also are having children for the wrong reasons-or for no reason at all. The time is with us now when children deserve to be conceived and born only as the result of their parents' conscious desire and decision to have them.

Conditions in overcrowded families on overcrowded streets in overcrowded cities are such that human beings are being pushed, in striving to adapt to these conditions, dangerously close to breaking. It is impossible to go back to the plenty that used to be of space, quiet, air, water, recreational resources, food, person-to-person warmth-we have to go forward to develop the new ways that will make it possible for our people to bear the conditions under which they are forced to live. Only in this way can we safeguard the rights and privileges of those who are already born, and insure to the as yet unborn that they will have a good place to come to.

Our young people will not grow up to be individuals able to make responsible decisions about reproduction and sex, until society carries out its responsibilities to them. One such responsibility-and this is what SIECUS is going to try to help with-is to acquire and transmit to them knowledge as to how these two great gifts, reproduction and sexuality, can best be used in the service of man, woman, and their family. We have the scientists, the social scientists, the money, the know-how to accomplish this, but the machinery is yet to be set in motion.

SEX EDUCATION IS PART OF EDUCATION FOR RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD

In the 4 months that followed the first modest, public announcement of the existence of SIECUS, we received over a thousand requests from schools, colleges, public health and education departments, obstetricians, psychiatrists, pediatricians, general practitioners and many other professionals, asking for assistance in setting up sex education programs. My thesis today is that sex education and education for responsible parenthood are part and parcel of the same thing. In a speech at Boston University on sexual attitudes and the regulation of conception, reprints of which are available to you, I emphasized that the regulation of conception is a matter of exceeding complexity. A mechanistic approach, merely handing out contraceptives, even on the widest scale, cannot alone succeed in motivating people to limit their families. Such an approach might even conceivably have exactly the opposite effect.

Senator GRUENING. Dr. Calderone, I shall direct that the full text of "Emphasis 1965," the report from the Boston University forum to which you have referred, be made a part of the hearing record at the conclusion of your remarks because the report is important to this dialog. Will you please continue.

Dr. CALDERONE. The only way that has ever been found to reach people is to care about them.

Government, by its very impersonality, has a particular obligation to express, in clear and concrete terms, that it does care about them. An orderly governmental framework that will take the findings of research in human reproduction, sexual behavior and mental health from such scientific institutions as our great National Institutes of Health, and put these findings to work in soundly conceived and carefully planned action programs, will reach, through all of our

educational, health and social institutions, right straight into the heart of every American family. How we care for our own families, how we help them make responsible decisions in their sexual and reproductive lives-this will be noted throughout the world, which up to now has seen only sexual irresponsibility and reproductive profligacy as examples emanating from our shores.

The approach embodied in S. 1676 is so needed at this critical moment in our social development that I deeply hope the signal will be "go," for no private agencies like SIECUS and Planned Parenthood can or should hope to do the job alone.

I thank you very much.

Senator GRUENING. Thank you very much, Dr. Calderone, for a very searching and very important presentation of some of the aspects of this problem which have not been fully expressed before. You have made a very valuable contribution to our record here.

I am particularly interested in your thought that merely giving out this information is not sufficient; that there has got to be a meaningful concomitant education and understanding of the family problems, and that merely handing out contraceptives or making them available is not enough. I wish you would elaborate on that a little. If this legislation is enacted and we have the Offices in both the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Department of State, what would you suggest in addition to that, that this be made a concomitant effort also, directed not merely at the health aspects but of the educational aspects?

IN OUR THING-ORIENTED SOCIETY PEOPLE TEND TO USE EACH
OTHER ALSO AS THINGS"

Dr. CALDERONE. I would urge that this be so. I would urge that research be stepped up on the motivations that have to do with family planning, that have to do with the relational aspects, sexual aspects between married people. We know that there is a great deal of exploitation between people, sexual exploitation, that in our thing-oriented society people tend to use each other also as things, that man and woman have not learned that the sexual relationship is for far more than pleasure or procreation, that it has to do with the deepest form of communication that we know. We have not yet explored all of the facets, the many deep aspects of human sexuality, for we have been too much afraid of it in our culture. SIECUS hopes to bring this out, to have open dialog in all religions, in all disciplines and professions, and to discover some of the ways in which man can use his sexual powers as a creative force. And this, of course, will be part and parcel of learning how to use it responsibly, and learning how to procreate also responsibly.

I think social science has a great deal to contribute here. And this is why we have psychiatrists and social scientists on our board. Senator GRUENING. Senator Simpson?

HOW DO WE REACH THE PEOPLE?

Senator SIMPSON. Dr. Calderone, that is a pippin of a contribution you have made.

The thing that keeps coming back to me all the time is, how are we going to reach these people in the slums of our cities and over in the

Mediterranean and down in Brazil, where I just happened to be recently, where there are teeming thousands, yes, millions, I suppose, who from ignorance won't know where to inquire or even would inquire for the help that should be given, how will we do that? We cannot force-feed them with pills. What is your suggestion about. reaching them?

Dr. CALDERONE. First of all, we have to remember that in the groups that you speak of in our country and everywhere throughout the world, a great pandemic disease exists, and that is abortion. I have edited the proceedings of a conference on abortion held by Planned Parenthood 10 years ago, which drew attention to the fact that in this country alone, we estimate 1 million illegal abortions, most of them on married women. Now, every illegal abortion should be looked upon as one woman's desperate effort to control the size of her family. She would like nothing better, if she only knew what it was, to have a method that was not so destructive, painful, and often fatal, leaving then a motherless family. I think that the experiences of the Population Council projects in Taiwan, Turkey, and elsewhere show that word of mouth spreads like magic, the concept that at last you can do something to prevent these unwanted pregnancies.

'GOD HAS SENT THE NO-BABY LADY"

I will tell you a little story that tells it better than anything else. In the State of Florida, the migrant camps have long been a source of concern healthwise to the Health Department, which wanted to set up good health programs. So they sent their public health workers in, with baby care, nutrition, venereal disease services, et cetera. And nobody came. They stayed away in droves.

Then they invited the Planned Parenthood Federation to send down. one of our fieldworkers, Mrs. Naomi Gray. And the word spread like wildfire among these simple people, "God has sent the no-baby lady, the child-spacing lady." And they clustered around her.

They began to receive in those days a very simple method, one of the simplest and cheapest methods. And they felt that this lady really cared about them and their family problems, and could help them with this one most important problem in their lives. And that sure enough the next year, she would come down, and they could say, "See, lady, I did not have a baby this year"-probably the first time in their lives these women had not been pregnant since they had become active sexually.

And then the interesting thing was that they became sensitized to other needs, and began to come in to the baby and nutrition clinics and began accepting the other health services.

This is why I lay such stress on caring for people and all their problems. I think it is very significant that Planned Parenthood centers are writing to SIECUS now and saying, "We cannot any longer just give out pills or birth control methods, we have to deal with our patients' sexual and family problems."

Dr. Lee Rainwater has shown in his book, "Family Design," which is a very fine study of sexual behavior and attitudes in relation to contraception, that successful contraception is intimately bound up with the sexual attitudes and practices of the couple, which is

why I believe that only continued care about people in helping them solve their personal individual problems will really solve the population problem.

Senator SIMPSON. I was rather interested to find out that in Brazil, the rate of population growth was 3.2 percent, whereas it is 1.7 here. We went into the slums of two great cities and the unspeakable horror of those places is just beyond conception.

Dr. CALDERONE. In Chile, 40 percent of pregnancies end in illegal abortion which in turn causes 50 percent of the maternal deaths. And this is not only in the slum areas but in the middle economic group, too.

Senator GRUENING. Thank you very much, Dr. Calderone. appreciate your coming here, your very splendid statement and the very important contribution you have made.

(The SIECUS newsletter and "Emphasis '65" follow:)

EXHIBIT 160

SIECUS NEWsletter (Sex INFORMATION AND EDUCATION COUNCIL OF THE U.S.) (Vol. 1, No. 1, February 1965)

WHY THE NEED FOR A SEX INFORMATION AND EDUCATION COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES AS A NEW, SEPARATE ORGANIZATION

(By Wallace C. Fulton, M.P.H., President, Sex Information and Education Council of the United States)

Why, indeed? The answers to these questions would be as numerous, and as varied, as the three-dozen directors of SIECUS. These directors,* selected for their professional achievements, are leaders who are associated with a wide number of fields and a variety of organizations already concerned with aspects of human sexuality. Why, then, have they chosen to lend commitment and personal prestige to SIECUS? Because it is their conviction that a new organizational approach-a council, a community of interests-is needed now "to establish man's sexuality as a health entity *** to dignify it by openness of approach, study, and scientific research designed to lead toward its understanding and its freedom from exploitation * * *.

Existing organizations-tick them off-have an established public reputation for a given point of view about sexuality *** and with that point of view they contribute to public understanding. But, in every case, their program responsibilities necessarily focus around or go beyond human sexuality per se. SIECUS objectives focus sharply and directly on it. By the very nature of the SIECUS board, unity results only from a common positive, open, scientific approach to human sexual behavior. There is advocacy not for a solution, but for more education and research, and for a climate of open dialog that may enable solutions in time to be arrived at.

In effect, SIECUS holds, as a director has said, that "sex education, in the best sense today, means training people emotionally and intellectually to be able to make intelligent and well-informed choices among an array of competing alternatives." This task begins with training the teachers themselves. And SIECUS is ready to supplement this important function of colleges, universities, and a wide number of organizations. But, for such education to win acceptance and implementation, broad spectrum interests must join hands-in council-to document common concern and the capacity for united efforts. The interest in such a council has come not only from those who now convene as the SIECUS board. Their concerns are echoed by almost countless responsible individuals who have said, in many ways-is not the time now to bring into the open the subject that has dwelt in shadow so long? The overwhelming number of speech and conference invitations coming in to the SIECUS office is a significant index of organizational, as well as individual, concern.

This concern is reflected, too, in the rash of articles appearing in the press and periodicals, the crop of story episodes on network television, and the discussion

* See last part of newsletter.

sessions on radio. Some are aimed at sober consideration of human sexuality, but too many others simply exploit sex for the sake of circulation or rating, and are not based on real understanding of the facts or the issues involved. Favorite scapegoats are the college students whose widely publicized behavior has given rise to an epidemic of tongue clucking among adults, all of whom are beyond college age.

Another SIECUS director points out that "the problem being faced in the colleges cannot be understood except as we understand the extent to which we as a people have produced the problem. All of us, college students and adults, have become captives of the attitudes we have created." Other SIECUS directors would probably state the case in other ways *** and that is as it should be. This is the essence of SIECUS: Many points of view dedicated to open dialog and to cooperation and collaboration with other organizations, supplementing broad gage family life teaching with an open focus on that aspect of it that too often receives only an oblique or even bootleg approach. In effect, SIECUS aims at being an organization's organization. And to this end, the supplemental programs of SIECUS will include materials and points of view that recognize and deal with human sexuality in its totality rather than as limited to human reproduction, and at all ages rather than limited to adolescence and youth. SIEĈUS will gather together the researchers, and the teaching materials, and the case studies of community efforts toward open dialog. In effect, SIECUS must serve as the clearinghouse in this field of human sexual behavior.

SIEČUS expects to work closely with established, family-centered, interdisciplinary organizations, to help bring about, within the framework of family life education, constructive dialog between youth and adults on the pros and cons of the various sexual patterns that can be identified in American life. It is to these challenges that SIECUS will respond *** dealing uniquely with human sexuality as a health entity.

These are some of the "why's" for a new, separate organization. In point of fact, the response to SIECUS during its first 6 months of existence clearly indicates that if the present group had not created it, others would inevitably have had to do so.

JUSTIFICATION

Profound scientific and social changes occurring in the past several decades have resulted in equally_profound changes of attitudes toward sex and in sexual behavior patterns. Traditional ways of conduct and thinking have been sharply challenged or modified. The consequence has been mounting concern and obvious uneasiness throughout the Nation concerning the management of the sexual impulse, both in our present circumstances and in the future.

Our recognition of the need to reexamine and appraise evolving sexual attitudes, and of the importance of arriving at reasonable solutions to the present sexual dilemma, has led us to this point:

We believe that an organization rooted in a sincere concern for an objective, responsible and positive approach to sex is needed. We therefore have proceeded to form the Sex Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS). We believe SIECUS can perform certain functions. It can:

1. Provide a broad, interdisciplinary approach that will deal uniquely with human sexuality as a health entity.

2. Be committed to the positive goal of finding ways to incorporate sex meaningfully and with full acceptance into human living, as a substitute for the negative approach that denies the importance of sex or looks upon it as a "problem."

3. Expand the scope of sex education to all age levels and groups. An education program which concnetrates solely upon children and youth, or upon reproduction to the exclusion of sexual behavior, is too limited.

4. Cooperate with many groups and work through many educational channels; e.g., churches, public education, medical and other professional schools, mass media of communication, national organizations in mental health, family life, and general education fields.

5. Create a climate in which open dialog concerning sexual perplexities and uncertainties may take place. We are especially concerned that such an interchange be established between youth and adults, and between youth and youth.

As a

We expect SIECUS to work closely with the various family-helping professions and with those already-established organizations that are family centered. part of, and as an aid to the broad aspects of personality development and family