used, any more than I think of killing a hog when my wife wishes for a good ham." The Illustrated Horse Management is the title of an admirable work by EDWARD MAYHEW, M. R. C. V. S., reprinted from the London edition by J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia. It is an octavo volume of The People's College.-The newspapers inform 548 pages, with upwards of 400 beautifully executed enus that this institution, located at Havana, Schuyler gravings, devoted, firstly to a full explanation of the county, in this State-and to which our Legislature last anatomy of the horse, and then to physic and how it winter voted the entire proceeds of the Congressional should be administered; shoeing, its defects and require- land grant for the benefit of Agricultural Education-is ments; the teeth, their natural growth and the abuses now open for the reception of students. The Faculty, to which they are liable; food, as to time of feeding and it is announced, is constituted as follows: kind of food-followed by a full and detailed examina- Rev. Amos Brown, L. L. D. President. Hon. Henry S. Randall, L. L. D., Professor of Practical Agrition of the evils occasioned by ordinary stables, the culture. various faults and vices they encourage, and those re- John Phin, Ph. B., Professor of Chemistry and Physics. John Griscom, M. D., Professor of Anatomy, Physiology and sulting from injury or disease, and stables as they ought Hygeine. to be to meet the highest requirements of the animal Rev. F. S. Howe, Principal of the Normal Department. and his owner. Chapters are also devoted to the deal-Timothy H. Porter, A. M., Professor of English Literature and ings of grooms and horse-traders; to the desirable and Wm. H. Folwell, A. M., Professor of Latin and Greek. undesirable "points" of the horse, and what consti- F. A. Barton, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Military tutes them; to breeding; breaking and training, and, E. J. Pickett, A. M., Professor of Geology, Mineralogy and lastly, to the principles involved in the construction Mining. of carriage, harness, and various stable accessories. A C. M. Booth, M. D., Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physivery full index accompanies the whole. Modern Languages. Science. ology. Farmers should Study More.-I have, all my life, until a few late years, been a practical farmer, and while I have never been able to follow all scientific developments and conclusions, I have always believed that scientific research was invaluable to practical farmers, and that scientific agricultural and horticultural works should engross a large share of every farmer's attention. They would be to him a constant source of useful knowledge, whether he could apply successfully all the theotheory about as inefficient as theory without practice. It is a thousand pities that farmers should suffer themselves to be so ignorant of their own profession, as is generally the case. There is no profession where real knowledge can be better or more profitably applied, and I know of no field of industry, which embraces a wider range for thought, and more intensely interesting developments, or more sure to richly repay the care bestowed. Of course there may be differences of opinion as to some of the laws laid down by the author, but the work is one well worthy of careful study, calculated to lead to the milder, more judicious and more effective training and treatment of this most serviceable and deserving animal, and at the same time, from the happy style employed and the abundance of clear and appropriate illustrations, as interesting as it is useful and instructive. It is a worthy companion volume to the "Illustrated Horse Doctor" by the same writer, which was pro-ries they contained or not. I regard practice without nounced by "Bell's Messenger," (perhaps the leading London authority,) "about the very best book respect ing the treatment of equine disease ever published." What that book is, in the treatment of diseases, this is intended to be, in the wider sphere of general management; while the typographical excellence of its execution, not less than the character of the engraving and contents, renders it as appropriate for the parlor table as for the library shelf. It should be in the hands of every Country Gentleman, particularly if new stables are to be erected or old ones repaired, while those intending to purchase horses may glean from it many valuable hints. I wish farmers could see this as it really is, instead of looking upon agricultural and horticultural works, as book farming, unworthy their notice, and not worth half the money they cost. I love to see young farmers growing up under the highest respect for the views and opinions their fathers and grandfathers entertained, but it is at the same time idle and senseless to conclude that all which their fathers practiced was the best, and good enough for them to follow, and that there is no need of their looking for a better way. My advice to them would be to become acquainted with all the proposed improvements, and compare them with the old ways, and then be governed by their best judgment. H. D. Farming. It is only within a year, for the first time in ten years, (the time that I have been interested in it,) that farmers have had a remuneration equal to any other business in the country, and yet there seems to be an alarm, both East and West, that the farmer is going How it was Done.-A successful farmer writes to the COUNTRY GENTLEMAN as follows: "I commenced business in life at the age of 21 years, at $6 a month, without capital; and if to-day, in the estimation of my agricultural friends, I stand one inch above the lower round of the ladder, that space must have been gained little by little, and so moderately that I could scarcely perceive that I had made any progress,-though aware that I had made some addition to our buildings-repaired fences-set out shade trees and taken care of them-dug a host of stone, made a few hundred rods of underdrain, that enabled me to commence my spring work at least one week earlier than before the drains were made, and on the whole made general improvement on the face of my farm-plowed deep, cultivated well-never summer-to get rich; although with the prosperity of the farmer ed my manure in the barn-yard-usually used from two to three tons of plaster each year, and on the whole have raised fair crops-all of which has been done notwithstanding impaired health for the last few years. One of the greatest secrets in good farming is to get good land, and then attend to it-not to be switching off to town every day. I never was so fortunate as to have my work all done. I could find work for self and all hired help I had money to pay, no matter how much storm or mud. It is always in season to make barn-posts, fence-caps, fenceposts, stakes, and in the winter and spring to have wood fitted to stove. I never think of cutting wood as it is is linked that of the nation, and nothing would benefit this country so much as agriculture raised to a grade that would attract talent and capital to its prosecution. R. M. Vermont Ahead.-It is stated in a Boston paper that Governor Smith and the Vermont commissioners intrusted with the care and disposal of the land scrip for the State Agricultural College, have effected a sale of more than one half of the scrip, a portion at 80 cents per acre, and the remainder at $2, realizing upwards of $60,000, which has been invested in Vermont State sixes. It is hoped that a fund of $120,000 will be realized for the purposes of the grant. Inquiries and Answers. Supply of Water.-Will any of your correspondents help me to information as to the best way to get a good supply of water for my family, including provisions for bathing. I have about as many children as old Jacob had, but, thank God, I have more daughters, and all have one mother. I have a large house, with almost "seven gables." Can I get sufficient water from the roofs? Of course my family require more water than Jacob's did, as they had no floors to scrub, and did not require any clean shirts. I have a good spring about 400 yards distant, and might have a ram, but I fear they are uncertain, and pipe is now very expensive. If a cistern will be sufficient, how large should it be made, and how? T. E. B. Harford Co., Md. [There is no doubt that the roof of our correspondent's large house would furnish an abundant supply of water for all domestic purposes for the whole year round. The difficulty usually is that cisterns are too small, and four-fifths to nine-tenths of all the water which falls upon the roofs is wasted or lost. Ten feet square of surface gives two barrels for every inch of rain; and three feet of rain, the average of the Northern States, afford from every ten feet square over seventy barrels. A roof thirty by forty feet furnishes each year nearly 900 barrels of water, or more than two barrels daily the year through. All our correspondent has to do, therefore, is to provide good eavetroughs, conducting-pipes, and tight capacious cisterns. Underground cisterns are easily made of stone or hard-burnt brick, laid in the best water-lime mortar, and plastered inside with three coatings of the same. Tanks in the upper part of the house, from which to draw water from stop-cocks into washrooms, &c., may be made of pine plank in the form of large tubs, say five or six feet in diameter, and as many feet high. They should be placed near the centre of the building, so as not to freeze. The following rule will enable our correspondent to determine the contents of any cistern of ordinary size-and after having ascertained the amount of water which will come from his roof in a year, he may divide this by 4 or 6, according as he wishes his cistern to hold two or three months supply. For 5 feet in diameter, 4 barrels for each foot in depth; 6 feet, 6% barrels; 7 feet, 9 barrels; 8 feet, 12 barrels; 9 feet, 15 barrels ; 10 feet, 18% barrels.] cauliflowers, will some of our readers who are familiar with the failures as well as the success in their cultivation, please favor our correspondent with the desired information] anything about a bean known as the "Marrow." I have often Marrowfat Beans.-I write to learn if you know seen them named in the price current of the Boston papers. They rank in that region first, and the "Blue Pod" next. Jos. HILLS. [The Marrow is a large variety of the white field bean when well grown the seeds are half to three-quarters of an inch in length, and nearly round. It commands about 25 cents more per bushel in New-York than any other sort. For seed apply at the seed stores.] Ditching-Plows.-Please inform me through your paper, or invite your numerous subscribers to give what information they may have concerning ditching successfully with the different plows constructed for that purpose. We have not seen any of these plows advertised lately, and should almost think they had become obsolete. H. HOLLISTER. Mount Lebanon, April, 1864. [Our own experience and that of several of our neighbors, has fully established the value of a ditchingplow as a labor-saving implement. We allude of course to the adjustable sub-soiler used for loosening the hard earth, to obviate the use of the pick. Experiments in cutting many miles of ditch for tile, have shown that it can be done at less than half the cost required for doing the work wholly by hand in all sub-soils that cannot be thrown out by the spade alone. Manufacturers of these plows, as well as of many other implements, would consult their own interest, and that of the public, by advertising more freely.] Wheat Cut Green for Fodder.-Will you please inform me, or get some of your contributors who have experience in the matter to inform me, whether wheat cut in the blossom state and cured as hay, can be relied upon as a satisfactory substitute for good timothy hay? The damage done to wheat by freezing out, is so frightful in the West, that if it can be made fully to take the place of good hay, it would be most profitable to make that use of it. J. B. Woodview, Ky. Will some of our readers give us any experience they may have had on this point.] Strawberry Boxes, &c.-Can you inform me what is the best and cheapest box made for strawberries, &c., and where to be obtained, and at what price? Also crates to contain from fifty to one hundred boxes? Any information you can give me on this head will be thankfully received. A. W. L. Clinton, N. Y. [We have not the information necessary to enable us to answer these questions.] Strawberries Diseased.-Can you inform me, through THE CULTIVATOR, of the remedy for a curious disease which appeared on my strawberries last season? It consists in an exceedingly crumpled and deformed state of the leaves. They seem to rise freely, but on expanding, assume the condi tion above stated, at the same time retaining their natural green color or turning but slightly yellow, and never attaining more than half the size of ordinary healthy leaves. Runners which take root produce plants with the same crumpled leaves. Other runners, growing to a length of two or three inches, do not root, but turn black and die off. Sometimes, however, both healthy and deformed leaves are to be found on the same plant. This disease appears more strongly in different parts and certain portions of the beds. My plants are of the Wilson variety; soil a rich clay loam. They have received proper care and attention. If you are acquainted with the nature and treatment of this disease, you will greatly fayor me by pointing out the remedy. C. LEE. [This appears to be a curious disease. We know of nothing like it, and cannot furnish a remedy. Broadcast Sowing Machine.-I write you for information in respect to broadcast sowing machines. I want one that will sow all kinds of grain and grass seed, and plaster. There was some years ago one made at East Bloomfield, N. Y., called the Seymour machine. Is that made there yet, and is it as good as any other? Where is any other made, price, &c.? I want the best I can get. J. S. Hoffman's Ferry, N. Y. [We believe the Seymour machine is still made at East Bloomfield. There are several other broadcast sowers, but where manufactured or sold we are unable to say. Why do not manufacturers let the public know where their goods can be had?] Sqnashes-Manure-Cauliflowers. First, how far apart must vines, squashes and melons for instance, or the different kinds of squashes, be planted not to mix ?-2. Will they mix the first year they are planted in contact so as to hurt the squashes, or only spoil the seed for the next year?-3. Do they grow and bear better to nip off the ends of the vines?-4. I would also like to know if slacked lime is a good thing to mix with the contents of the privy or hen manure? Some think it does not have the bad effect that ashes do; for my part I am fearful.-5. Will not some of your correspondents who understand raising cauliflowers, give their mode of doing it? I have tried several times with poor success, and should be glad of a little instruction. J. W. [No very definite distance can be given for planting squashes to prevent mixing. Prevailing | winds may carry the pollen some rods, but the chief difficulty is the intermixture caused by bees and other insects, which are entirely uncertain in their movements, and which may fail to produce crossing at a distance of only a few rods, while at other times they may carry the pollen ten times as far. The hybridi-trained by a man of judgment and self-command, and by kindzation chiefly affects the seed the first year, and not the fruit, the product of this seed the second season showing the full effects of the change. We have had no experience in nipping the ends off the plants. It would doubtless have a greater or less A Batch of Inquiries.-Please give the best methinfluence in increasing productiveness. We would not advise od of raising corn, especially from thin lands? What kind of the intermixture of lime with hen manure, unless with addi-tobacco yields the best, and which is the best way to raise it? tions at the same time of some absorbent containing ammonia. Give the best plan for raising sweet potatoes and peas? State There is less objection to ashes, which already contain conside- the best way to raise cucumbers and cabbages, and tell which rable absorbing earthy matter, but even with these an addi- are the best kinds? Give best method for raising young chicktional absorbent is advisable. In relation to the cultivation of ens and turkeys? S. W. B. Baulky Horses.-Relative to the correspondent complaining in the Co. GENT. of the 31st of March, of an unhappy tempered horse, I would suggest, if a mare, and more than four years old, sell her at a three-fourths price, and get another as much like her as possible, two years old, have her ness and firmness, teach her, as one of the first lessons, to stand Pickles-Bone Manure.-Will you please inform me the best way to put up cucumber pickles for army usewhether in salt or vinegar, and whether the brine or vinegar should be strong or weak, and any other directions necessary? Also, inform me if bones, dissolved by steam, are deprived of any of the fertilizing elements, so that the meal would be less valuable for manure than if ground or dissolved by vitriol? B. SMITH, Cuba, Mo. [Cucumbers for pickles packed in salt will keep a long time-perhaps two or three years. But in this State they are unsuitable to be sent to the army, as they must be passed through a fortnight's process in converting them to good pickles-which soldiers in camp have not the facilities for doing. Made into pickles and kept in vinegar, they will remain uninjured for some months. The vinegar should be of medium strength, and not too sharp. Bones would not be deprived of any valuable element of fertility by being dissolved with steam, unless a portion of the mucilage should be drawn off from them, which would somewhat lessen their value.] used domestic guano in corn and potato hilis, invariably with very marked success. I prefer mixing about equal parts of the guano and plaster-have sometimes bought guano which was damp and sticky, which I have mixed with pure dry sand as more convenient in such a case than plaster. I drop what I can clasp in my hand of this mixture into about six hills. For corn I cover the mixture with about an inch of earth before dropping the seed-for potatoes I drop the mixture directly upon the seed. I have found corn planted without the guano, side by side with that where the guano was used, to look pale and inferior, while the corn manured was of a very dark color and vigorous growth. Last season I noticed my potatoes, manured in this way, matured earlier than those treated in any other way. ETHAN BROOKS. West Springfield, Mass. Neat's Foot Oil.-In your issue of March 31, H. K. inquires what is "neat's foot oil, and how is it made?" It is the oil from the feet and head of cattle. The best is made by simply boiling the feet. The oil will rise to the surface, and when cold can be poured off, and is then ready for use. W. F. B. Caponizing.-Can you tell me where I can find the necessary directions for caponizing fowls? J. A. W. [Very full directions for this operation were published in THE CULTI CULTIVATOR, alluded to the culture of white willow, for fencing White Willow.-I, some time since, through THE VATOR for 1842, page 196—also in the American Farmer's Ency-purposes, wishing to gain some knowledge on that point. clopedia, page 258.] would now inquire more fully about its merits. It has, like alBotany.--I want an illustrated Botany-one abridg- most every other new idea, its friends and enemies. The Rural New-Yorker, I see, classes itself among the latter, and warns ed Botany, and one Lexicon. I want a standard work. Any in- farmers against travelling agents and "Salix Alba" in general. formation would be a great favor to me. J. W. S. [Gray's Les-Will you please give me your opinion about it, as a fencing masons in Botany," and Gray's "Manual of Botany," are used as text-books in our colleges and academies, and would probably meet your wants as well as any work to be had. To these you should add Darlington's Agricultural Botany of "Weeds and Useful Plants." The three books would cost $5 to $6.] terial? I never saw it in a fence or otherwise to my knowledge, wishing to make some of the fence if it will be at the recom and therefore certainly am not posted on the subject. I inquire, mend of its friends. B. E. C. West Le Roy, Mich. FIELD CULTURE OF CABBAGE. EDITORS OF CO. GENT.-I am just preparing a piece of land for cabbage, as I raised a good crop last year with very little expense or extra trouble. First select a piece of rich loamy soil; manure thoroughly with Alden's Cultivator.-In the RURAL REGISTER of 1864, Alden's Cultivator is described. Where is it made-its price, and will it do well in sandy prairie. There is also a Hand Cultivator for gardens. Where is one to be had and price? C. Y. P. [Alden's Thill Cultivator will suit your soil. It can be had of PASCHALL MORRIS, Philadelphia-price $10. The Hand Cultivator alluded to, is made by HAINES & PELL, New-York-cow or sheep manure; plow about ten inches deep, its price we do not know.j and leave it until the first week in June; then plow Starting Hickory Nuts.-In answer to the corres- again, but not so deep; harrow it well, and mark it 3 pondent who wishes to know how to make hickory nuts grow, feet each way. The first wet day take up the plants; I will state that I should serve them the same as peach stonesthat is, place them in the ground in the fall, being careful not get a boy to drop one in each hill; let a man follow to place them where water will stand on them; they should be with a setting-stick. Be sure to set them up straight, covered lightly. The next spring he will find them nicely and pack the earth around the plants. In a week go sprouted and ready to set. E. A. KING. King's Ferry, N. Y. through them with a hoe, and loosen the earth around Gang Plows-Are now in use in Southern Illinois. the plants, and replace those that failed. In three or There is one pattern manufactured by Seibert of Ashley, Wash-four weeks go through them with a cultivator, and ington Co., Ill. Another by J. L. Rurek & Co. of Nashville, hill them with the hoe. In August hoe again, and Washington Co. Each of these run two plows, drawn by four they will do until November, then they can be sold or horses, and as I understand it, are made 10 or 12 inches, accord- fed to milch cows, and will produce more milk and ing to order. Both are patented, and the prices range from $50 butter than any other food. Cabbage will keep on the to $75. Another gang plow has been invented by Rev. Mr. Og barn floor until New-Year. Those that I feed in lesby of Richview, same county, running three 10 inch plows, spring, I bury in the lot and take them up as I want and drawn by four horses. This plow is so arranged that them. I feed them to both sheep and cows, and with either one or all of the plows can be raised out of the ground at good hay are the cheapest and best food they can get, the will of the driver. Patent applied for. BUCKEYE. as it will cost no more to raise an acre of cabbage than it will an acre of potatoes. W. G. WALKER. Oaks Corners, N. Y. Poudrette. In answer to the inquiry of "B.," in Co. GENT. of the 31st of March-how may domestic poudrette be prepared and rendered inodorous, &c.? Swamp muck-that which is chiefly composed of decayed leaves and stems of trees and swamp bushes, mixed at the rate of four or five, or more loads, to one of the contents of the vault, and permitted to lie through one winter, or better still, through a whole year. It should be turned over at least once during the winter to insure a more thorough incorporation of the materials, when it will be thoroughly deodorized, and fully equal in value to the best poudrette sold by manufacturers. When lime can be procured at a moderate price, a barrel to four or five loads of the whole will improve it. It may then be applied to any farm or garden crop with excellent effect. H. Corn for Soiling.-In drilling corn for fodder, if the land is in fair condition, and clean, why would it not answer to have the drills as close, nearly, as the drill could be made to run without disturbing the rows? This system would, I think, answer for soiling if not for fodder. A. W. Concerning Domestic Guano.-Some weeks since Mr. E. R. Towle inquired concerning the use of domestic guano, and in your last number inquires for facts in the case of success or failure in the different departments of agriculture. I have RAISING BEANS. I noticed, a few weeks ago, an inquiry about the best way to produce beans. Now, I think I have giv en the Co. GENT. my way of doing the work on a bean crop a few years ago, but will do so again. In the first place, I would have the land plowed or freshly cultivated the last thing before planting. Then I would mark, or otherwise, so that, with a planter, I could set the hills not to exceed eighteen inches apart each way, and never put a cultivator among them, as a hoe will be all that will be needed if taken in season after they are up. In this way I am satisfied that more beans can be got from a given quantity of land, with less labor, than in any other way that I have ever seen tried. The recent cultivation leaves very little to do after, and being set so thick together, gives about two hills where there would be but one if done with a horse. A. Moss. MESSRS. EDITORS-After seeing in the Co. GENT., Agricultural Works. D. B. WAITE'S doleful account of growing flax last WHEELER, MELICK & CO., PROPRIETORS, year, I am induced to give my experience, and if you think it worth publishing, you are at liberty to do so. About the first of May I sowed 4 acres of well plowed corn-hills, at the rate of one bushel of Saplin seed per acre, harrowed once before and once after sowing. Paid $10 per acre for pulling, and $2.50 for ALBANY, N. Y., FATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS OF RAILWAY & LEVER HORSE POWERS, COMBINED THRESHERS & WINNOWERS, whipping off seed. Had it whipped and rotted last CLOVER HULLERS, FEED CUTTERS, SAW MILLS, SHINGLE fall. I got 50 bushels of seed, which I sold for $3 per bushel, and sold the rotted straw for $55 per acre, which, after paying all expenses, leaves a very good profit. G. SMITH. Easton, Washington Co., N. Y. HOW TO SHOE UGLY HORSES. Take a cord about an eighth of an inch in diameter and three feet long-make a loop in one end-put it in the horse's mouth the same as bits, then over the head, then back of the ears, and then put the end through the loop. When the shoer gets ready to shoe the horse, take a firm hold of the cord, and if the AND HEADING MACHINES, HORSE PITCH FORKS, HORSE RAKES, &c. SMITH'S GREEN MOUNTAIN horse does not stand, tighten gently upon the cord, SHINGLE AND HEADING MACHINE. and the worse he acts the more you must tighten, and E. C. K. OATS AND RYE GROWN TOGETHER. EDITORS CO. GENT.-I notice a communication on the Cultivation of Flax and Barley, sown together, and the results, &c. I propose giving my experience for a number of years past, in growing oats and rye sown together. I sow 14 bushels of oats and three-quarters of a bushel of rye to the acre. The grain, in growing, is not as liable to be prostrated by wind. The rye has a firmer and stiffer straw than the oat, consequently it is a support to the oats. I am convinced that grass seed takes root more readily than when sown with oats alone. I For Machines, address FERGUSON WHEELER, MELICK & CO. For State or County Rights, address EATON, prefer the feed for horses, especially on heavy work. Greenville, Greene Co., N. In feeding milch cows, mixed with corn in the ear, South Trenton, N. Y. STRETCHES IN SHEEP J. P. Silver, in Co. GENT. of April 28th, wishes to know what ails his sheep. I think they have the stretches. I will give a certain remedy which I used to give to my father's sheep when at home. At feeding time look out for any sheep that stands around out one side without eating-if any, you may be sure he is attacked with the stretches. The sheep will act stupid, eye rather glassy; I never noticed that they were more apt to drink however. The remedy is as follows: As soon as noticed give each sheep which is ailing about a tablespoonful of tar; the tar can be given by putting it on a pine stick, then putting tar and stick in the sheep's mouth; the sheep will eat it readily, and seem to like it. This, if the case is taken in hand in time, will prove a sure cure. I have seen many cases thus treated, and never saw a sheep lost yet so treated. King's Ferry, N. Y. E. A. KING. New-York State Fair in 1862; also at the East and West. hundreds of Circulars and Price List Sent Free on Application. May 26-weowit. Patented April 7 and May 5, 1863. AND FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED AT STATE AND COUNTY FAIRS. HIS is the BEST and MOST SUBSTANTIAL tity of hay to secure from rain, as a man and two boys will, by the use of this Fork, unload a ton of hay in five minutes. THUS is the BEST and MOST SUBSTANTIAL mechanics who have seen it operate, to possess superior advantages over all other Forks-being simpler, more substantial, working with greater facility in all places, can be elevated higher and through a smaller space, It weighs but twenty pounds-can be worked easily by a boy of 10 years, is very strong, and is not liable to get out of repair. That a Horse Hay Fork will pay is no longer questioned by the intelligent farmer, as it saves a vast amount of manual labor and time, which is an important consideration while labor is scarce and dear; besides it will frequently save its price when the farmer has a quan MANUFACTURED BY GIFFORD BROS., Hudson, N. Y., HORT-HORNS FOR SALE. LARGE FARM FOR SALE Consisting Toledo. The Bull Hotspur, 4130 A. H. B. rich roan, calved May 15, 198 miles south of Perrysburg and 12 miles from It embraces prairie and timber land. One hundred and sixty acres Oct. 22-w&mtf. by Duke of Gloster (11882) dam imported by Harold (10299.) ORGHUM MILLS AND SORGE Evaporators, |