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MARK L. WRIGHT, Regional Director, Region I, Albany, Oreg.

R. B. MAURER, Regional Director, Region II, San Francisco, Calif.

R. W. GEEHAN, Regional Director, Region III, Denver, Colo.

ROBERT 8. SANFORD, Acting Regional Director, Region IV, Bartlesville, Okla.
EARLE P. SHOUB, Regional Director, Region V, Pittsburgh, Pa.

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1960

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C. - Price $4.50 (cloth)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

FOREWORD

THE THREE-VOLUME Minerals Yearbook for 1959 is being issued in this, the 50th anniversary year of the Bureau of Mines. Although the Bureau of Mines was established in 1910, the Minerals Yearbook is much older, having appeared originally in 1867 as "Reports Upon the Mineral Resources of the United States" under the seal of the Department of the Treasury. Over the years, the series has appeared variously as "Mineral Resources West of the Rocky Mountains," as part of the "Annual Report of the Geological Survey," and as "Mineral Resources of the United States." Under the last-named title, the series first appeared under Bureau of Mines authorship. That was in 1927, and the statistical coverage was for the year 1924.

In 1933, the publication assumed its new and present title of "Minerals Yearbook." Beginning with the 1952 edition, the presentation became a three-volume issue to meet the expanded and specialized

needs of the mineral industries and others.

The three-volume issues of the Yearbook follow this pattern:

Volume I includes chapters on metal and nonmetal mineral commodities except mineral fuels. In addition, it includes a chapter reviewing these mineral industries, a statistical summary, chapters on mining and metallurgical technology and employment and injuries, and a new chapter on technologic trends.

Volume II includes chapters on each mineral fuel, an employment and injuries presentation, and a mineral-fuels review chapter that summarizes developments in the fuel industries.

Volume III contains chapters covering each of the 50 States, plus chapters on island possessions in the Pacific Ocean and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and island possessions in the Caribbean Sea, including the Canal Zone. Volume III also has a statistical summary chapter, identical with that in Volume I, and a chapter on employment and injuries.

The data in the Minerals Yearbook are based largely upon information supplied by mineral producers, processors, and users, and acknowledgment is made of this indispensable cooperation given by industry. Information obtained from individuals through confidential surveys has been grouped to provide statistical aggregates. Data on individual producers are presented only if available from published or other nonconfidential sources, or when permission of the individuals concerned has been granted.

MARLING J. ANKENY,

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Bureau of Mines has been assisted in collecting mine-production data and the supporting information appearing in this volume of the MINERALS YEARBOOK by the following cooperating organizations:

Alabama: Geological Survey of Alabama.

Alaska Department of Mines.

Arkansas: Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission.

California: Division of Mines.

Delaware: Delaware Geological Survey.

Florida: Florida Geological Survey.

Georgia: Geological Survey of Georgia.

Idaho: Bureau of Mines and Geology.

Illinois State Geological Survey.

Indiana: Indiana Department of Conservation.

Iowa Iowa Geological Survey.

Kansas: Conservation Division, State Corporation Commission, State Geological

Survey, University of Kansas.

Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey.

Louisiana: Louisiana Department of Conservation.

Maine: Geological Survey of Maine.

Maryland: Department of Geology, Mines, and Water Resources.

Michigan: Michigan Department of Conservation.

Mississippi: Mississippi State Oil and Gas Board; Oil and Gas Severance Tax
Division, Mississippi State Tax Commission.

Missouri: Geological Survey and Water Resources.
Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology.

Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines.

New Hampshire: New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission. New Jersey: Bureau of Geology and Topography.

New York: New York State Science Service.

North Carolina: Geological Survey of North Carolina.

North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey.

Oklahoma: Oil and Gas Conservation Department, Oklahoma Corporation Commission; Gross Production Tax Department, Oklahoma Tax Commission. Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries.

Pennsylvania: Bureau of Topographic and Geological Survey.

Puerto Rico: Mineralogy and Geology Section, Economic Development Administration, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

South Carolina: Geological Survey of South Carolina.

South Dakota: State Geological Survey.

Tennessee: Tennessee Department of Conservation.

Texas: Oil and Gas Division, Railroad Commission of Texas; Oil and Gas Division, State Comptroller of Public Accounts.

Utah Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey.

Virginia: Division of Mineral Resources.

Washington: Division of Mines and Geology.

West Virginia: West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.
Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geological Survey.

Wyoming: Geological Survey of Wyoming.

Except for the four review chapters, this volume was prepared by the staff of the Division of Minerals. The following persons supervised preparation of the various chapters: Thomas E. Howard, chief,

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