Bishop Ultan (d. 657) and were put together in the second half of the seventh century, and the memoirs compiled by Muirchu Maccu-Machtheni toward the end of the seventh century. Both works are in Latin. They are found, with the oldest copy of the Confessio, in the Book of Armagh, a volume written about 807, which contains the most important sources for the life of St. Patrick. This book was edited by John Gwynn of Dublin in 1913; some of the documents in it are printed by Hogan and by Stokes (Nos. 1466, 1470). See J. B. Bury, Tírechán's Memoir of St. Patrick, in English Historical Review, 1902, xvii. 235-67, 700-704; also his Sources of the Early Patrician Documents, ibid., 1904, xix. 493-503, which shows that the works of Tírechán and Muirchu drew on older Patrician literature in Irish; and his Life of St. Patrick (No. 1651a), app. A.

3. Seven later lives, in Colgan's Acta Sanctorum (No. 605), vol. ii. The first life is an Irish hymn, which mentions the principal events in Patrick's career; it is attributed to Fiacc, bishop of Sletty, a disciple of Patrick, but it was probably composed in the eighth century. It is also printed in Haddan and Stubbs's Councils, vol. ii., and in Stokes's Tripartite Life. The second, third, and fourth of Colgan's lives are anonymous, and belong to the ninth, tenth, or eleventh century. The third, which was probably compiled in the second half of the ninth century, is edited by J. B. Bury in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 1903, xxxii. 199-262. The fifth is by Probus, tenth. century; the sixth, by Jocelin of Furness, was compiled between 1183 and 1185 (translated into English by E. L. Swift, Dublin, 1809). All these lives of Patrick, except the first, are in Latin. The last and most important biography in Colgan's collection is a Latin translation of the Irish Tripartite Life, probably of the ninth century.

Stokes's edition of the Tripartite Life (No. 1470) is a valuable repertory of materials regarding the apostle of Ireland. On the Patrician literature, see also Todd, St. Patrick (No. 1657); and Bury, St. Patrick (No. 1651a), app. A. For modern biographies, see Nos. 1651a-7.

1466. Documenta de S. Patricio Hibernorum apostolo ex libro Armachano, ed. Edmund Hogan. 2 pts. Brussels, 1884 [1882]-89.

Pt. i. has a second title-page: Vita S. Patricii auctore Muirchu Mac cumachtheni et Tirechani Collectanea de S. Patricio: Excerptum ex Analectis Bollandianis [No. 608].

1467. FERGUSON, SAMUEL. On the Patrician documents. Royal Irish Academy, Trans., xxvii. 67-134. Dublin, 1885. Contains translations of the Confessio, the Epistola, Fiacc's hymn, etc.

1468. Libri S. Patricii: the Latin writings of St. Patrick [the Confessio and the Epistola]. Edited, with a translation, by N. J. D. White. Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings, xxv. 201-326. Dublin, etc., 1905. [The best edition; seven earlier editions are noted on pp. 233-4.]-The writings of Patrick, the apostle of Ireland: a revised translation, with notes. By C. H. H. Wright. London, [1889].

A translation of his writings will also be found in M. F. Cusack's Life of St. Patrick (No. 1652); in Thomas Olden's Epistles and Hymn of St. Patrick, 3rd edition, London, 1894; and in Healy's St. Patrick (No. 1653a). For a critical account of them, see Bury (No. 1651a), app. A.

1469. Life of St. Patrick, by Muirchu Maccu Machtheni. Translated by Albert Barry. Dublin, 1895, pp. 74; 2nd edition, 1902, pp. 67.

Translation only. See J. B. Bury, The Tradition of Muirchu's Text, in Hermathena, Dublin, etc., 1903 [1902], xii. 172-207; also his Life of St. Patrick (No. 1651a), app. A, 255-63.

1470. *The tripartite life of Patrick, with other documents relating to that saint. Edited, with translations, by Whitley Stokes. Rolls Series. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1887.

Vol. i. contains the Irish Tripartite Life, with a valuable introduction; vol. ii., Patrick's writings, Muirchu's memoirs, Tírechán's notes, Fiacc's hymn, etc. The Tripartite Life is so called from its division into three parts. Stokes believes that it was probably compiled in the 11th century; but Bury (No. 1651a) thinks that it may have taken shape in the latter part of the 9th. See also No. 1652.

Wilfrid (d. 709).

Besides Eddi's work (No. 1471), the only lives of Wilfrid worthy of mention are the metrical Vita Wilfridi by Frithegode of Canterbury, written about the middle of the tenth century and derived mainly from Eddi; and Vita Wilfridi by Eadmer of Canterbury (d. 1124), who used the works of Eddi and Frithegode. These three, together with three later lives of Wilfrid, are printed by Raine, Historians of the Church of York (No. 1441), vol. i. For modern biographies, see Nos. 1659-62.

1471. Vita Wilfridi episcopi Eboracensis auctore Eddio Stephano, ed. Gale, Scriptores XV. (No. 581), 40-90; Giles, Vitæ Saxonum (No. 1443), 198-277.-Best edition, by James Raine, Historians of the Church of York, i. 1-103. Rolls Series. London, 1879.

Written at Ripon soon after 710. Displays much partisan zeal in favour of Wilfrid, but the work is of considerable interest because it was used by Bede and because it is one of the earliest literary productions of England. See B. W. Wells, Eddi's Life of Wilfrid, in English Historical Review, 1891, vi. 535-50. Wells tries to show that Eddi' was not a conscientious historian.'

§ 39. MISCELLANEOUS: POETRY, ETC.

a. Poetry, Nos. 1472-9.

b. Glossaries, Inscriptions, etc., Nos. 1480-89.

A detailed account of early poetry does not fall within the scope of a bibliography of English history, but the poetical literature cannot be entirely ignored. The information regarding institutions and social life gleaned from poems like those of Cynewulf is meagre: see No. 1476. The scene of popular epics like Beowulf, the Battle of Finnsburg, and Waldhere lies in foreign lands, and their material is in large part legendary; therefore they add little to our stock of knowledge regarding Britain, although they help to illustrate some of the social and governmental principles of our Germanic ancestors. Of much greater value are the purely historical poems of the tenth and eleventh centuries, namely, the Battle of Maldon (No. 1473) and the national songs embodied in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Of the latter the Battle of Brunanburh, A.D. 937, is the most important. Other poetical pieces in the Chronicle. relate to the conquest of Mercia, A.D. 942; Edgar's reign, coronation, and death, 959, 973, 975; the death of Edward the Martyr, 979; Alfred the Etheling, 1036; the son of Edmund Ironside, 1057; and the death of Edward the Confessor, 1065.

The best collection of Anglo-Saxon poetry is Grein's (No. 1474). A good account of the various poems, with much bibliographical information, is furnished by R. P. Wülker in his Grundriss zur Geschichte der Angelsächsischen Litteratur, Leipsic, 1885. Later bibliographical information will be found in Jahresbericht über die Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der

U

Germanischen Philologie, herausgegeben von der Gesellschaft für Deutsche Philologie in Berlin, published annually since 1879. See also John Earle, Anglo-Saxon Literature, London, 1884 ; Henry Morley, English Writers, London, 1887-88, vols. i.-ii.; S. A. Brooke, History of Early English Literature, 2 vols., London, 1892; the Cambridge History of English Literature (No. 37a), vol. i.; Alois Brandl, Englische Literatur, in Hermann Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, 2nd edition, ii. pt. i. 941-1134; and Ten Brink (No. 35).

The following lists include only those works which are of special interest to students of history. Metrical biographical poems are in §§ 34, 38d.

a. POETRY.

Anglo-Saxon Poems.

1472. ABEGG, DANIEL. Zur Entwicklung der historischen Dichtung bei den Angelsachsen. Strasburg, 1894.

1473. Battle of Maldon, or Byrhtnoth's death, ed. Benjamin Thorpe, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, new edition, London, 1868, Pp. 131-41; Henry Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 8th edition, Oxford, 1908, pp. 120-30; J. W. Bright, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 3rd edition, New York, 1894, pp. 149–59; W. J. Sedgefield, The battle of Maldon and short poems from the Saxon Chronicle, Boston, etc., 1904, pp. 96 (Anglo-Saxon text only; contains a useful bibliography, pp. 45-50).-Translated by J. M. Garnett, Boston, 1889; and by W. R. Sims, Modern Language Notes, Baltimore, 1892, vii. 275-86.

This fragment of a contemporary Anglo-Saxon epic gives a vivid account of Byrhtnoth's battle with the Danes, A.D. 991. See Unic Zernial, Das Lied von Byrhtnoths Fall, Berlin, 1882, pp. 24; and No. 1529.

1474. Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie, ed. C. W. M. Grein. 4 vols. Göttingen, 1857-64.-New edition, by R. P. Wülker, 3 vols., 4 pts., Cassel, 1883-98.

Vol. i. is of most interest to students of history; it contains Beowulf, Battle of Maldon, Battle of Brunanburh, etc. Beowulf seems to be 'an Anglian or Northumbrian recension of a story founded upon Scandinavian tradition and designed for use or recital at some 8th century royal court': Frederic Seebohm, Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law (No. 1553a), 57. The scene appears to lie chiefly in the Baltic. For the literature relating to Beowulf, see Wülker, Grundriss, 244-307. Recent editions of

Beowulf: by A. J. Wyatt, Cambridge, 1894 (2nd edition, 1898); Alfred Holder, 3 pts., Freiburg, 1895-96; M. Trautmann, Bonn, 1904; F. Holthausen, 2 vols., Heidelberg, etc., [1905]-06 (2nd edition, 1908-09); Moritz Heyne, 9th edition, Paderborn, 1910; W. J. Sedgefield, Manchester, 1910, 1913; Hubert Pierquin, Paris, 1912. Recent translations: by John Earle, Oxford, 1892; J. L. Hall, Boston, 1892; William Morris and A. J. Wyatt, London, 1895 (new editions, 1898, 1900); J. R. C. Hall, London, 1901 (new ed. 1910), 1914; Wentworth Huyshe, London, 1907; F. B. Gummere, The Oldest English Epic, New York, 1909. See also Bernhard ten Brink, Beowulf Untersuchungen, Strasburg, 1888; Karl Müllenhoff, Beowulf Untersuchungen, Berlin, 1889; Thomas Arnold, Notes on Beowulf, London, 1898; Henrik Schück, Studier i Beowulfsagan, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, Upsala, 1909, pp. 50. For lists of editions, translations, etc., see Holthausen's edition of Beowulf, ii. pp. x.-xiv.; the Cambridge History of English Literature (No. 37a), i. 421-2; and Alois Brandl, Englische Literatur, in Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, 2nd edition, ii. pt. i. 1015-24. Some light is thrown on the historical background of the poem by Knut Stjerna's Essays on Questions connected with the Old English Poem of Beowulf, translated and edited by J. R. C. Hall, Coventry, 1912.

1475. HAACK, OTTO. Zeugnisse zur altenglischen Heldensage. [Lingen, 1892.] pp. 58.

1476. KENT, C. W. Teutonic antiquities in Andreas and Elene. Halle, 1887. pp. 64.

Attempts to form from these two poems a picture of the customs and manners of the Anglo-Saxons; some of the topics examined are religious conceptions, governmental and social relations, and war. See also M. B. Price, Teutonic Antiquities in the Generally Acknowledged Cynewulfian Poetry, Leipsic, 1896.

Norse, Welsh, and Irish Poems.

1476a. Circuit (The) of Ireland by Muircheartach MacNeill, prince of Aileach: a poem written in the year 942 by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the north of Ireland [Irish text, with a translation], ed. John O'Donovan. Irish Archæol. Soc., Tracts Dublin, 1841. pp. 68.

relating to Ireland, vol. i. no. 2.

MacNeill made this circuit in 941 for the purpose of exacting hostages from various kings and sub-kings of Ireland.

1477. Corpus poeticum boreale: the poetry of the old northern tongue, to the thirteenth century. Edited and translated by Gudbrand Vigfússon and F. York Powell. 2 vols. Oxford, 1883.

This valuable collection of Norse poetry contains some interesting