carrier are those specified under § 18.10 (b), (d), or (e), of this chapter. [Supp. 4, 18 F. R. 8609, Dec. 22, 1953]

§ 40.38 Location of dispatch centers. The air carrier shall show that it has a sufficient number of dispatch centers adequate for the operations to be conducted and located at such points as are necessary to insure the proper operational control of each flight.

MANUAL REQUIREMENTS

The

§ 40.50 Preparation of manual. air carrier shall prepare and keep current a manual for the use and guidance of flight and ground operations personnel in the conduct of its operations.

§ 40.51 Contents of manual. (a) The manual shall contain instructions, information, and data necessary for the personnel concerned to carry out their duties and responsibilities with a high degree of safety. It shall be in a form to facilitate easy revision, and each page shall bear the date of the last revision thereof. The contents of such manual shall not be contrary to the provisions of any Federal regulations, operations specifications, or the operating certificate. The manual may be in two or more separate parts (e. g., flight operations, ground operations, maintenance, communications, etc.) to facilitate use by the personnel concerned, but each part shall contain so much of the information listed below as is appropriate for each group of personnel:

(1) General policies;

(2) Duties and responsibilities of each crew member and appropriate members of the ground organization;

(3) Reference to appropriate regulations in this subchapter and Civil Aeronautics Manuals;

(4) Flight dispatching and control;

(5) En route flight, navigation, and communication procedures, including procedures for the dispatch or continuance of flight, if any item of equipment required for the particular type of operation becomes inoperative or unserviceable en route;

(6) Appropriate information from the en route operations specifications, including for each approved route the types of airplanes authorized, their crew complement, the type of operation (i. e., VFR, IFR, day, night) and other pertinent information;

(11) The method of designating succession of command of flight crew members;

(12) Procedures for determining the usability of landing and take-off areas and for dissemination of pertinent information to operations personnel;

(13) Procedures for operation during periods of icing, hail, thunderstorms, turbulence, or any potentially hazardous meteorological conditions;

(14) Airman training programs, including appropriate ground, flight, and emergency phases;

(15) Instructions and procedures for maintenance, repair, overhaul, and servicing;

(16) Time limitations for overhaul, inspection, and checks, of airframes, engines, propellers, and appliances, or standards by which such time limitations shall be determined;

(17) Procedures for refueling airplanes, elimination of fuel contamination, protection from fire including electrostatic protection, and the supervision and protection of passengers during refueling;

(18) Inspections for airworthiness, including instructions covering procedures, standards, responsibilities, and authority of the inspection personnel;

(19) Methods and procedures for maintaining the airplane weight and center of gravity within approved limits;

(20) Pilot and dispatcher route and airport qualification procedures; (21) Accident notification procedures; and

(22) Other data or instructions related to safety.

(b) At least one complete master copy of the manual containing all parts

thereof shall be retained at the appropriate operations base of the air carrier.

§ 40.51-1 Contents of manual; methods and procedures for maintaining weight and balance control (CAA policies which apply to § 40.51 (a) (19))—(a) General. (1) The air carrier may utilize any loading schedule, procedure, or means by which the air carrier can show that the aircraft is properly loaded and will not exceed authorized weight and balance limitations during operation.

(2) By whatever method used, the air carrier should account for all probable loading conditions which may be experienced in service and show that the loading schedule will provide satisfactory loading. Loading schedules may be applied to individual aircraft or to a complete fleet. Unless otherwise authorized, a copy of pertinent loading data should be carried in each aircraft. When an air carrier operates several types or models of aircraft, the loading schedule, which may be index type, tabular type or a mechanical computer, will be identified with the type or model of aircraft for which it is designed.

(b) Loading provisions. All seats, compartments, and other loading stations will be properly marked, and the identification used will correspond with the instructions established for computing the weight and balance of the aircraft. When the loading

schedule

provides blocking off of seats or compartments in order to remain within the center of gravity limits, effective means will be provided to assure that such seats or compartments are not occupied during operations specified. Cargo compartments will be placarded showing the maximum weight of each compartment, and such placards will be readily legible to the loading personnel. Instructions

will be prepared for crew members, cargo handlers, and other personnel concerned, giving complete information necessary regarding distribution of passengers, cargo, fuel and other items. Information relative to maximum capacities and other pertinent limitations affecting the weight or balance of the aircraft will be included in these instructions. When it is possible by adverse distribution of passengers to exceed the approved CG limits of the aircraft, special instructions will be issued to the appropriate crew members so that the load distribution can be maintained within the approved limitations.

(c) Terms. descriptions, and general standards. For the purpose of weight and balance control, the following terms, descriptions, and general standards will apply. Deviations from these standards by the individual operator due to the nature of his operation will be acceptable.

(1) Empty weight. The empty weight of an aircraft is considered to be the maximum gross weight less the following:

(i) All fuel and oil, excepting system fuel and oil.

(ii) Drainable anti-detonant injector and de-icing fluids.

(iii) Crew and baggage.

(iv) Passengers and cargo (revenue and non-revenue).

(v) Removable passenger service equipment, food, magazines, etc., including drainable washing and drinking water.

(vi) Emergency equipment (overwater, tropical, frigid).

(vii) Other equipment, variable for flights.

(viii) Flight spares (spark plugs, wheel, cylinder, etc.).

(2) Operating weight. The basic operating weight established by the air carrier for a particular model aircraft will include the following standard items of the operator in addition to the empty weight of the aircraft unless otherwise specified:

(i) Normal oil quantity.

(ii) Anti-detonant injector and deicing (winter) fluids.

(iii) Crew and baggage.

(iv) Passenger service equipment, including washing and drinking water, magazines, etc.

(v) Emergency equipment, if required, for all flights.

(vi) All other items of equipment considered standard by the air carrier concerned.

(3) Aircraft, zero fuel weight. The zero fuel weight of an aircraft is the maximum weight authorized for such aircraft without fuel. The weight of fuel carried in the fuselage, or equivalent

'System fuel and oil is that amount required to fill both systems and the tanks, where applicable, up to the tank outlets to the engines. When oil is used for propeller feathering, such oil is included as system oil.

locations, will be deducted from such maximum. When zero fuel weight limitations or equivalent restrictions are specified, proper provision for loading will be made by the operator so that such structural limitations are not exceeded.

(d) Aircraft weights. Aircraft weight and balance control, will contain provisions for determining aircraft weights in accordance with the following procedures:

(1) Individual aircraft weights and changes. The loading schedule may utilize the individual weight of the aircraft in computing pertinent gross weight and balance. The individual weight and balance of each aircraft will be re-established at the specified reweighing periods. It also will be reestablished whenever the accumulated changes to the operating weight exceed plus or minus one-half of one percent of the maximum landing weight or the cumulative change in CG position exceeds one-half of one percent of the MAC.

(2) Fleet weights, establishment and changes. For a fleet or group of aircraft, of the same model and configuration, an average operating fleet weight may be utilized if the operating weights and CG positions are within the limits established in this paragraph. The fleet weight will be calculated on the following basis:

(i) An operator's empty fleet weight will be determined by weighing aircraft according to the following table:

For fleet of 1 to 3, weigh all aircraft. For fleet of 4 to 9, weigh 3 aircraft plus at least 50 percent of the number over 3. For fleet of over 9, weigh 6 aircraft plus at least 10 percent of the number over 9. (ii) In choosing the aircraft to be weighed, the aircraft in the fleet having the highest time since last weighing should be selected. When the average empty weight and CG position has been determined for aircraft weighed and the basic operating fleet weight (winter and summer, if applicable) established, necessary data should be computed for aircraft not weighed but which are considered eligible under such fleet weight. If the basic operating weight of any aircraft weighed or the calculated basic operating weight of any of the remaining aircraft in the fleet varies by an amount more than plus or minus one-half of one percent of the maximum landing weight

from the established basic operating fleet weight or the CG position varies more than plus or minus one-half of one percent of the MAC from the fleet weight CG, that airplane will be omitted from that group and operated on its actual or calculated operating weight and CG position. If it falls within the limits of another fleet or group, it may then become part of that operating fleet weight. In cases where the aircraft is within the operating fleet weight tolerance but the CG position varies in excess of the tolerance allowed, the aircraft may still be utilized under the applicable operating fleet weight but with an individual CG position.

(iii) Re-establishment of the operator's empty fleet weight or the operating fleet weight and corresponding CG positions may be accomplished between weighing periods by calculation based on the current empty weight of the aircraft previously weighed for fleet weight purposes. Weighing for re-establishment of all fleet weights will be conducted on a two-year basis unless shorter periods are desired by the air carrier.

(3) Establishing initial weight before use in air carrier service. Prior to being used in air carrier service, each aircraft will be weighed and the empty weight and center of gravity location established. New production transport category aircraft delivered to air carriers normally are weighed at the factory and are eligible for air carrier operations without reweighing if the weight and balance records have been adjusted for alterations or modifications to the aircraft. Aircraft transferred from one air carrier to another need not be weighed prior to utilization by the latter unless more than twenty-four calendar months have elapsed since last weighing.

(4) Periodic weighing; aircraft using individual weights. Aircraft operated under a loading schedule utilizing individual aircraft weights in computing the gross weight will be weighed at intervals of twenty-four calendar months. An air carrier may, however, apply for extension of this weighing period for a particular model aircraft, when pertinent records and actual routine weighing during the preceding twenty-four months of air carrier operation show that weight and balance records maintained are sufficiently accurate to indicate aircraft weights within the established limitations. Such application

should be limited to increases in increments of twelve months and must be substantiated in each instance with at least two aircraft weighings. Increases may not be granted which exceed a time which is equivalent to the aircraft overhaul period.

(5) Periodic weighing, aircraft using "fleet weights." Aircraft operating under fleet weights should be weighed in accordance with procedures outlined for the establishment of fleet weights. Since each fleet weight will be re-established every two years and a specified number of aircraft weighed at such periods, no additional weighing is considered necessary. A rotation program should, however, be incorporated so all aircraft in the fleet will be reweighed periodically.

(6) Weighing procedure. Normal precautions, consistent with good practices in the weighing procedure, such as checking for completeness of the aircraft and equipment, determining that fluids are properly accounted for, and that weighing is accomplished in an enclosed building preventing the effect of the wind, will prevail. Any acceptable scales may be used for weighings provided the are properly calibrated, zeroed and used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Each scale should have been calibrated, either by the manufacturer or by a civil Department of Weights and Measures, within one year prior to weighing any aircraft for this purpose unless the air carrier can show evidence which warrants a longer period between calibrations.

(e) Passenger weights. The air carrier may elect to use either the actual passenger weight or the average passenger weight to comput passenger loads over any route, except in those cases where non-standard weight passenger groups are carried. Both methods may be used interchangeably provided only one method is used for any flight from originating to terminating point of the particular trip or flight involved, except as indicated in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph. Provisions will be incorporated in the load manifest to clearly indicate to personnel concerned whether actual or average passenger weights are to be used in computing the passenger load.

(1) Actual passenger weight. Actual passenger weight may be determined by scale weighing of each passenger prior to boarding the aircraft, and such weight

is to include minor articles carried on board by the passenger. If such articles are not weighed, the estimated weight is to be accounted for. The actual passenger weight may also be determined by asking each passenger his weight and adding thereto, a pre-determined constant to provide for hand-carried articles and also to cover possible seasonal effect upon passenger weight due to variance in clothing weight. This constant may be approved for an air carrier on the basis of a detailed study conducted by the operator over the particular routes involved and during the extreme seasons when applicable.

(1)

(2) Average passenger weight. An average weight of 160 pounds (summer) may be used for each adult passenger during the calendar period of May 1 through October 31.

(ii) An average weight of 165 pounds (winter) may be used for each adult passenger during the calendar period November 1 through April 30.

(iii) An average weight of 80 pounds may be used for children between the ages of 3 and 12. Children above 12 years of age are classified as adults for the purpose of weight and balance computations. Children less than 3 years old are considered "babes in arms."

(iv) The average passenger weight includes minor items normally carried by a passenger.

(3) Non-standard weight groups of passengers. The average passenger weight method will not be used in the case of flights carrying large groups of passengers whose average weight obviously does not conform with the normal standard weight. Actual weights will be used when a passenger load consists to a large extent of athletic squads or other special group which is smaller or larger than the U. S. average. Where such a group forms only a part of the total passenger load, the actual weights may be used for such group and average weights used for the balance of the passenger load. In such instances, a notation will be made on the load manifest, indicating number of persons in the special group and identifying the group (i. e., football squad, Blank Nationals, etc.).

(f) Crew weight. The actual weight of crew members may be used or the following approved average weights may be utilized:

(1) Male cabin attendants 150 pounds; female cabin attendants 130 pounds.

(2) All other crew members 170 pounds.

(g) Passenger and crew baggage. Procedures should be provided so that all baggage, including that carried on board by the passengers, is properly accounted for. If desired by the air carrier, a standard crew baggage weight may be used.

(h) Center of gravity travel during flight. The air carrier will show that the procedures fully account for the extreme variations in center of gravity travel during flight caused by all or any combination of the following variables:

(1) The movement of a number of passengers and cabin attendants equal to the placarded capacity of the lounges or lavatories from their normal position in the aircraft cabin to such lounge or lavatory. If the capacity of such compartment is one, the movement of either one passenger or one cabin attendant, whichever most adversely affects the CG condition will be considered. When the capacity of the lavatory or lounge is two or more, the movement of that number of passengers or cabin attendants from positions evenly distributed throughout the aircraft may be used. Where seats are blocked off, the movement of passengers and/or cabin attendants evenly distributed throughout only the actual loaded section of the aircraft will be used. The extreme movements of the cabin attendants carrying out their assigned duties within the cabin will be considered. The various conditions will be combined in such a manner that the most adverse effect on the CG will be obtained and so accounted for in the development of the loading schedule to assure the aircraft being loaded within the approved limits at all times during flight.

(2) Landing gear retraction. Possible change in CG position due to landing gear retraction will be investigated and results accounted for.

(3) Fuel. The effect on the CG travel of the aircraft during flight due to fuel used down to the required reserve fuel or to an acceptable minimum reserve fuel established by the air carrier will be accounted for.

(1) Fuel allowance for taxiing and run-up. The weight and balance system may provide for a weight allowance of 3 pounds of fuel for each 100 horse

power (maximum continuous) available to the aircraft from all of its engines to be added to the maximum gross weight of the aircraft to compensate for fuel used during run-up and taxiing.

(j) Records. The weight and balance system will include methods by which the air carrier will maintain a complete, current and continuous record of the weight and center of gravity of each aircraft. Such records should reflect all alterations and changes affecting either the weight or balance of the aircraft, and will include a complete and current equipment list. When fleet weights are used, pertinent computations should also be available in individual aircraft files.

(k) Weight of fluids. The weight of all fluids used in aircraft may be established on the basis of actual weight, a standard volume conversion or a volume conversion utilizing appropriate temperature correction factors to accurately determine the weight by computation of the quantity of fluid on board.

[Supp. 4, 18 F. R. 8609, Dec. 22, 1953, as amended by Supp. 15, 20 F. R. 3560, May 21, 1955]

§ 40.52 Distribution of manual. (a) Copies of the entire manual, or appropriate portions thereof, together with revisions thereto shall be furnished to the following:

(1) Appropriate ground operations and maintenance personnel of the air carrier;

(2) Flight crew members; and

(3) Authorized representatives of the Administrator assigned to the air carrier to act as aviation safety agents.

(b) All copies of the manual shall be kept up to date.

§ 40.53 Airplane Flight Manual. (a) The air carrier shall keep current an approved Airplane Flight Manual for each type of transport category airplane which it operates.

(b) An approved Airplane Flight Manual or a manual complying with § 40.50 and containing information required for the Airplane Flight Manual shall be carried in each transport category airplane.

AIRPLANE REQUIREMENTS

§ 40.60 General. Airplanes shall be identified, certificated, and equipped in accordance with the applicable airworthiness requirements of the regulations in this subchapter. No air carrier