Schriftwesen; the best manual in English is Thompson's; for practical purposes the most useful handbook is Prou's. There are convenient summaries of palæography and diplomatics in Meister's Grundriss (No. 11a.) A good introduction to the study of these subjects is Poole's essay on the Teaching of Palæography and Diplomatic, in Essays on the Teaching of History (No. 5). New light has been thrown upon the history of writing, especially in the early Middle Ages, by the studies of Traube, collected in his Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen, vols. i.-ii., Munich, 1909-11. For the abbreviated forms of Latin words, and the signs of contraction, the works of Cappelli, Chassant, Martin, and Walther are particularly useful; see also the lists of contracted words in T. D. Hardy's Registrum Dunelmense (Rolls Series, 1878), vol. iv., and the Pipe Roll Society's Introduction to the Study of the Pipe Rolls, 1884. The best treatises on diplomatics are those of Bresslau and Giry. W. H. Stevenson has some interesting remarks concerning the early history of the English chancery in the English Historical Review, 1896, xi. 731-44; he rejects the view of Aronius (No. 1410), Giry, and others, that there was no chancery in the Anglo-Saxon period. On all such matters, reference should now be made to Hall's Studies (No. 233a). Cf. Wolfgang Keller, Angelsächsische Palaeographie, 2 pts. (with 13 plates), Berlin, 1906; and see the atlas accompanying Delisle's Recueil des Actes (No. 2107a).

a. MANUALS AND TREATISES.

See Nos. 1410, 1412, 1416, 1419, 2108.

226. ARNDT, WILHELM. Schrifttafeln zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen. 2 pts. Berlin, 1874-78.-2nd edition: Schrifttafeln zur Erlernung der lateinischen Palaeographie. 2 pts. Berlin, 1887-88.-4th edition, by Michael Tangl, 2 pts., 1904-06; 70 plates.—Pt. iii., by M. Tangl, 1903; 37 plates.

227. ASTLE, THOMAS. The origin and progress of writing. London, 1784; 2nd edition, 1803; reprinted, 1876.

Devotes particular attention to Anglo-Saxon and Irish script. This is the most important of the older palæographical works written in England.

228. *BRESSLAU, HARRY. Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien. Vol. i. Leipsic, 1889; 2nd edition in progress, 1912—.

229. CAPPELLI, ADRIANO. Lexicon abbreviaturarum. Milan, 1899; [new edition], Leipsic, 1901; 2nd edition, revised, Milan, 1912.

230. CHASSANT, ALPHONSE. Dictionnaire des abréviations latines et françaises du moyen âge. Paris, 1846; 5th edition, 1884.-Paléographie des chartes et des manuscrits du xie au xviie siècle. Paris, 1839; 8th edition, 1885.

231. DÉPREZ, EUGÈNE. Etudes de diplomatique anglaise, 1272-1485. [Vol. i.] Paris, 1908.

Deals mainly with documents issued under the privy seal, the secret seal, or one of the various signets.

232. ERBEN, WILHELM, [and others]. Urkundenlehre. Pts. i. and iii. Munich, etc., 1907-11.

233. *GIRY, ARTHUR. Manuel de diplomatique. Paris, 1894. The English chancery, 794-9; a rather meagre account.

233a. *HALL, HUBERT. Studies in English official historical documents. Cambridge, 1908.

Pt. i. History, classification, etc., of archives.
Pt. ii. Diplomatic.

Pt. iii. Palæography.

Supple

Valuable, but sometimes lacking in lucidity and method. mented by his Formula Book of English Historical Documents, pts. i.-ii., Cambridge, 1908-09. See also his paper, The Diplomatics of Welsh Records, Soc. of Cymmrodorion, Trans., 1900-01, pp. 40-52, London, 1902.

234. HICKES, GEORGE. Linguarum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus. 3 vols. Oxford, 1703-05.

See especially his valuable Dissertatio Epistolaris, which is in pt. iii. of the Thesaurus and has a separate title-page (Oxford, 1703).

235. LEIST, FRIEDRICH. Urkundenlehre: Katechismus der Diplomatik, Paläographie, Chronologie, und Sphragistik. Leipsic, 1882; 2nd edition, 1893.

A useful and inexpensive compilation.

236. MABILLON, JEAN. De re diplomatica libri vi. Paris, 1681; supplement, 1704.-2nd edition, 1709; 3rd edition, 2 vols., Naples, 1789.

An epoch-making work; it formulates the critical canons of diplomatic study, most of which are still accepted by the best scholars.

237. MADAN, FALCONER. Books in manuscript: a short introduction to their study and use. London, 1893.

A popular handbook. List of works on illuminations, 178-9.

238. [MADOX, THOMAS.] Formulare Anglicanum: a collection of ancient charters and instruments of divers kinds, from the Norman conquest to the end of the reign of Henry VIII. London, 1702.

Preceded by A Dissertation concerning Ancient Charters and Instruments, pp. i.-xxxiv. The body of the work contains numerous covenants, royal charters, private grants, concords, releases, wills, etc.

239. MARTIN, C. TRICE. The record interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words, and names used in English historical manuscripts and records. London, 1892; 2nd edition, 1910.

A useful manual.

240. PAOLI, CESARE. Programma scolastico di paleografia latina e di diplomatica. 3 pts. Florence, 1883-98; 3rd edition of pt. i., 1901.-Translated by Karl Lohmeyer: Grundriss der lateinischen Palaeographie und der Urkundenlehre. Innsbruck, 1885; 3rd edition of pt. i., 1902.

In many respects the best short manual.

241. POSSE, OTTо. Die Lehre von den Privaturkunden. Leipsic, 1887.

242. PROU, MAURICE. Manuel de paléographie, suivi d'un dictionnaire des abréviations; avec 23 fac-similés. Paris, 1890; 3rd edition, with an album of 24 plates, 1910.

One of the most valuable handbooks. It is supplemented by his Recueil de Fac-similés (Paris, 1892) and Nouveau Recueil de Fac-similés (1896), each of which contains twelve plates, and by his Recueil de Facsimilés du Ve au XVIIe Siècle (1904), which has fifty plates.

243. REUSENS, [E. H. J.] Eléments de paléographie. Louvain, 1891.-Another edition, much enlarged, [1897]-99; 60 plates.

Valuable. Bibliography, 468–79.

243a. STEFFENS, FRANZ. Lateinische Paläographie. Fribourg, 1903-[06]. 105 plates.-Supplement, pts. i.-ii., [Trier, 1907-09]; 47 plates.-2nd edition, Trier, 1909 [1907-09] ;

125 plates. French edition, by Remi Coulon: Paléographie latine. Trèves, etc., 1910 [1908-10]. 125 plates.

See also Steffens's Proben aus Handschriften Lateinischer Schriftsteller [18 facsimile plates], Trier, [1907].

244. THOMPSON, E. M.

palæography.

Handbook of Greek and Latin

London, 1893; 3rd edition, 1906.—[Enlarged

edition] An introduction to

Oxford, 1912. 250 plates.

Greek and Latin palæography.

Valuable; Wattenbach calls it ' das beste Handbuch.'

245. THOYTS, E. E. How to decipher and study old documents. London, 1893; 3rd edition, revised, 1909.

A popular handbook, of little value.

246. WAILLY, NATALIS DE.

2 vols.

Paris, 1838.

An elaborate work.

Eléments de paléographie.

247. WALTHER, J. L. Lexicon diplomaticum, abbreviationes vocum in diplomatibus exponens. 3 pts. Göttingen, 1745-47; another edition, Ulm, 1756.

The fullest dictionary of abbreviations.

248. WATTENBACH, WILHELM. Anleitung zur lateinischen Palaeographie. Leipsic, 1869; 4th edition, 1886.

249. * Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter. Leipsic, 1871; 3rd edition, 1896.

250. WRIGHT, ANDREW. Court-hand restored, or the student's assistant in reading old deeds, charters, etc. London, 1776.-10th edition, by C. Trice Martin, 1912.

b. FACSIMILES.

Many of the preceding works contain facsimiles. See also Hardy, Catalogue of Materials (No. 45), vol. iii., 20 plates; and the Epinal Glossary (No. 1483). Facsimiles of Welsh and Irish MSS. will be found in the Series of Welsh Texts edited by John Rhys and J. G. Evans, Oxford, 1887, etc. (The Text of the Bruts from the Red Book of Hergest, The Text of the Book of Llan Dâv, etc., Nos. 1374, 1728, 2674), notably Facsimile of the Black Book of Carmarthen, 1888 (diplomatic' reproduction

of the same MS., Pwllheli, 1906); and in various other 'books,' like the Book of Leinster, published by the Royal Irish Academy. Most of the following collections are elaborate and expensive. Those published by the English Ordnance Survey (Nos. 256, 258, 260-62) are marred by many inaccuracies. For fuller lists of facsimiles, see Gabriel Meier's Die Fortschritte der Palaeographie mit Hilfe der Photographie, in Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, 1900, xvii. 1-32, 113-30, 191-8, 255-78; [Henri Omont], Listes des Recueils de Facsimilés et des Reproductions de Manuscrits conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale, in Revue des Bibliothèques, 1903, xiii. 111-178 (also, re-arranged alphabetically by authors, in Bulletin de la Société Française de Reproductions de Manuscrits à Peintures, Paris, 1911; 2nd edition, separately printed, 1912); and Poupardin and Prou, Liste des Recueils de Facsimile de Chartes, in Actes du Congrès International pour la Reproduction des Manuscrits, des Monnaies, et des Sceaux (Brussels, 1905), 217-57. There are also valuable facsimiles of some of the chief literary texts; e.g. that of the Ellesmere Chaucer, 2 vols., Manchester University Press, 1911.

251. Album paléographique [ed. Léopold Delisle]. Société de l'Ecole des Chartes. Paris, 1887. 50 plates.

252. ANDERSON, JAMES. Selectus diplomatum et numismatum Scotia thesaurus. Edinburgh, 1739. 180 plates.

253. Appendix to reports from the record commissioners: engraved facsimiles inserted in the works of the record commission. [London], 1819. 86 plates.

See No. 489.

254. CASLEY, DAVID. Catalogue of the MSS. of the king's library [British Museum]. London, 1734. 16 plates.

255. Catalogue of ancient manuscripts in the British Museum [ed. E. M. Thompson and G. F. Warner]. Pt. ii. London, 1884. 61 plates.

255a. CHROUST, ANTON. Monumenta palæographica. Ist series. 3 vols. Munich, 1902 [1899]-06.-2nd series, pts. i.xiii., 1909-13.