nearer the goal of human progress than any of their Malay cousins, and when the new forces of education, religion, and a government of fairness and freedom have all done their work, we may expect the many to attain to those levels now occupied by the few, and their own achievements in the arts, in literature, in the professions, and in political leadership will stop the mouths of their critics.

from that day, on the 28th of October, 1520, emerging into the vast Pacific, November 26th. After this, even the jealous captains recognized the greatness of their leader, and were enthusiastic in their support. The Philippine Islands were sighted in April, 1521, and named San Lazaro Islands by Magellan. Soon after this, Magellan was killed in a petty war in which he had engaged to aid the king of Cebu. His death at that time was doubly unfortunate. It deprived the expedition of its one masterful mind, and thus prevented that full exploration and occupation of the various islands of the Archipelago which King Charles and Magellan had provided for. Only one of the ships returned to Spain. The little Victoria, commanded by one of the bravest and most intelligent of Magellan's captains, Sebastian del Cano, entered the harbor from which they sailed, on September 8, 1522-the first ship that ever sailed around the world!

No serious attempt was made to conquer and colonize the Islands until 1564. King Philip had come to the throne of Spain in 1555. and he immediately set about their conquest. His motives were chiefly religious.

tor.

He chose Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi as captaingeneral of the expedition, and a friar of the Order of St. Augustine, Andres de Urdaneta, as spiritual direcWith the latter were six friars of the same order, the first to enter the Philippine Islands. Legaspi and Urdaneta had both lived in Mexico for some time and were close friends. Both were men of integrity and ability and the Philippines feel the impress of their work to this day.

It should be remembered that the first expedition for the occupation of the Philippines sailed from North America. It sailed away from Natividad, Mexico, No

vember 21, 1564. The four hundred men who went with Legaspi and Urdaneta had no other purpose than to spend their lives in the Philippines in the interest of the crown of Spain or of the Church.

Legaspi conquered Cebu, and, by firmness tempered with great kindness, convinced the islanders that he could rule, and that he meant to rule justly. Portugal now gave him much trouble. Pope Alexander VI had made an absurd attempt to divide the earth between the rival powers, Spain and Portugal, by fixing upon the meridian on which the Cape Verde Islands are situated as the boundary-line. All non-Christian lands east of that meridian should be exploited commercially and religiously by Portugal, and all similar countries west of that meridian were to be ruled and exploited by Spain. By this division the Philippines fell into Portuguese territory. But Spain had discovered them, and Legaspi had no intention of permitting this right of discovery and prior occupation to be set aside by any papal order. He fought off the fleet sent by Portugal to attack him in Cebu, and did it with such vigor that the attempt was abandoned.

Legaspi wisely left native chiefs in power, letting them continue to rule in the name of the King of Spain. In 1571 he removed the capital of the new government to "Maynila," a city on the island of Luzon, which his nephew, Juan Salcedo, had captured from its Mohammedan ruler.*

*From an ancient document the following account of the capture of Manila has been taken:

"In the island, called by the natives 'Luzon the Greater,' in a town and river of the same called Manila, on the sixth of June in the year 1570, the Hon. Martin de Goiti, His Majesty's Master of Camp in these Western Islands, declared before me, Hernando