tinually busy. In a few years Chapellier retired with what he thought fortune enough.

It had always been the castle-in-the-air he founded on, "when I am rich," that he would go into the country and forget Paris. As soon as he considered himself rich, he sold his business and went hundreds of leagues from Paris, to enjoy life. After the first month had dragged its thirty days away, he found himself more miserable than he had ever been in his life before. Before the flowers he had planted grew up, he quitted the country in disgust (like a true Frenchman), and returned to his old haunt on Mont Saint-Hilaire.

In his above-mentioned commerce, Chapellier had necessarily been thrown a great deal with cooks, butchers, and pork-sellers, all of whom are great amateurs of dogs. He ascertained all the secrets of these professions; he learned that all these men used a great deal of bread-crumb for cutlets, gratin, &c., &c. Bread-crumbs, made with stale bread, pounded or grated, were sold at eight sous the quart. He established himself manufacturer of bread-crumbs. He sold heaping quarts at six sous the quart. The cheaper price brought all the customers to him, and in six months he was again obliged to employ workmen, waggons, and horses, to keep pace with his business. He again returned, too, to his old business, buying out his successor, who was going to the dogs, instead of getting the dogs to go to him. He saw that in the bread he received there were two sorts-the good and the bad. He had thought of separating them, but then he found the profit would not compensate the

trouble. He determined to invent a new industry. He made croûtes au pot. Stranger, if you ever go to Paris, never order soupe au pain or purée au crouton, except at the Trois Frères, Café de Paris, or Vefour's. All comes from the fabrique of Chapellier-from the chiffonnier's basket, the college scrap-basket, the convent's slop-tub. He has established, near the Barrière Saint-Jacques, ovens which never cool, and from whence thousands of pounds of bread are daily poured forth, to be sold as crumbs or crusts. A large number of men, women, and children are busy piling and grating the merchandise as it comes out of the oven. The carbonized pieces and scrapings are pounded, sifted through silk sieves, and sold to the perfumers to make tooth-powder.

Nothing is more curious than the warehouses of le Père Chapellier. They are immense buildings, where mountains of bread are received every minute. Workmen separate these pieces-on the right are those re-destined for man, on the left those destined for rabbits. Wonderful order and cleanliness are everywhere visible. Young girls make up packages of croûtes au pot, after weighing them. Children fill large boxes with the black powder. Le Père Chapellier himself is always present among his workmen, scolding, giving orders, laughing, joking-he is a man of genius.

Ask any one, about there, his fortune. "Ah! monsieur !" will be the invariable reply, "notwithstanding all he spends on gaieties, he doesn't know how much he is worth."

"About £200 a year, eh?"

"Allons donc ! That M. Langlois, whose gilded waggons carry about his matches and blacking everywhere in Paris, has £4,000 income from his 4 per cent. stock alone. He gave £4,000 to each of his daughters, in cash, the day they were married. Le Père Chapellier has no children, and his 'profession' is a thousand times better than M. Langlois'."

TEA SUBSTITUTES.

It is said that spent or exhausted tea-leaves are still collected, and re-manufactured, and vended, to a small extent, in London. Mr. Mayhew tells us that, according to information he received, about 1,500 lb. of old tea-leaves were used up weekly in London ; and thus 78,000 lb. would be sold annually, by inferior shopkeepers, to the poor Irish and others, blended with cheap genuine tea.

An Act, 17 Geo. III., c. 29, is very stringent in its provisions against this adulteration :

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Every person, whether a dealer in or seller of tea or not, who shall dye or fabricate any sloe-leaves, liquorice-leaves, or the leaves of tea that has been used, or the leaves of the ash, alder, or other tree, shrub, or plant, in imitation of tea; or who shall mix or colour such leaves with terra Japonica, copperas, sugar, molasses, clay, logwood, or other ingredient; or who shall sell, or expose to sale, or have in custody any such adulterations in imitation of tea, shall, for every pound, forfeit, on conviction by the oath of one witness before a justice, £5, or, on nonpayment, be committed to the House of Correction for not more than twelve or less than six months."

Section 3 of the same Act also authorizes a magis

trate, on the oath of any one who suspects that this illicit trade is being carried on, to seize the herbs or spurious tea and the whole apparatus that may be found on the premises. The herbs to be burned, and

the other articles to be sold; the proceeds to be shared, after payment of expenses, between the informer and the poor of the parish.

When British leaves are used, they are broken up into a powder and mixed with catechu and gum and a proportion of genuine tea-leaves.

Mr. G. Phillips, the analytical chemist of the Inland Revenue Department, in his evidence before the Parliamentary Committee on Adulteration, stated that the manufacture of adulterated tea was, at one time, a trade in itself; but he had no reason to believe it exists at present.

There were two cargoes of tea wrecked about the year 1840 or 1841; the Treasury granted permission to the underwriters to make the best use they could of it. A party connected with the tea trade washed it and re-dried it on a common kiln used for drying malt. This tea found its way into the market at a reduced price. After the cargo was gone, the trade wanted something to lower the price of their tea, on which the duty then stood at 2s. 1d. the pound, and re-dried tea-leaves were brought up. It became a trade for parties to go round to different hotels and large houses and buy them up at 2d. a pound. The re-dried leaves, however, were not sufficient to furnish the quantity required, and then resort was had to British plants. I believe the manufacture has been entirely suppressed. A patent was taken out some

years ago for the manufacture of British tea, but it was not allowed to be continued. The tea was stopped, and destroyed at the Excise Office. Mr. J. Ingram Travers, in a pamphlet on the tea duties, published a few years ago, remarks:—

"The idea is very general that spent tea-leaves and native hedge-rows contribute some considerable share of ordinary congou; such, however, is not the fact. The collection of the spent leaves of tea in any quantity, to say nothing of their preparation, would involve considerable expense, and, from the extent of individual application required, the intention would be certain of detection. Upon the sloe-leaves attempts have been made, and failed. Some years since, one of the many ingenious contrivers to be found loose upon the world constructed an apparatus, very cleverly managed, to give them the appearance of tea. The hedges within convenient distance furnished the raw material, and, by dint of a moistening warmth and sudden shrivelling blast of hot air, the sloe-leaves, curled up to the dignity of congou, were soon ready for the market. The supply was abundant, the temptation great; there was no law against admixture; any man with a natural desire for fraud might mingle the sloe-leaves with tea to his heart's content, without fear of the Excise. The wholesale merchants, however, took the law in their own hands; a magistrate was found bold enough to issue a warrant for a seizure, on the authority of which the Excise, quite as efficiently as if there had been an Act of Parliament or an Order in Council, broke up the plant, burnt the entire stock, and ruined this home-tea pro