coveries of slate, borax, plumbago, granite, coral rocks, sandstone, and limestone. There are deposits of gypsum on a small island opposite the village of Culasi in Western Panay, and also Mindoro. Large beds of good marble are found both in Luzon and Romblon. Mines of natural paint, probably red lead, are found in Mindoro. Petroleum occurs in several islands, one of the best districts being in Western Cebu, near Toledo, where free-flowing wells have been opened. Once American industry and enterprise obtain a foothold in the Philippines, and enough discoveries are made to stimulate more active search, it seems reasonably certain that valuable mineral wealth will be found in commercial quantities. No view of the Archipelago would be complete which failed to emphasize the great beauty of the scenery. A trip in the interior, or a voyage among the islands reminds one of Tennyson's description of the spot on which Enoch Arden spent the long years of his banishment. Here one sees, "The mountains wooded to the peak; the lawns The luster of the long convolvuluses, The myriad shriek of wheeling ocean-fowl, The sunrise broken into scarlet shafts CHAPTER II. WHO ARE THE FILIPINOS? Ir is a fundamental mistake to think of the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands as one people. They are as far from being one people as the inhabitants of Europe, India, or South America. Nearly all the blunders of our critics, and many of the failures of our legislators, arise from this misunderstanding. We must know who are meant by "the people of the Philippines," if either legislator, administrator, or missionary is to proceed with wisdom. Two main divisions emerge at the very outset of our investigations. These are the non-Christian tribes on the one hand and the Christianized Filipino on the other. With some modification, these two chief divisions of the Filipino total might be called Aboriginal and Invader, though neither term would wholly stand off from the other. But, with some exception, it is true that the nonChristian peoples were here first, and the Christianized inhabitants are descendants of invaders, who have driven the aborigines into the mountains and forests. Both of these classes again subdivide on ethnological and linguistic lines of cleavage, until, instead of a homogeneous people speaking one tongue, as in Japan, we have heterogeneity raised to its highest power,-sixty-nine sorts of people, speaking thirty-four languages, and nearly a dozen dialects in addition. And the ethnologist assures us that his science has not spoken her last word as to how many fractions of the whole people may yet be found, While it is true that the term "Filipinos" usually signifies the so-called Christianized descendants of early Malay invaders, and that it is with these people that the government and the missionary are chiefly concerned, yet the lesser fractions of the whole population are full of interest. Proceeding in chronological, rather than numerical order, the first of these non-Christian bodies that demand attention is the dwarf Negro, called in Spanish, Negrito, (Něg-réé-to). There are about thirty thousand of these little people in the Islands. They are scattered quite widely, being most numerous on the island of Luzon. The Negrito has the crispy hair, wide nose, thick lips, and long heel of the African Negro, but never attains a stature of five feet. His head differs markedly from that of the pure Negro, being almost exactly round. He is a savage pure and simple. He builds no house. If his sleeping place by the root of some huge tree or on the lee side of a log is approached by any human being, he scurries away like a rabbit. It is seldom that the most wary traveler can find a group of families together. They plant a little mountain rice here and there, but depend mostly on such game as they can get with their bows and arrows, with which they are quite skillful. They are particularly fond of monkey-meat, and the poor simian who is surrounded by a half dozen Negritos with their wicked little bows and lithe arrows, has small chance of escape. Here and there traces of Negrito blood can be found among regular Filipinos-kinky hair and a width of nose never found among the Malay natives; but in the main the tiny black man of the deep forests has kept to himself and to his kind. Ethnological investigation carried on here for three years by the bureau of which Dr. David P. Barrows has been superintendent, identifies the Negrito as the true aboriginal inhabitant. He is probably related to the pure Negro of Melanesia, being dwarfed by long centuries of forest life, with its exposure and poor fare. A timid tribe of savages they have so far successfully resisted such rude attempts to civilize or Christianize them as Spain and her friar agents knew how to make. It is to be feared that they will perish from among the inhabitants of the Philippines in obedience to the law which exacts obedience and labor from all who would continue to live on the face of the earth. The Igorrotes (Ig-or-rōtes) are a more formidable race of savages. They are as decidedly a mountain people as the Negritos are forest dwellers. The Igorrote is found. in the lofty Cordillera that runs northward through the body of Luzon. There are several tribes, each having its own habits, customs, and dialect. They are of medium stature, with strong marks of Malay blood in their forms and features. Ethnologists are inclined to regard them as aboriginal Malays, strongly mixed with Chinese blood. Later chapters will show that Spain drove many Chinese to take refuge in the mountains of Northern Luzon, and it is known that they lived among the Igorrotes. The Igorrote is sturdily independent. Three Spanish governor-generals tried to add to their military laurels by conquering them, and defeat attended each attempt. Friars have exhausted every effort to reach the Igorrote, but entirely in vain. He still lives and hunts, and takes the heads of his enemies in the tribal race-feuds, exactly as he did when Spanish occupation began. He is usually a peaceable savage so far as outsiders. are concerned. Only when they mix in his quarrels do the Igorrotes trouble other races. He is trusted entirely |