tution similar to that at Tuskegee, Alabama. Emphasis was to be laid on agricultural and manual-training. A roomy building was erected, and the institution opened its doors. Success in securing pupils and in carrying forward the work of an ordinary school has been the lot of this institution from the first day. But to secure pupils who were willing to learn to work in the dirt, or push the plane or wield the hammer, has been difficult. Whether such pupils will be found in sufficient numbers to make the institution fully answer the ends for which Dr. Silliman gave the money, is not yet apparent. Filipinos of the better classes have a truly Spanish idea of the menial character of manual labor. In fact, it is more Moorish than Spanish, and, like so many features of Spanish architecture, language, and national spirit, is Spanish because of the long contact of the Spaniard with the Moor. Dr. Silliman was right in his estimate of the need of the Filipino people. They need to be taught the true dignity of all honest toil; but the tuition is not welcome, and the institution will have much difficulty in securing pupils to take such courses as contemplate a life of toil. The school will exert a good influence as a school, and is worth maintaining even if its manual-training features do not succeed at once. The difficulty with its maintenance, as that difficulty is felt by the mission, is that it absorbs the time and energies of so large a proportion of the staff, while urgent calls for evangelistic work come from all parts of the surrounding country.

Rev. Leonard P. Davidson died of appendicitis in August of 1901, after a brief illness. He was the first of the missionary staff of any Church, and so far the only one, to lay down his life in the work. He was one of the most devoted men I ever knew. His love for the Filipino people was deep and constant. His was a rare nature, and his

death was a severe blow to the mission of which he was a member.

The present staff of the Presbyterian Mission is, Revs. James B. Rodgers, J. Andrew Hall, Walter O. McIntyre, H. W. Langheim, J. E. Snook, Lewis B. Hillis, A. A. Peters, Paul Doltz, F. J. Pursell, George W. Wright, Charles E. Rath, Roy H. Brown, Fred Jansen, and Dr. Stealy B. Rossiter. Mr. Hillis is serving as pastor of the English-speaking Church in Manila, and will probably work with Dr. Rossiter when the latter arrives to assume that pastorate. The total membership of the Presbyterian Church is about one thousand.

The first Baptist missionary was Rev. Eric Lund. He arrived at Jaro, on the island of Panay, with Mr. Braulio Manikin, a native Filipino, who had been educated for the priesthood at the Roman Catholic school at that place, on May 2, 1900. Mr. Lund came from Spain to the Philippines. Mr. Manikin had worked with him in Spain, and together they had made considerable progress in translating the New Testament and preparing tract literature in the Visayan language. Five tracts of editions of five thousand each were soon run off from a small handpress which they set up in Jaro, and when they were distributed produced a deep impression. A small newspaper, called the Herald of Truth, was soon put out, and met with a hearty welcome. Mr. Lund was soon joined by Rev. C. W. Briggs, and since that time their evangelistic work has gone forward with great rapidity.

Their field was deliberately chosen, and is adhered to without thought of spreading to other islands. They work in the Visayan language only, and in the two islands of Panay and Negros. The chief cities occupied so far are Jaro, Capiz, and Bacolod, the capital of Occidental (Western) Negros. Practically a million people are within their

field, and with their somewhat limited staff they feel that this number is all that they dare undertake to evangelize. The latest statistics of this Church are as follows: Central Stations, 3; Out Stations, 13; Members, 564; Dispensary, 1, Missionaries (counting wives and single ladies), 14; Churches organized, 5; Medical Mission Station, I.

The staff of the Baptist Mission is Rev. C. W. Briggs, Rev. George E. Finlay, Dr. Peter Lerrigo, Rev. J. C. Robbins, and Rev. A. A. Forshe.

CHAPTER XXVII.

EPISCOPALIAN AND OTHER CHURCHES.

THE Protestant Episcopal Church has occupied the Philippine Islands in strength. The work of this Church began through the efforts of army chaplains who were Episcopalians. Chaplains Charles C. Pierce, David L. Fleming, Walter Marvine, and Henry Swift, in the early days of 1898 and 1899, and Chaplain Walkely at a later stage, did all in their power to establish the Episcopal Church among both Filipinos and Americans. Chaplains Pierce and Walkely served as regular pastors in Manila while on duty with their regiments, and performed as much labor in the pulpit and in pastoral visitation as the average pastor of any Church finds time to do.

However, it is scarcely correct to say that the history of a Church in the Philippines can be dated from the gratuitous services of men who were not sent to do that specific work, but who were sent and supported to do another and a wholly unsectarian work. It is only right and fair in summing up the beginnings of Church life in the Archipelago to date the formal inauguration of the several Churches from the arrival of regularly accredited agents of the various Mission Boards of such Churches. This does not minify in any degree the excellent work of army chaplains. But it does make clear the definite beginnings of those Church activities which were avowedly directed and supported by the home organization. In fact, it may as well be said that it will always be a question how far

the avowed denominational activities of army chaplains can be allowed to go in strict justice while they are supported from public funds, and have assigned to them tasks, which, if properly done, will not leave time for assuming pastorates of Churches and directing the formation of Church policies in such fields as the army may occupy.

Rev. James L. Smiley was sent to the Philippines by the Brotherhood of St. Andrew in 1899, and afterward accepted appointment as the first representative of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Episcopal Church. Ill-health subsequently demanded his return to the United States. In November, 1901, Rev. Walter C. Clapp and Rev. John A. Staunton, Jr., arrived in Manila, and took charge of the work of the Church on behalf of the Board of Missions. On October 5, 1901, the General Convention of the Church, sitting in San Francisco, erected the Philippine Islands into a Missionary District (contradistinguished from a Diocese), and on the 14th of the same month elected the Rev. Charles Henry Brent, D. D., rector of the St. Stephen's Church, Boston, as the first bishop. Dr. Brent was consecrated in Emmanuel Church, Boston, December 19, 1901, and until the middle of the following May devoted himself to the task of securing funds, in addition to the appropriations from the Board of Managers, for the prosecution of the work committed to him. He succeeded in raising about $150,000. One gift of $100,000 was for a cathedral to be erected in Manila. Another, for $25,000, was for a parish house. The bishop arrived in Manila August 24, 1902. Within the next few weeks he was joined by the Rev. Irving Spencer and wife, Miss Harriet B. Osgood, kindergartner, and Miss Margaret P. Waterman, parish visitor. Other additions to the staff to date include Miss Beatrice Oakes, Miss Clara Thacher, and Miss Jane S. Jackson,