and he states that after careful inspection of the work of each one, after approximately six months of activity, he believes that no significant mistake was made in any individual appointment.

The division has carefully considered and approved a report of the committee for research on sex problems, outlining the work accomplished during the past year and proposing a plan for the work in the future. (See reference to this committee earlier in this report.) The division's committee on abstracting current medical literature is recommending that all editors of medical journals in this country be requested to ask or require that an author's abstract of each article be sent with the article. This is in line with the important movement now being forwarded by other divisions of the council toward the development of an abstracting system in connection with scientific publication in this country.

The committee on investigation of deaths from tuberculosis in Colorado has presented a report which meets the warm approval of the division. This committee has undoubtedly made an important contribution to the epidemiology of tuberculosis and particularly to the knowledge of the beneficial effect of climate in reducing the mortality from this disease. This extensive work has been carried out expeditiously and economically on the basis of a grant of $1,000 from the Research Council.

DIVISION OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.

The Research Council's division of biology and agriculture has been much gratified by the recent successful outcome of negotiations with the Rockefeller Foundation which have resulted in the gift by the foundation of $325,000 for the establishment and maintenance during the five-year period July 1, 1923-June 30, 1928, of a series of research fellowships in the biological sciences, including anthropology and psychology. This board has already been organized and has so far appointed nine fellows.

In addition the division has at its disposal nine special research fellowships for the scientific study of the uses of sulphur in agriculture which are supported by certain industrial sulphur companies, and a single special research fellowship for the support of the work of Doctor Just, of Howard University, the funds for which are provided by Mr. Julius Rosenwald, of Chicago.

The successful consummation of the division's plan for a federation of major national biological societies under the name of the Union of American Biological Societies is referred to earlier in this report. This has been one of the most important achievements of the year by the division.

The division's committee on the relations of insects to flowers carried on planned field work in Colorado last summer, the results of which

have been published in a number of papers. This work was accomplished by the cooperation and support of the Research Council, the American Museum of Natural History, Cornell University, and the University of Colorado. The committee on food and nutrition has carried forward and arranged for publication the work on protein metabolism in animal feeding begun under the leadership of the late Dr. H. P. Armsby. The results of investigations in the field of human foods, carried on with the aid of a grant from the National Glass Containers' Association, have been prepared for publication. Of the special funds available to the committee on food and nutrition $2,000 have been assigned to work on the relation of fertility to nutrition, to be carried on under the direction of Dr. H. N. Evans, of the University of California. The American Dairy Science Association and the American Society of Animal Production, which have heretofore maintained committees on cooperation with the division, have recently been given regular membership representation on the division. A conference of workers in cattle breeding was held under the auspices of the division in the Research Council offices on April 27 and 28, 1923.

The work of the committee on atmosphere and man has made arrangements with the National Industrial Conference Board for the carrying on of an extensive experimentation on the relation of atmosphere in factories to the efficiency of workers. The expense of the investigation will be provided by the National Industrial Conference Board. Special progress has been made in the committee's work on the relation of weather to influenza.

As a culmination of the activity of the American phytopathologists over a rather long period and after a final conference in December, 1922, a project for the establishment of a scientific institute, to be known as the American Tropical Research Institute, was presented to the division and approved by it. The Research Council has provided a small sum for an organizing meeting of a committee on phytopathology in the Tropics and their advisers to formulate definitely the plans for the institute. Assurances of financial support have been received from commercial companies interested in tropical agriculture.

DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

The Research Council's division of anthropology and psychology actively cooperated with the division of biology and agriculture and with the secretary's office in the negotiations concerned with the establishment of the research fellowships in the biological sciences, which are interpreted to include both anthropology and psychology, and which have been referred to earlier in this report.

The Research Council's important committee on scientific problems of human migrations, also earlier referred to in this report, had its origin in the division of anthropology and psychology and the division has given much attention to its program of work. An important conference on the subject of this committee's interest was held in the Research Council rooms on November 18, 1922, which was attended by a distinguished group of men representing the fields of biology, psychology, medicine, public health, sociology, and economics.

The division's important committee on vestibular research has been one of the Research Council's most active committees and the results of its work have already been of high scientific value. It reports the preparation of an extensive comparative study of vestibular functions and the publication of experimental investigations on "Threshholds of Rotation," and the "Adequacy of Reflex Compensatory Eye Movements," and also "An Historical Survey of Vestibular Equilibration." The committee further reports the successful operation of the first clinical instrument for photographing the reflex vestibular deviations of the eyes of patients during rotation.

The committee on State archaeological surveys has prepared a brief manual to be used in connection with its work of interesting States in local archaeological surveys. The committee on psychological abstracts reports progress in its negotiations for the ultimate control by the American Psychological Association of an abstract journal which was initiated by the Psychological Review Co.

The committee on personnel research in business and industry has cooperated in supporting the program of research on motivation in industry by Prof. Elton B. Mayo, of Adelaide University, Australia, who has been in this country during the past year. The committee has also cooperated with the Institute for Government Research in securing the services of Dr. L. L. Thurstone for the newly founded Bureau of Public Personnel Administration. This committee also aided materially in arranging for the successful conference on vocational guidance, referred to earlier in this report.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES OF DECEASED MEMBERS OF NATIONAL

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

EDWARD EMERSON BARNARD.

Our profound sorrow at Barnard's death is relieved by thoughts of the rich legacy of memories which he left us. He was an example of the possibilities which America offers to its youth. Nowhere else in the world could a boy rise from such restricted and difficult conditions to such a complete and abundant manhood, honored equally for friendly character and high scientific attainments. In attempting to sketch his life, one is embarrassed by the multitude of things which should be told to give anything like a complete idea of the man and his work.

Barnard's life falls naturally into three periods: His youth, education, and the beginnings of his scientific career in Nashville, Tenn.; his rich contributions to astronomy from the Lick Observatory from 1888 to 1895; his life and work at Yerkes from 1896 to his death.

The story of his early life is most romantic, though some features of his early youth during the war were so sad that he could not be persuaded to repeat them. Born after the death of his father, the family endured such poverty that they gladly rescued Army hardtack found floating down the river. Yet in these hard circumstances he learned to be reliable, and his mother found work for him in the photograph gallery of Van Stavoren, because they could depend on him to keep the solar camera, used in making direct enlargements, on the roof pointed toward the sun, while other boys would fall asleep at the task. At the early age of 9 he took this job, and soon began his astronomical observations by marking on the roof the position of the shadow of the chimney when the clock in the neighboring tower struck 12. But the shadow did not return to the same place at later noons, and so the equation of time was independently discovered. No wonder that he was later called by Sir Robert Ball the foremost observational astronomer in the world.

Barnard's kindly nature once led him to lend $2 of his hard-earned money to a boy friend, who could not repay the money but gave him instead a copy of Dick's Christian Philosopher, which uses astronomy as one of the sciences illustrating the relation of nature to religion. This delicious old book turned the attention of the boy to the heavens, and thus his life work was determined beyond recall. A lens found on the street was put in a paper tube and made his first spyglass; then a better lens and a brass tube began to reveal the universe to the eager youth. What ecstasy that meant can be appreciated only by those who have traveled the same road.

Meanwhile the boy was becoming proficient in photography, a fact of greatest importance in directing his future work. He was also making friends, some of whom could aid in his untiring efforts to acquire knowledge. J. W. Braid in his spare time was grinding lenses in the gallery, and, best of all, P. R. Calvert came from England and became associated with them in 1875. In 1877 the American Association met in Nashville and Barnard sought advice from the famous astronomer, Simon Newcomb, who told him that he could never advance in astronomy without much more mathematics than he knew. Cold comfort to a boy who had had only two months' schooling in his life. But he accepted the challenge.

Barnard's first ride on a railroad took him to Pittsburgh in search of John A. Brashear's home. Barnard was too timid to knock at the door, and paced back and forth till he was weary before he dared to make himself and his errand known. Needless to say he had a hearty reception, and the friendship there begun between such congenial souls was enduring, and so intimate that they were Johnnie and Eddie to each other.

Barnard acquired a 5-inch telescope in 1877 and began observing the planet Jupiter, which was destined in after years to add so much to his fame. In January, 1881, he was married to Miss Rhoda Calvert, sister of the Calvert brothers who later managed the photograph gallery. He began that year to make systematic search for comets. His first discovery was made on the morning of May 12, 1881, finding "a very faint comet in the field with the star a Pegasi. No motion was detected between 3 and 4 a. m. The following morning it had disappeared from the place, but was found again as daylight was whitening the sky, very closely north following a Pegasi, and only visible when the bright star was hidden by the ring micrometer. No doubt now remaining that it was a comet, Barnard telegraphed to Swift (at Rochester, N. Y.), but neither he nor the discoverer could find it on the morning of the 14th or afterwards. Careful search was made at Boston, Cambridge, Clinton, and in other places, but without success." In after years Barnard's reputation would have placed this comet on the list without question, but coming from a young and unknown observer, it was not fully accepted, and it does not appear as his first comet. However, on September 17 of the same year he found that comet known as 1881 VI, and September 13 of the next year comet 1882 III.

Bishop McTyeire and Chancellor Garland, of Vanderbilt University recognized in Barnard a coming genius and became his life-long friends. In 1883 the latter invited him to take charge of the university observatory, with its 6-inch telescope, and at the same time to take special courses in mathematics, the sciences, and language. During his connection with the university, from 1883 to 1887, he