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CONDITION OF MANUFACTURES.

THIS portion of the report has been prepared from a canvass made of the manufacturing industries of the State, and it is believed that persons interested in the social and material welfare of the working population will find the deductions following the tables interesting. In making this canvass extreme care has been taken that all the elements of uncertainty should be eliminated from the compilation.

The diversified interests of the manufacturing industries of Connecticut are such as to require the best thought as to the method by which satisfactory and correct information can be obtained. With this end in view, a form of investigation was adopted, the result of which is presented in the following tables.

While all reports of manufacturing establishments have been scrutinized with great care, and everything eliminated from the aggregate of wages paid, except that paid for wages only, and every effort made to ascertain what would be the average number employed, by making July 1st, in the period covered by the investigation, the time in the two years when the number of employés on the various pay-rolls would most nearly approximate the average number, yet there still remains that degree of uncertainty as to the average number of persons employed, which the student of economics would wish removed, but which can never be entirely eliminated from the average method as long as there are many and frequent changes in employment, and there continues to exist irregularities in the operations of the different departments. Absolute correctness can only be arrived at by following the individual wage-earner through the time-books and pay-rolls, giving him credit for all his earnings, whatever they may be, or in whatever capacity he may be employed. In this way the result is not what a supposed man makes, but what the individual man actually does make. To reach this desired result the

co-operation of the manufacturers is necessary, and while the agents of the Bureau have met with but few refusals from employers to give all required information, yet access to timebooks and pay-rolls is deemed by many to be somewhat inquisitorial, and a preference for giving information more general in its character expressed.

It will be noticed that the reports from many establishments show an increase in the number employed at the later specified date than at the former, and a decrease in the amount paid in wages during the year, the reverse also being the case in many instances. This is explained by the fact that while at the date given in the tables the number employed as given is the actual number on the pay-rolls at that time, yet it by no means follows that it was the average number employed during the year by that particular establishment, for it can easily be seen that, for various causes, the number employed at different periods of the year increased or decreased by reason of a larger or lesser demand for production, hence the discrepancy appears which, while apparent, does not materially affect the ultimate result of the tabulation. It should also be explained that the proportion of business done, as shown in the tables, is the result of estimates only, made by the manufacturers, and while undoubtedly approximately correct the figures should not be taken as an actual statement of a statistical fact.

It is proposed to show by the table giving a division by localities, the ratio of increase or decrease in the number of persons employed and amount paid in wages by the various establishments, in the several localities to which the data used has reference. It must be understood, however, in making comparisons, that this table does not cover the entire number of establishments in the localities referred to, neither does this report include the whole number of manufacturing establishments of the State, and is not to be considered a census of manufactures, but is compiled from the reports of those establishments from which the Bureau has been able to obtain information. In all cases, however, the establishments reporting for the two periods are identical each with the other, thus rendering comparisons as to the ratio of increase or decrease, so far as the same establishments are concerned, of infinite

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