operations in the event of a disaster, and the same for the fire net and the highway and water nets.

Mr. BATES. Have contracts and specifications been worked out for this equipment?

Colonel HAYES. No, sir; except to the extent that we have similar systems in use in the police and fire departments, and therefore know the equipment required and the characteristics and descriptions and specifications of such equipment.

Mr. BATES. How long would it take you to purchase and install this equipment, the radio, for instance?

Colonel HAYES. We consider the equipment we have asked for, we can secure and install during this fiscal year.

Mr. BATES. Well, if you used police precincts as your control centers, would that not give you better control over the situation, and save money, too?

Colonel HAYES. Yes, sir, but the police network just goes to the police; and it is not on the same frequency, for example, as our three other networks. Our civil-defense communication net must tie in with all of the municipal nets; and also we will have a special disaster frequency for controlling our civil-defense operations, using a highfrequency disaster range set up by the Federal Communications Commission.

Project 3 is the warning net-$57,300. We are responsible for the air-raid warning to the District of Columbia and to five counties of Maryland. The installation we have asked for here does not include any costs for the warning of those counties of Maryland. That cost will be borne by them. This installation is concerned only with those costs within the District.

This installation consists of 60 telephone land lines, organized into 6 sets of 10-line conference hook-ups. That was a system that was devised during the last war, and it proved very effective. It is a means by which, with 1 key, we can contact 10 telephones simultaneously and pass the warning out over those. Much of the money we might get back, because the service would be provided to banks and certain Federal agencies, and although we would have to install it and therefore pay the rent to the telephone company, the moneys would be reimbursable.

The $300 covers the installation of those line phones in the previous item.

Then there is $10,000 for radio receivers. It consists of monitoring receivers in the headquarters, the control centers, and at various dispersed units of the civil-defense organization, to receive instructions which are passed out by the civil-defense headquarters, and also to receive the warnings, so that they in turn may disseminate that warning further.

We have also asked for $20,000 for a public warning system. As General Young brought out, during the last war we had 83 sirens, which cost somewhere between $3,000 and $5,000 apiece. Obviously, this $20,000 will just start us on any sort of a public warning system. It will permit us to install some warning sirens in the most critical downtown area, and to develop the control board at the defense headquarters for the city-wide warnings. To go further in our public warning system would require rather detailed studies, which have not been completed so far, and for that reason we have not included in this

fiscal year any request for the large number of sirens which would be necessary for that system.

We had a system of 83 in the last war, which was fairly sound, but there were gaps in it and there were areas not covered by the warning system. We would have to develop a plan to suitably cover those gaps and be sure we had the best use of our equipment before we installed any equipment.

Also included is an item of $15,000 for an observation post. The Air Force is responsible for air-raid observation and warning, and they have established a Nation-wide system of air-raid observation posts. Only one of those posts is here in the District, whereas most of the States, of course, have a great number of them. They are posts which supplement the radar screen which the Air Force operates, and they are established throughout the eastern and western seaboards and the northern frontier, in between those radar installations to supplement them.

Mr. BATES. I guess I am a little old-fashioned. Why could we not use church bells and fire sirens that we already have, to warn the public?

Colonel HAYES. We will probably use everything we can get, sir. Mr. BATES. You do not think that, in itself, would be sufficient? Colonel HAYES. I do not.

NECESSITY OF PROPOSED OBSERVATION POST

Mr. BATES. Well, I am wondering why the District should pay for an observation post when it is not in your civil-defense program, as I understand it, but it is something for the Department of Defense?

Colonel HAYES. That is correct. This tower offers no protection to the District, because when the man in the tower sees a plane, it is too late for us to receive any warning. Our tower protects somebody else. But, on the other hand, we have got hundreds of these observation posts which have been installed in other States which are protecting us, and of course, we have not paid anything for them.

Mr. YATES. Is not a radar post more effective than a man in a tower?

Colonel HAYES. This observation system supplements the radar post. A radar screen is covering this part of the country.

Mr. YATES. I was under the impression that your airfields had radar installations which tell them when a plane is within the general area now. Would that not be more effective than a man in an observation post?

Colonel HAYES. Yes; for certain types of things.

Mr. YATES. And reach out further than he can see?

Colonel HAYES. To some extent, but radar has certain deficiencies and it doesn't tell you what the plane is, or anything about it, or the direction it is going.

Mr. YATES. You can follow the course of a plane on a radar screen? Colonel HAYES. Yes; if you are going to fix a plane with radar, you could, of course, follow it, but that is not the type of radar installation you get. You have an oscillating type which is sending out impulses and they are bouncing back and you are getting an indication of an object there, and you know the distance of that object and the angle to it, and, of course, with a series of those you could plot the course of

such a plane. But radar has certain deficiencies. In the first place, it does not identify a plane; in the second place, it is no good for a low-flying plane; and finally it has blind spots.

Mr. YATES. I see.

Thank you.

CIVIL DEFENSE OPERATIONS

Colonel HAYES. The final project is project 4, civil defense operations during the current year, $62,700. That is broken down into a number of items.

First is $5,000 for public education.

Obviously, any civil-defense plan we develop is going to require a great deal of cooperation from the public at large, and for them to cooperate effectively they have got to know what we are doing and why and how. There are certain functions which they must perform. There are certain things that they must be trained in. Obvious ones

to us are first aid and possible assistance in firefighting. This $5,000 is an item to get such public education underway, and to cover expenses like film projectors and supplies, and things like that, that we may need for education purposes.

SURVEYS OF STRUCTURES

The

The second item is $15,000 to cover surveys of structures. first thing that any individual is going to want to know is: Is my house, or my apartment building, or my hotel safe, and am I going to be protected by it in the event of an atomic bomb, or is there anything that I can do to that building in order to provide greater protection at little cost?

We consider that it is both a necessary function and a very desirable function of civil defense, to be able to survey such buildings and to be able to tell the individual citizen, and the store owner, and the hotel owner, what he should do to his building or what he can do to provide protection for himself and the people who are in that building. This $15,000 is for such a survey.

Mr. BATES. Do you think that there has been so much building going on here that it would be necessary to make a study of that now, and do you mean that you cannot use the information you gathered in the past war?

Colonel HAYES. No, sir, because all of our information gathered in the last war was for entirely different purposes. In fact, our entire civil-defense organization in the last war was predicated on a different theses a saturation bombing, which would result in 100 incidents, say, at scattered points around the city, and the effect of each incident would be very severe on the particular structure it hit and less severe on one or two surrounding structures, and that would be it. The effects of such a bomb are entirely different, of course, from the effects of an atomic bomb, and also the study of such a structure to determine the amount of protection that it should get.

Mr. YATES. Do you know yet as to what protection an individual structure will have from atomic bombs?

Colonel HAYES. If we can assume what type of bomb we are going to have, we can do a great deal to determine the amount of protection given by any building.

One of the most important parts of any civil-defense plan, of course, is knowing what materials and specialists are available in the event of disaster. We need to know what special supplies there are, not only such things as medical supplies, but also building supplies and fire fighting and plumbing, and practically anything of that nature which might be necessary, either to minimize the effects of the damage or restore the damage afterward-our primary concern with it, of course, is to minimize the damage during the immediate period of the disaster, rather than during the aftermath.

Mr. YATES. Would not your yellow telephone book tell you that? Colonel HAYES. No, sir.

Mr. YATES. It would tabulate your doctors and all of your professions, and it would tabulate your plumbing contractors and plumbing houses, and things of that kind; and would you not in effect be making a survey comparable to the yellow book of the telephone company?

Colonel HAYES. The yellow book will be a big help, but it will not tell us where we can get men who can operate bulldozers or power shovels or things like that, or where we can get them quickly; or where we can pick up in a hurry men who are skilled in demolishing structures, which is a very technical type of work, and that is the sort of people that we would need for our rescue operations.

The training of selected personnel, $10,000, to provide for training people who are taking part in the civil-defense program. To a certain extent, those probably will be District employees and employees of the fire and police and health departments, but to a large extent they will also be volunteers. The item covers the equipment to train them, their transportation, and the like. Of course, one of the first things for our Director of Civil Defense to do will be to work out a training program, and that is one of the things in which our present plan is somewhat deficient.

The next item is $5,000 for microfilming of public records. This can only provide a start on such a program, but it is obvious that there are certain things which must be protected, and microfilming is the cheapest way to protect them. In some cases the master document would then be taken to a place of safety, leaving the microfilm for reference if need should arise: and in other cases, where the record is used continuously, the record would be here, but the microfilm would be in a place of storage. This fund provides only for the starting of such a microfilming program, and does not provide anything for storage. Then there is an item of $12,700 for contingencies. Since the whole field of civil defense is a new one, on which our information is far from complete, it is possible that there will be necessary expenditures for purposes which we have not foreseen. A typical example, which has just come up in the last few days, and I don't know whether it would be approved or not, but the request has come in, is that Gallinger Hospital be permitted to provide a program for developing blood plasma. They have been told by the Red Cross that in view of the Korean situation, they would not be able to count on them further for blood plasma, and we have no District hospitals with such a program or facilities. Whether or not we would consider it appropriate to start on such a program at this time, I do not know. It is not very expensive, and the whole program would probably not cost over $5,000, but the advantage of such a program in the event that we had a disaster

is obvious, and we would have a terrific need for blood plasma and similar derivatives.

That is a sort of thing which will always be coming up, and frankly it is a guess and there is no way that we can foresee them now. Thus there is a need for special funds to handle such contingencies.

The last item is $5,000 for special equipment. There are several types of special equipment other than communications equipment which will be needed in a fully implemented plan. Generally we do not have very much information on that. We have been told, for example, that as a result of the radiological monitoring course, we will be expected to secure certain special equipment for training selected personnel in radiological monitoring and the use of Geiger counters and special equipment of that kind. We have been given no details, and we do not know a great deal about the equipment ourselves, or what it will cost, but we have been told that those instructions will be available and will be issued shortly after the first of the year, when present studies now under way by the Atomic Energy Commission have been completed; and at that stage we would be expected to secure such equipment.

That, again, is just one example of the type of special equipment which we may have to secure, but which at this particular time we are not in a position to describe.

TRAINING PROGRAM

Mr. BATES. I notice that you request $10,000 for training personnel, and you say in your justification that it might be required. Now, would you mind telling us how you plan to spend that $10,000?

Colonel HAYES. Yes. We will have to train a large number of groups. We would have to have volunteer firemen, possibly, and volunteer policemen, and volunteers of other types, who would supplement existing organizations in the municipal government. Such people would have to be trained and have much the same training as our existing firemen and our existing policemen have. Also we would have to organize special units, such as a rescue unit. We have nothing comparable except for one rescue squad in the Fire Department. It will cost a good deal to train such a unit in the type of work that they will have to do.

NECESSITY OF ADDITIONAL EXPENDITURES

Mr. BATES. Why is it necessary to spend $10,000 to keep a list of people and equipment, or $12,700 for contingencies, and $5,000 for a study of records? I do not know whether you know it or not, but Congress has just turned down a request for $50,000 for this same type of work.

Colonel HAYES. $50,000 for the microfilming?

Mr. BATES. It is the same type of work, I say.

Colonel HAYES. Well, to take them up one by one, the survey is not to maintain a record; it is to establish such a record. There is no existing record in the District today except to the extent that the yellow section of the phone book provides a list of doctors and certain specialists. But if something happens, we have to be able to put our fingers on the key people to fill in this organization and to be utilized