Years' war, see Molinier, Les Sources de l'Histoire de France (No. 30a), vol. iv. ; and Pirenne, Bibliographie de l'Histoire de Belgique (No. 32). Molinier (vol. iii. nos. 2931, 2938, 2940, 2956) also points to various documents concerning the French wars of Edward r.

2138. An account of the army with which Richard II. invaded Scotland in 1385, ed. N. H. Nicolas. Soc. of Antiq. of London, Archæologia, xxii. 13-19. London, 1829.

2139. *Bayeux tapestry (The) delineated. By C. A. Stothard. Soc. of Antiq. of London, Vetusta Monumenta, vol. vi. plates 1-17 (coloured). London, [1819-23].-The Bayeux tapestry reproduced in autotype, with historic notes. By F. R. Fowke. Arundel Soc. London, 1875; abridged editions, 1898, 1913. 79 plates. [Valuable.]-La tapisserie de Bayeux: 79 planches phototypographiques, avec un texte historique [based on Fowke's work]. By Jules Comte. Paris, 1878.

This tapestry is a strip of linen (formerly preserved in the cathedral of Bayeux, in Normandy, and now in the town museum of that city), in which is worked, in coloured wools, a series of events immediately preceding the death of Edward the Confessor and ending with the invasion of England and the battle of Hastings. It is about 20 inches wide and 230 feet long, and is divided into seventy-two compartments or scenes. The best authorities believe that it is a contemporary work made in Normandy by order of Bishop Odo for his newly-built cathedral of Bayeux, and that it is not the handiwork of Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror. Albert Marignan (La Tapisserie de Bayeux, Paris, 1902) holds that the story illustrated is based on the account of the Norman Conquest preserved by Wace in the Roman de Rou, circa 1170, and that the tapestry was designed between then and 1180: but his view is rejected by Gaston Paris, in Romania, 1902, pp. 404-19; by Maurice Lanore, in Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes, 1903, lxiv. 83-93, who believes that it was designed 1080-95; and by J. H. Round, in the Monthly Review, 1904, xvii. 109-26. The tapestry is valuable for the study of the events with which it deals. For the literature of the subject, see the bibliography in Fowke's book, 1875, pp. 97-102. Besides the works already mentioned, the principal accounts of the history of the tapestry are :—

J. C. Bruce, The Bayeux tapestry elucidated, London, 1856. (Valuable.) -Edélestand Du Méril, De la tapisserie de Bayeux, in his Etudes sur quelques Points d'Archéologie, 384-426, Paris, etc., 1862.-E. A. Freeman, Norman conquest, vol. iii. app. A., Oxford, 1869.-J. R. Planché, On the Bayeux tapestry, British Archæol. Assoc., Journal, 1867, xxiii. 134-56.C. A. Stothard, Observations on the Bayeux tapestry, Soc. of Antiq. of London, Archæologia, 1821, xix. 184-91. See also two essays by Thomas Amyot, ibid., xix. 88-95, 192-208.

2140. Compte (Le) de l'armée anglaise au siège d'Orléans, 1428-29, ed. Louis Jarry. Orleans, 1892.

The 'compte,' pp. 87-204, is a contemporary document which enumerates the English captains, their troops, pay, etc. It is preceded by an account of the organisation of the English army.

2141. Crecy and Calais [1346-47], from the public records, ed. George Wrottesley. Wm. Salt Archæol. Soc., Collections, vol. xviii. pt. ii. London, 1897.

Contains translations of extracts from the following records :French rolls, 19-21 Edw. III.,

58-136.

Memoranda rolls, 21-35 Edw. III., 136-90.

Accounts of the treasurer of the

royal household, 18-23 Edw. III.,

191-219.

Norman roll, 20 Edw. III., 219–59.
Calais roll, 21 Edw. III., 260-79.

2142. Diary of the expedition of Edward I. into Scotland, 1296, ed. P. F. Tytler. Bannatyne Club, Bannatyne Miscellany, i. 265-82. Edinburgh, 1827.

Contains the French text, which seems to be contemporary with the date of the expedition, and a sixteenth-century translation. This translation was also edited by N. H. Nicolas: A Narrative of the Progress of Edward I. in his Invasion of Scotland in 1296, in Archæologia, 1827, xxi. 478-98.

2143. Excerpta historica [ed. Samuel Bentley]. London, 1831.

Contains the ordinances made for the army by Henry V., in 1419, and by John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, temp. Hen. VI. (taken from a MS. in the College of Arms), pp. 28-43. The ordinances of 1419 are also printed in the Black Book of the Admiralty (No. 2145), i. 459–72. Bentley devotes several pages to a description of the standards borne in the reign of Henry VIII., with a few of earlier date.

2144. Military service performed by Staffordshire tenants [1230-1392], ed. George Wrottesley. Wm. Salt Archæol. Soc., Collections, viii. 1-122, xiv. 221-64. London, [1888-94]. Translations of extracts taken mainly from the Scottish and French

rolls.

2145. *Monumenta juridica: the black book of the admiralty [with a translation and an elaborate appendix], ed. Sir Travers Twiss. Rolls Series. 4 vols. London, 1871-76.

Vol. i. contains the Black Book, pp. 1-344; documents connected with the admiralty of Sir Thomas Beaufort, 9 Hen. IV.-4 Hen. VI., PP. 347-94;

ordinances of war made in 1385 and 1419, pp. 453-72.

Vols. ii.-iv. contain

the Domesday of Ipswich, the Coutumes d'Oleron, the Spanish Customs of the Sea, the maritime laws of Gotland, Wisby, Flanders, etc.

The Black Book of the Admiralty is a collection of laws, in French and Latin, relating to the navy, the original MS. of which is preserved in the admiralty archives at Whitehall. Selden calls it the jewel of the admiralty records.' The earlier part seems to have been compiled in Henry VI.'s reign; but it includes some documents of the time of Edward III., together with certain ordinances which purport to have been made in the 12th and 13th centuries. For the Rolls of Oleron, see also No. 2391c.

2146. Muster roll for the rape of Hastings, 13 Edward III. Collectanea Topog. et Genealogica (No. 820), vii. 118-28. London, 1841.

2147. Muster roll of cavalry, temp. Edw. III., ed. Henry Appleton. Yorkshire Archæol. Soc., Journal, xiv. 239-41. London, 1898.

Translation only.

2147a. Nomina et insignia nobilium equitumque sub Edoardo I. militantium; accedunt Classes exercitus Edoardi III. Caletem obsidentis, ed. E. R. Mores. Oxford, 1749.

The second document gives the number of men besieging Calais in 1347. Cf. A Roll of Edward III.'s Fleet before Calais, ed. John Topham, in Archæologia, 1782, vi. 213–15; also printed, with another document concerning Edward III.'s forces at Calais, in Champollion-Figeac's collection of letters (No. 2120), ii. 82-92.

2148. Ordinance for charges of the castles [of] north Wales, 2 Edward III. and 5, 6 Henry IV. Cambrian Archæol. Assoc., Archæologia Cambrensis, 3rd series, viii. 123-9. London, 1862.

A document giving the number of men for each castle, with their pay.

2149. *Parliamentary writs and writs of military summons [Edw. 1.-Edw. II.], ed. Francis Palgrave. Record Com. 2 vols. in 4. London, 1827-34.

Contains writs of summons, commissions of array, and other documents relating to military levies; of great value for the history of the army. See especially i. 193-380, ii. div. ii. 367-763. Many of these records relate to scutage; and among the documents printed are three marshalsea rolls, 5 and 10 Edw. I., i. 197-213, 228-43.

2150. Proceedings of his majesty's commissioners on the public records, 1832-33, ed. C. P. Cooper. London, 1833.

Liber Roberti Hayroun contrarotulatoris Walteri de Amondesham de denariis regis receptis pro expensis exercitus regis in partibus Scotia faciendis [26 Edw. I., 1297], 506-36.

2151. Scotland in 1298: documents relating to the campaign of Edward I. in that year, ed. Henry Gough. London, etc., 1888. Contains two rolls of the horses belonging to the royal household, and numerous extracts from patent and close rolls, etc. Valuable.

2152. The siege of Caerlaverock, 1300, with the arms of the earls, barons, and knights who were present; with a translation, a history of the castle, etc., ed. N. H. Nicolas. London, 1828.A better edition, by Thomas Wright: The roll of arms of the princes, barons, and knights who attended Edward I. at the siege of Caerlaverock; with a translation. London, 1864.

An interesting French poem, giving a catalogue of Edward I.'s followers, with a description of their coat-armour and persons, and an account of the siege.

55. FEUDAL TENURES: INQUESTS POST
MORTEM, ETC.

a. General, Nos. 2153-61.

b. Particular Counties, Nos. 2162-92.

The public records relating primarily to feudal tenures are:1. Inquisitions post mortem, Henry III.-Charles II. (Nos. 2153-6, 2162, etc.). These were held on the death of any of the king's tenants-in-chief, to enable him to exercise his rights of relief, wardship, and escheat. The jury, assembled by the escheator of the county, declared what lands the tenant had at the time of his death, what their annual value was, by what rents or services they were held, who was the next heir, and how old he then was. If he was of age, he paid a feudal relief to the crown; if he was a minor, the king would have the wardship of the estate; if there was no heir the estate would escheat to the crown. Although the regular series of these records does not begin till early in Henry III.'s reign, similar information regarding

reliefs, wardships, and the like is afforded by certain rolls of the year 1185 (No. 2159). The inquests post mortem are the favourite hunting-grounds of genealogists; they are also of great value for the study of manorial history, for they often include minute 'extents,' or surveys, of manors, which give details regarding the tenants on an estate, their services and holdings. Filed with these documents are many inquisitions ad quod damnum (Nos. 2094, 2105); but from 1 Edward II. to 39 Henry VI. the latter form a separate series. Lists of abstracts of inquests post mortem preserved in public libraries will be found in Richard Sims's Manual for the Genealogist, 1856, pp. 125-8. For the escheators' accounts, which give many details regarding feudal property, see Deputy Keeper's Reports, 1840, i. 139–42.

2. Hundred rolls (No. 2160). They contain inquisitions by a jury of each hundred concerning infringements of the king's rights, encroachments on the royal demesne, and oppressive measures of the sheriffs and other local officers of the crown. During the disorders of Henry III.'s reign the magnates and sheriffs had been guilty of many usurpations and exactions. In 1274 and again in 1279 Edward I. appointed commissioners who visited the various counties to secure data regarding the nature of these abuses. The jury for each hundred gave information concerning the owners and occupiers of lands, the extent and tenures of their estates, the services rendered by under-tenants, the feudal profits of the king which had been wrongfully withheld, manorial courts and privileges, exactions of the nobility and royal officers, and many other matters. The verdicts or reports of the juries throw much light upon feudal tenures and manorial institutions. In 39 Henry III. and after 8 Edward I. similar inquisitions were held before the itinerant justices, and are entered on the eyre rolls.

3. Testa de Nevill, or Liber Feodorum (No. 2161), a register compiled from inquisitions, many of the originals of which still exist in the Public Record Office. It contains an account of knights' fees, serjeanties, widows and heiresses whose marriages were in the gift of the king with the value of their lands, churches in the gift of the king, escheats, and the amount of scutage and aid paid by each tenant. This record enabled the exchequer officials to determine from whom aids, scutages, and other feudal profits might be demanded by the crown. 'Testa' seems to refer to the record chest in which the register was preserved; but it is uncertain whether the title is derived from Ralph de Nevill,