it, with their discourse and humors; as also the admirable vertues of coffee. By an Eye and Ear Witness." It begins :

A coffee-house, the learned hold,
It is a place where coffee's sold;

This derivation cannot fail us,

For where ale's vended that's an alehouse. That these houses soon became places of general resort is evident :

Of some and all conditions,

Even vintners, surgeons, and physicians,

The blind, the deaf, and aged cripple,

Do here resort, and coffee tipple,

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View of Ross.

THE MAN OF ROSS. A BENEVOLENT mind cannot find a more agreeable object of contemplation, than the character of a man whose life is spent in acts of public and private good, done without any view to worldly advantage or to fame. Foreigners who visit our country to study the character of its inhabitants, are struck with nothing so much as with the vast quantity of money, labour, and time, which are voluntarily bestowed on works of public charity and utility, by persons who reap no other advantage from thus contributing to the good of others than the consciousness of discharging a high Christian, or moral, or social duty. It may be a question, whether the frequency of such examples has not led to their being overlooked amongst ourselves, and to their real merit not being duly estimated. Be that as it may, we feel no hesitation in asserting that there have been, and are in every county, and in almost every parish of this our noble country, persons freely devoting the leisure, the substance, and the talents with which their Creator has blessed them, to the good of others who can make no return for the advantages so imparted to them. Our pages will be readily open to record particular instances of such merit, not only because we shall always rejoice to make the light of good works shine before men, but because there is no argument by which mankind can be stimulated to be useful in their generation so powerful as the exhibition of what has actually been done, without extraordinary means

or advantages, by the right use of what each may

chance to possess.

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The "MAN OF Ross has been immortalized by our great poet, Pope; but the lines which record his praise do not communicate enough. They are a sort of riddle, enumerating works great and expensive, which they conclude by informing us were all executed with an income of five hundred pounds a-year. A reader who should seek to understand the merits of the Man of Ross by Pope's praise, would be apt, when he arrived as the end, to "give it up." We shall, therefore, here present a solution of the puzzle, illustrating our little narrative, with a view of Ross, which includes most of the spots alluded to by the poet, and with a drawing of Kyrle's house opposite the marketplace. If more ample information be desired, it may be found in Mr. Fosbrooke's elegant and entertaining

volume, the "Ariconensia," from which much of what follows has been taken: or, if in search of some of the most exquisite of nature's scenery, the reader should pass through the beautifully situated town which Kyrle inhabited, he may yet hear from " each lisping babe," and from the tongue of faltering age, the praises of him whose name they love, and whose memory they cherish and revere.

He was a

JOHN KYRLE was descended from a highly respectable family, and was born in the parish of Dymock, father married a sister of Waller, the poet, whose in Gloucestershire, on his father's estate. His grandmother was sister of John Hampden. gentleman commoner of Baliol College, Oxford, to which he presented a handsome silver tankard on his admission. His father had purchased a house and a few pieces of land at Ross, and here Mr. Kyrle chose chases, made after his fallages in Dymock Wood. to reside, adding to his property by repeated pur

The title of "THE MAN OF Ross" was given to him by a country friend, in his lifetime; and Mr. Kyrle was highly pleased with the appellation, because it "conveyed a notion of plain honest dealing and unaffected hospitality." The principal addition to his landed property was an estate, called the Cleve, consisting of fields that extend along the left bank of the river, but raised considerably above its level. Along the skirts of these fields, Mr. Kyrle made a public walk, which still bears his name; he planted it with elms, and continued the plantation the graceful, ever-winding Wye. It is to this plantadown the steep sides of the bank, which overhang tion that Pope alludes in the lines,

Who hung with woods the mountain's sultry brow? but the poet either indulged in a bold license when he gave the title of "mountain" to the Clevefield bank, or conceived that the well-wooded hill of Penyard, which forms a remarkable back-ground to the landscape, was part of Mr. Kyrle's property, which it

never was.

Mr. Kyrle's income has been pretty accurately stated at 500l. a-year. His favourite occupations were building and planting, in which his skill and taste were as freely exerted for the benefit of his friends as on his own improvements; he frequently planned and superintended architectural works, for persons who gladly availed themselves of his skill and taste,

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