I am entirely unaware of any poisonous power that it can exert when given in moderate doses. I have seen a few women affected with slight vomiting after its exhibition, but was unable clearly to trace the accident as an effect to the medicine.

It appears to me that its sole therapeutic force is exerted in stimulating the muscular activity of the uterus.

It is sometimes given for the purpose of procuring abortion; but for the most part, happily for humanity, in vain. There are to be met with inside of the professional pale, here and there, wretches who, not like Shiphrah and Phua of old, will consent to destroy the fruit of the womb. Those good women preserved the children of the Jews, notwithstanding the command of Pharaoh. The modern Christian assassins will for a small fee sometimes agree to put out of the way the child, whose wicked parents circumvent its death.

It is useful to exhibit ergot for the purpose of rousing the torpid muscular force of the uterus for the expulsion of hydatids, and of the dead ovum or mola; I have succeeded in this administration of it. It is highly useful in the hemorrhage of abortions, often provoking a speedier expulsion of the remains of the ovum; and, when that effect fails, it succeeds in arresting the hemorrhagic molimen by its power of condensing the uterus; of which a philosophical rationale is found in its ability to diminish the hyperemia of the uterine circulation. In a gravid womb, the vessels are everywhere surrounded by the muscular tissue of the organ: when those fibres act fully, they cannot but compress the veins and arteries, so that we might metaphorically say that every vessel is surrounded by an animal ligature consisting of muscular fibre, which will tie the bleeding vessel if it be allowed to do so; and it will always do so, if we should allow it, by taking away the ovum, the waters, the child, the secundine, the clot, or the tampon.

To show that ergot may be taken in large quantities without injury to the health of the patient, and at the same time without exciting in the least degree the contractility of the child-bearing organ, I shall lay before the reader the following case, that of Mrs. R., at the 82d page of the 2d edition of Clinical Midwifery, by Dr. Lee.

"[CASE 29.] Mrs. R. again became pregnant about the end of December, 1837. 'On the 17th January, the catamenia not having appeared, she began taking secale cornutum for the purpose of producing the expulsion of the ovum.' She began by taking twelve grains four times a day in infusion. This having produced no effect in six days, the dose was increased to fifteen grains four times a day. In six days more, this was increased to a scruple four times a day. In

six days more, this was increased to twenty-five grains without any effect. The dose was then increased to half a drachm four times a day. Mrs. R. then left off ergot for one week. When she again resumed it, she took one-drachm doses four times a day for four days, and this having produced no effect whatever, she left off taking it altogether. Mrs. R. therefore took seven ounces of ergot of rye, which was all procured at Butler's, Covent Garden. Labor not having followed, I perforated the membranes," &c. &c.

CHAPTER XXII.

OF MILK-FEVER.

THE mammary glands, which in the virgin state are small and to a great degree undeveloped, participate in the new movements of the constitution that are established in the pregnant woman. The tissue of the glands begins early to expand, and the breasts become sensibly larger very soon after the conception takes place; the areola and nipple assume a darker hue, and indeed turn almost black in some persons. These changes do not take place without producing a sense of soreness or aching of the part. So great is the increase of vital force, that some women find a considerable secretion of milk in the breast, as early as the sixth, seventh, and eighth months; but, for the most part, no milk is formed so soon. If a healthy woman should miscarry at five months and a half, it is to be expected that her breast will fill with milk within seventy or eighty hours after her delivery, and, à fortiori, secretion may be expected if she be confined at the sixth month or later. I have seen a woman whose child was born at five months and a half, who served as a most excellent wet-nurse. I have found milk in the galactophorous tubes of a young woman, whose body was exhumed for examination by a jury, although she had been confined at a little past five months. During all this time, the organ, though more firm and protuberant than in the non-gravid state, does not become positively hard, but is soft and yielding under pressure; for the increased size is owing more to an increased deposit of adipose matter on the breast exterior to the fascia of the gland, than to the swelling, enlargement, or engorgement of the glandular tissue itself, at this early stage. Such are the phenomena relative to the breast in pregnancy.

Let us now endeavor to account for them, by a reference to the internal structure and uses of the apparatus which nature has arranged for the support of the new-born product of the gestation.

The breast appears at an early stage of the foetal existence, but does not become prominent until the period when the girl is passing

into the womanly state, and even then the substance of the gland is more solid and condensed than when prepared for the production of milk. The adipose structure is very abundant upon the breasts, so that, in general, fat women have them of great size, without at the same time having a larger share of the glandular material than some other women of a meagre constitution; and, indeed, it does not appear that the largest breast is to be depended upon for the production of the greatest quantity of milk. A breast of middling size is to be preferred in choosing a wet-nurse.

A layer of adipose matter is to be found immediately under the skin in dissecting the breast, and this adeps exists there in masses or lumps, separated from each other by cellular digitations, which unite the skin to the parts beneath it. Underneath the fatty layer are to be found the lactiferous glands inclosed in their true fascia. The whole gland is so formed as to resemble somewhat a placenta, being circular, thinner at the margin than at the centre, and consisting essentially in a great number of small grains, the size of millet-seeds, which are inclosed in separate packets or bunches by the cellular lamina, which thus break it up into lobes or nodules, each, as it were, inclosed in a cellular fascia. The exterior surface of the whole gland is inclosed in a condensed cellular texture, which constitutes a fascia for it, but is far more ductile or distensible than the fascial coverings of some other parts of the body. The gland thus constructed is supplied with blood from the intercostals, the external mammary, and the internal mammary arteries. The nerves of the breast are also derived from the intercostals and from branches that proceed from the axillary plexus.

It has also an abundant supply of absorbents. The granules of the breast, or its acini, give out, each of them, a tube or lactiferous duct, which uniting with others from the same bunch or packet of grains, at length form a lactiferous duct which proceeds towards the areola and nipple, so that each packet or nodule of acini sends its own excretory tube to the nipple, and has no connection with the circumjacent nodule. In the same manner the lobuli of the placenta send, each of them, its vessels towards the cord without communicating with the adjacent lobules.

The lactiferous ducts soon become, by the union of so many primitive excretory tubes, quite large reservoirs; and they become the larger, the nearer they approach the areola and nipple, within which they contract or grow narrower: each tube sends its own duct to the nipple, on the extremity of which it opens, in order to pour its fluid into the infant's mouth, when it is drawn forth by the suction.

It is stated by Haller, in his great work, and confirmed by other

may

and later writers, that, in addition to the lactiferous tubes, which be regarded as the efferent ducts of the acini and the packets, the galactophorous vessels are also composed of numerous excretory or efferent ducts, which take their origin from the adipose cells, and convey thence a material that helps to make up the constitution of the milk. I do not know that this question has been settled by any of the minute anatomists in America or elsewhere.

The number of tubes opening on the extremity of the nipple amounts to fifteen or twenty, and each tube is lined, according to the opinion of Bichât, with a mucous membrane, since, he says, the orifices of all the glands are furnished with a mucous surface.

Such being the construction of the mammary gland, it follows that its nervous and vascular apparatus, having extensive communication with the rest of the system, must endow it with the faculty of awakening numerous and powerful sympathies in its diseased affections.

The woman who approaches the term of her gestation feels the breasts grow quite heavy; they are rather firmer in consistence; the areola becomes blacker and blacker as she approaches her accouche ment. After the child is born, she observes no change in them until the second, or more commonly the third day, so that, until forty-eight or seventy-two hours have elapsed, we have no reason to look for any fluxional movement in that direction. But about this time the breasts commence swelling; they ache, and suffer shooting pains throughout their substance; the swelling goes on until the skin of the mamma fairly shines with the tension; blue veins, that are very broad, are seen creeping in every direction over the superficies of the hemisphere, and even the nipple partakes of the engorgement. The breast is now painful to the touch, and each one stands out so firmly and so hard from the thorax that the woman is often obliged to lie upon the back for more than an entire day, being unable to bring her arms together on account of the pain the breasts would suffer from their approximation.

In this state, the breasts may be compared to two great phlegmons upon the most sensitive part of the body, and we need feel no sur prise at finding such a state of the glands accompanied with rigors and fever, and even violent fever. Accordingly, it is very generally the fact that a woman does not get her milk without, at the same time, getting a fever with it, and this fever is called the milk-fever.

I have, however, not the least doubt that on various occasions I have observed the beginnings of a fever, which proved to be the milk-fever, in which, during many hours, not the least appearance of increased engorgement, heat, or painfulness of the breast was dis