1293. SMITH, C. R.

London, 1859.

Illustrations of Roman London.

1293a. WARD, JOHN. Romano-British buildings and earthworks. London, [1911].

1294. WATKIN, W. T. Roman Cheshire: a description of Roman remains. Liverpool, 1886.-Roman Lancashire. Liverpool, 1883.

Both works are valuable.

1295. WELLBELOVED, CHARLES. Eburacum, or York under the Romans. York, etc., 1842.

1296. WRIGHT, THOMAS. Uriconium a historical account of the ancient Roman city and of the excavations made upon its site at Wroxeter. London, etc., 1872.

See also J. C. Anderson, The Roman City of Uriconium at Wroxeter (London, 1867); G. E. Fox, Uriconium, in Archæological Journal, 1897, liv. 123-73.

§ 31. MODERN WRITERS: POLITICAL AND

CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY.

The best of the older authorities are Camden's Britannia and Horsley's Britannia Romana (Nos. 343, 1302); the best recent accounts of the history of this period are in Ramsay's Foundations of England (No. 636), and Oman's England before the Norman Conquest (No. 634a). Some of the books mentioned in §§ 27, 28, especially Nos. 1243, 1247, 1263, 1269, deal with Roman Britain. See also No. 1516; and Palgrave's Commonwealth (No. 1497), vol. i. chs. x.-xi. Hübner (No. 1303) gives the best account of the military and civil government. There is a brief bibliography of Roman Britain in the Cambridge Medieval History (No. 631a), i. 666–7.

The question of the survival and influence of Roman institutions after the fifth century has evoked much discussion. The most elaborate plea in favour of the permanence of Roman influence is presented by Coote (No. 1298); and the same general doctrine is advocated by Wright (No. 420), ch. xvi., Pearson, Finlason, Seebohm, and Scarth (Nos. 635, 658, 1222, 1310). See also Nos. 660, 1007b; and the preliminary note to pt. ii. ch. iii. (p. 226, below).

1297. AIRY, G. B. Essays on the invasion of Britain by Julius Cæsar; the invasion by Plautius, etc. London, 1865. pp.61. See also F. H. Appach, Cæsar's British Expeditions, London, 1868.

1298. COOTE, H. C. The Romans of Britain. London, 1878. This is the expansion of his treatise entitled A Neglected Fact in English History, London, 1864. The author presents learned and ingenious arguments in favour of the continuance of Roman civilisation in England, but he relies too much on general analogies. See Freeman's criticism in Macmillan's Magazine, July, 1870.

1299. ECKERDT, HERMANN. De origine urbium Angliæ. Königsberg, 1859. pp. 31.

Deals mainly with the cities of Roman Britain.

1300. FRENCH, R. V. British Christianity during the Roman occupation. London, 1900. pp. 64.

1301. *HAVERFIELD, F. [J.] Early British Christianity [i.e. Christianity in Roman Britain]. English Hist. Review, xi. 417-30. London, 1896.-The Romanisation of Roman Britain. British Academy, Proceedings, 1905-06, pp. 185-217. London, [1906]. Also printed separately; [1906]; 2nd edition, with index, Oxford, 1912, pp. 70.

See also his Last Days of Silchester, in English Historical Review, 1904, xix. 625-31; his Ancient Rome and Ireland, ibid., 1913, xxviii. 1-12 (contains a list of Roman coins); his chapter on Roman Britain, in the Cambridge Medieval History (No. 631a), i. 367-81; his paper on The Military Aspects of Roman Britain, in Proceedings of the Society of Cymmrodorion, 1908-09, pp. 53-187; his sections on Roman Remains in the Victoria county histories (No. 839); and No. 1282.

1301a. HOLMES, T. R. Ancient Britain and the invasions of Cæsar. Oxford, 1907.

The best book on this subject. A large part of the work is devoted to prehistoric times and ethnology.

*

1302. HORSLEY, JOHN. Britannia Romana, or the Roman antiquities of Britain. London, 1732.

Bk. i. History of Roman Britain,

Roman walls, etc.

Bk. ii. Roman inscriptions and sculptures (76 plates).

Bk. iii. Ptolemy's Geography, Anto- |

nine's Itinerary, Notitia Dignitatum, Anonymus Ravennas, and Peutinger's Table, so far as they relate to Britain, with essays thereon.

*

1303. HÜBNER, EMIL. Das römische Heer in Britannien. Hermes: Zeitschrift für Classische Philologie, xvi. 513-84. Berlin, 1881.

The same subject is considered in his essay entitled Eine Römische Annexion, in Deutsche Rundschau, 1878, xv. 221-52; translated by Thomas Hodgkin, Soc. of Antiq. of Newcastle, Archæologia Æliana, 1886, xi. 82-116. This essay was expanded in Hübner's Römische Herrschaft in Westeuropa (Berlin, 1890), 3-68.

1304. LEWIN, THOMAS. The invasion of Britain by Julius Cæsar. London, 1859; 2nd edition, 1862.

1304a. MANFRIN, P[IETRO]. La dominazione romana nella Gran Bretagna. Vol. i. Rome; [1904].

1305. MERIVALE, CHARLES. History of the Romans under the empire. 7 vols. London, 1850-64; new [4th] edition, 8 vols., 1865.

For Britain, see especially chs. x., li., lxi., lxvi.

1306. MOMMSEN, THEODOR. Römische Geschichte. Vols. i.-iii., v. Berlin, 1854-85; 8th edition of vols. i.-iii., 1888–89; 5th edition of vol. v., 1904.—Vol. v., Die Provinzen von Caesar bis Diocletian, translated by W. P. Dickson: History of Rome; the provinces from Cæsar to Diocletian, 2 vols., London, 1886; 'reprinted with corrections' [by F. J. Haverfield] as The provinces of the Roman empire, 2 vols., London, 1909.

Bk. viii. ch. v. Britain. This chapter is corrected and supplemented by Haverfield in an appendix to his edition of Dickson's translation, ii. 347-54.

1307. NAPOLEON III. Histoire de Jules César. 2 vols. and atlas. Paris, 1865-66.-Translated [by Thomas Wright]: History of Julius Cæsar. 2 vols. and atlas. London, [1865–66]. Bk. iii. chs. vii.-viii. Cæsar's invasions of England.

1308. POGATSCHER, ALOIS. Zur Lautlehre der Lehnworte im Altenglischen. Strasburg, 1888.

He contends that the towns of Britain were thoroughly Romanised, that the language spoken was Latin, and that this language survived in England after the withdrawal of the Romans. He believes that thus many Latin derivatives were early introduced into English.

1309. ROY, WILLIAM. The military antiquities of the Romans in Britain. Soc. of Antiq. of London. London, 1793. 51 large plates.

Valuable.

1310. SCARTH, H. M. Roman Britain. London, etc., [1883]. A good popular account.

1310a. TEUBER, GEORG. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Eroberung Britanniens durch die Römer. Breslau, 1909.

1311. THACKERAY, FRANCIS. Researches into the ecclesiastical and political state of ancient Britain under the emperors. 2 vols. London, 1843.

1312. VINE, F. T. Cæsar in in Kent. Edinburgh, 1886; 2nd edition, London, 1887.

1313. WATKIN, W. T. The Roman forces in Britain. Royal Archæol. Institute of Great Britain, Archæol. Journal, xli. 244-71. London, 1884.

See also B. W. Henderson's paper in English Historical Review, 1903, xviii. 1-23.

226

CHAPTER III

THE EARLY GERMANS

To understand early English history it is necessary to study German institutions as they existed before the Saxons and the Angles invaded England. Whatever concessions may be made to the advocates of the theory of Celtic and Roman survivals in England (see the preliminary notes to §§ 28, 31), a substantial Germanic element will remain at the base of the English constitution. The school of 'Germanists,' or writers who believe in the Teutonic origin of English institutions, includes Stubbs, Freeman, Green, Gneist, Maitland, Pollock, Vinogradoff, and many others.

§ 32. SOURCES: THE GERMANIA OF.
TACITUS, ETC.

The central point of the study of the early Germans is the Germania of Tacitus, which is supplemented by his Annals and Histories, by Cæsar's Commentaries, and by some passages in other classical authors, notably Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, Dion Cassius, and Ammianus Marcellinus. Many of these passages are printed in Müllenhoff's Germania Antiqua (No. 1318), and in Alexander Riese's Das Rheinische Germanien in der Antiken Litteratur, Leipsic, 1892. They are translated in vols. i.-ii. of Die Geschichtschreiber der Deutschen Vorzeit, ed. G. H. Pertz and others, Berlin, 1849-79; 2nd edition, by W. Wattenbach, Leipsic, 1884. There is a good short account of the principal sources in Fustel's Institutions (No. 1330), ii. 226-47.

The best edition of the text of the Germania is Müllenhoff's, and he has also written the best commentary (Nos. 1318, 1340). The most elaborate exposition is Baumstark's (No. 1314); the brief commentaries of Furneaux, Schweizer-Sidler, and Holtzmann (Nos. 1315-16, 1319) are also useful. For descrip