Stat. L., 1228), extended the increase to all pensioners of the war with Mexico irrespective of age, disability, or dependence.

By the provisions of an act of February 6, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 879), survivors of the war with Mexico were granted pensions based on both service and age. The required service was sixty days, with an honorable discharge, the monthly rate being $12 at 62 years, $15 at 70 years, and $20 at 75 years.

So far these increases applied only to survivors, but the act of April 19, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 64), increased the pensions of their widows also to $12 per month.

A pension act of May 11, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 112), raised these Mexican War survivors' pensions to $30 per month, irrespective of age, and an act of September 8, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 844), raised the Mexican War widows' pension to $20 per month to those who reached the age of 70 years.

The act of May 1, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 585), fixed a pension rate of $50 per month for every person who had served 60 days or more in that war, who was honorably discharged, and who is in receipt of, or is entitled to, a pension under existing law. If such a person is helpless or blind by reason of age and physical or mental disabilities, he is entitled to a pension of $72 per month. The widows of honorably discharged persons who served for sixty days are entitled to $30 per month under this act.

At the close of the fiscal year 1921 there were 2244 pensioners of the war with Mexico on the roll of the bureau, of whom 109 were survivors, and 2135 were widows and other dependents. A total of $888,024.64 was disbursed in that year on account of these pensioners. The total amount paid to pensioners of the war with Mexico to June 30, 1921, was $54,471,002.27.

Indian War Pensions. As early as 1812, when two Indian war pension laws were enacted, provision was made for the pensioning of persons disabled during service in Indian wars, and for the widows and orphans of those killed in such wars. These and a number of subsquent acts designated the particular wars or engagements on account of which pensions were granted. The general law pension system inaugurated by the act of July 14,.1862, includes provisions for persons disabled in Indian wars and cam

paigns and for dependent relatives of those who died as a result of such service

Service pensions for Indian war service were first provided for in an act of July 27, 1892 (27 Stat. L., 281), which granted a pension of $8 per month to surviving officers and enlisted men, including marines, militia, and volunteers who had been in the military and naval services of the United States for thirty days in certain specified Indian wars between 1832 and 1842, and who had been honorably discharged; or who had been personally named in any resolution of Congress for specified service therein. It also provided the same pension for their widows, provided they had not remarried. The range of years was extended to include 1817 to 1858 by an act of June 27, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 399). An act of May 30, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 553), provided for the inclusion of Texas volunteers who fought in the border disturbances between 1855 and 1860; and finally, by an act of March 4, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 1199), as amended by the act of September 1, 1922 (42 Stat. L., 834), certain survivors of specified Indian campaigns from 1859 to 1891 and their widows were also included. The act of April 19, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 64), increased the monthly pensions of Indian war widows to $12 and an act of February 19, 1913 (37 Stat. L., 679), increased the rate for Indian war survivors to $20 per month.

At the close of the fiscal year 1921, there were 6353 Indian war pensioners on the roll of the bureau, of whom 3784 were survivors and 2569 were widows. A total of $1,565,862.41 was disbursed in that year for such pensioners. The entire amount paid to pensioners of Indian wars to June 30, 1921, was $20,017,921.79.

Civil War Pensions. Until 1890 survivors of the Civil War or their widows and dependents received no pensions except those for disability or death incurred in the line of duty provided for under the "general law pension system."

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On January 25, 1879 (20 Stat. L., 265), a law known as the Arrears Act" provided that pensions which had been or should be granted under the general law in consequence of death from a cause due to service in the Civil War, should commence from the date of the death or discharge of the person on whose account the pension had been or should be granted, or from the termination of

the right of the party having prior right to title to the pension. This was the first act conferring special benefits on account of service in the Civil War.

With the law of June 27, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 182), began the enactment of a series of service pension laws, each more liberal than its predecessor, for the benefit of survivors of the Civil War and for their widows and dependents.

The act of June 27, 1890, made special provision for Civil War soldiers and sailors, for their widows and minor children, and for their dependent parents. It provided for a service pension, without regard to rank, the rate of which ranged from $6 to $12 per month, according to the degree of inability of the survivor to earn a livelihood, to all persons who served ninety days or more during the Civil War, who were honorably discharged, and who were suffering from permanent mental or physical disability which incapacitated them from earning a support. This disability, however, did not need to have been incurred in the line of duty or in the service. For the widow of such a Civil War veteran, without other means of support than her daily labor a pension of $8 per month was provided, and for each minor under 16 years of age or permanently helpless child $2 per month additional, or $8 per month for the child with $2 per month for each additional child, if there was no pensionable widow. Dependent parents may receive a pension under this act if the soldier or sailor left no widow or minor child, and if they can prove that they have no other means of support than their own manual labor. In this case, however, the soldier's or sailor's death must have been due to injury or disease which would have entitled him to an invalid pension. An amendment to the act of June 27, 1890, of slight importance was made by the act of May 9, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 170).

The act of August 5, 1892 (27 Stat. L., 348), provides a pension of $12 per month for all women employed during the Civil War by the Surgeon General of the Army as nurses, under contract or otherwise, or whose employment as nurses during the Civil War was recognized by the War Department, who rendered actual service as nurses in that war for a period of six months or more, who were honorably relieved from such service and who are unable to earn support. The rate was raised to $30 per month by the act of May 1, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 585).

The act of February 6, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 879), provided for a Civil War pension based on both service and age. Persons having served ninety days in the Civil War were granted a monthly service pension, regardless of disability of any kind, of $12 at the age of 62 years, $15 at 70 years, and $20 at 75 years. Most of the pensioners under the act of June 27, 1890, were consequently transferred to the roll under the act of February 6, 1907. A clause in an appropriation act of March 4, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1406), extends the provisions of this act so as to include any person who has served sixty days or more during the Civil War and who was at that time or was thereafter to be entitled to pensions under the acts of June 27, 1890, February 15, 1895 (28 Stat. L., 970), Joint Resolution of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 750), and the acts of March 3, 1891 (26 Stat. L., 1082), and February 17, 1897 (29 Stat. L., 805). The two last mentioned acts give a pensionable status to members of certain military organizations of the Civil War and their widows and dependents.

More liberal provision was made for widows of Civil War veterans by an act of April 19, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 64), which increased the pension rate from $8 to $12 per month, provided they were married prior to June 27, 1890, and eliminated the requirements as to dependence. This act likewise superseded the act of 1890 in most cases of widow's claims.

On May 11, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 112), another act was passed basing Civil War survivors' pension rates on age and length of service, but this act was more liberal than that of February 6, 1907, which it superseded. The rates varied with age and with each specified period of service in the war, the lowest monthly rate being $13 for ninety days' service at 62 years of age, and the highest rate, $30 for two years' service at 75 years of age, or regardless of age or length of service if unable to perform manual labor as the result of wounds received in battle or disease incurred in line of duty.

The act of September 8, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 844), provided a pension of $20 per month for every widow pensioner, who was the lawful wife of a soldier or sailor during his period of service in the Civil War. The same rate of pension was also provided for any Civil War widow entitled to a pension who should reach the age of 70 years. This act carried an amendment to the act of April 19, 1908, by advancing the required date of marriage from

June 27, 1890 to June 27, 1905. It also provided that if a widow loses her pensionable status on account of remarriage, it shall be restored if the husband of such remarriage dies or if she is divorced from him upon her own application and without her fault.

A section of the War Risk Insurance Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 408), provided for an increase to $25 per month for all Civil War widows then or thereafter to be placed on the pension roll.

One of the most important and comprehensive of all the pensions acts is that of May 1, 1920, which provides material increases and applies to survivors of the Civil War, the War with Mexico, and the War of 1812, and to their widows and children.

With regard to survivors of the Civil War, this act provides a minimum pension rate of $50 per month, for every person who served during that war ninety days or more in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, or less time if discharged for disability incurred in the line of duty, or who is now on the pension roll as a Civil War veteran. If such a person is helpless or blind by reason of age and physical or mental disabilities, his pension is $72 per month. The act also provides that persons whose names are on the pension roll and who were injured in the service during the Civil War and in line of duty shall be entitled to pensions for the following injuries:

$60-Loss of one hand or one foot or total disability in same $65-Loss of an arm at or above the elbow, or a leg at or above the knee, or total disability in same

$72-Loss of an arm at the shoulder joint or a leg at the hip joint, or so near the same or in such condition as to prevent the use of an artificial limb

$90-Loss of one hand and one foot, or total disability in same

Army nurses of the Civil War and all dependent parents of officers and enlisted men who served in the Civil War whose names are on the pension roll or who are entitled to pension under existing law, are entitled to pensions at the rate of $30 per month.

The widow of a person who served in the Civil War as above indicated and who married prior to June 27, 1905, is entitled to a pension of $30 per month; and $6 per month additional for each child until 16 years of age, or for life if mentally or physically helpless. If there is no pensionable widow, the pension is paid to the