patrol over secondary routes. Although the secondary routes are posted as closed and visitors are warned during the summer months, foolhardy persons occasionally travel the roads and it is frequently necessary to rescue them. The extensive patrol requires unusual consumption of gasoline and oil, and the replacement of tires and repairs are frequent. An increase of $120 is requested for purchasing the supplies and materials needed to permit the minimum patrol necessary to safeguard visitors.

An increase of $1,800 is requested for employing a handyman-mechanic. The water and sewage systems have been expanded under the Public Works program and the services of a handyman-mechanic are essential the year round to repair leaks in the lines, to clean the reservoirs, and to keep the water supply at a maximum capacity. Proper operation of the water system cannot be overemphasized in this arid region. Five additional quarters units were completed during the past year, providing a total of 42 buildings for housing employees. It requires approximately 50 percent of 1 employee's time to keep the quarters equipment in operation. Visitation increased from 48,874 persons during the 1937 travel year to 61,301 during 1939 and 80,842 during 1910, resulting in a sanitation problem of large proportions. There are 3 heavily used campgrounds from 50 to 100 miles apart. Also, there are 2 large comfort stations at the Texas Springs, 1 at Emigrant, and pit toilets in the Grapevine campgrounds. Additional services are essential if the toilet facilities are to be serviced properly and garbage removed frequently to protect the health of visitors and employees. The sum of $75 is requested for purchasing additional chemicals, sanitation and cleaning supplies, etc.

An increase of $40 is requested for purchasing Flamo gas and fuel oil needed to operate the 5 new quarters.

A portion of the above-mentioned increases are offset by a decrease of $2,110 in the equipment account.

Devil Postpile, Calif., no increase.-Devil Postpile National Monument located in east central California, established by Presidential proclamation of July 6, 1911, comprises an area of 800 acres, and is noted for its peculiar rock formations consisting of hexagonal basaltic columns resembling an immense pile

of posts.

Devils Tower, Wyo., increase, $1,600.-Devils Tower National Monument, located in northeastern Wyoming, established by Presidential proclamation of September 24, 1906, comprises an area of 1,152.91 acres. Its central feature is the 865-foot vertical tower of basaltic rock, aprpoximately 1,000 feet in diameter at the base, and believed to be the core of an ancient volcano.

An increase of $50 is requested for personal services and supplies to provide maintenance of buildings valued at $35,000. The sum of $100 now allotted represents only three-tenths of 1 percent of the valuation of the seven log structures in the area. A nonrecurring amount of $300 is recommended for converting wood-burning furnace in the administration-museum building into an oil-burning unit, including the installation of a 500-gallon fuel storage tank. The repair of frozen pipes, due to inability to hold fires overnight, would be eliminated with the installation of an oil-burning furnace. Fuel wood, now scarce in the region, is more expensive than fuel oil.

The monument contains 3 miles of bituminous-surfaced roads, 0.56 mile of gravel roads, a 150-foot steel bridge, 38,000 square feet of bituminous-surfaced parking area, and 2.64 miles of truck trails. There is no Civilian Conservation Corps camp in the area and the Emergency Relief Administration project was terminated on June 30, 1940. An increase of $300 plus $100, representing a decrease in the equipment account, will provide $400 additional, or a total of $995 for performing normal maintenance on the monument roads, including snow removal.

The heavy use of trails in the area of visitor concentration, requires their adequate maintenance, The sum of $20 now available provides only $5 per mile for maintenance of 4 miles of trails from the parking area to and around the tower. An increase of $50 is requested.

A nonrecurring amount of $800 is requested for purchasing a 5-kilowatt electric generator. A secondhand generator was installed when the Emergency Relief Administration project started and was removed when the project terminated on June 30, 1940. No facilities are available to provide light and power to the

area.

An increase of $100 is requested to cover the costs of garbage disposal in the camp and picnic grounds and the operation of the new incinerator constructed under the Emergency Relief Administration program. The work, previously accomplished with Emergency Relief Administration labor, must now be accomp

lished with regular funds due to the termination of the Emergency Relief Administration project on June 30, 1940.

Dinosaur, Utah-Colorado, increase, $5,735.-Dinosaur National Monument, in northeastern Utah and northwestern Colorado, was originally established by Presidential proclamation on October 4, 1915, with an area comprising 80 acres. It was enlarged to 203,965 acres by Presidential proclamation of July 14, 1938. The original area of 80 acres contains the largest known deposits of dinosaurian skeletons. The enlarged area is important for its scenic, geological, and archeological features, particularly the canyons formed by the Yampa and Green Rivers. The deep, impassable canyons divide the monument into 3 distinct natural units. Since 1936 a total of $224,606 of Emergency Relief Administration funds has been allocated for reliefing the dinosaur skeletons, for constructing roads, bridges, trails, parking areas, a machine shop, and a museum, and for installing utility systems. The Emergency Relief Administration project was terminated on August 9, 1940, and it is essential that regular funds be provided to administer the area, to protect and preserve the natural and scientific objects, and to maintain the improvements already made.

The sum of $2,240 (net) is requested for employing a custodian to administer this rugged, undeveloped area adequately. The amount of $400 will be required for supplies and materials, travel expenses, subsistence of animals, repair and operation of a pick-up truck proposed for purchase, and miscellaneous administrative expenses.

The

An increase of $1,620 is requested for employing three seasonal rangers. monument is divided into three natural divisions of approximately equal size, between which are deep canyons, impassible except at one point for a distance of over 30 miles. Three seasonal rangers, one for each division, are needed for protection through the period of greatest fire hazard to the end of the hunting season late in October. Two of the seasonal ranger headquarters will be 150 to 40 miles, respectively, by road from monument headquarters.

The amount of $400 is requested for ranger supplies and materials, for the rental, subsistence and care of animals, etc.

It will be necessary for employees to be quartered in tents, since no buildings are available for the purpose. The sum of $50 is requested for purchasing gasoline for lights, fuel wood, and miscellaneous items.

An amount of $600 is requested for purchasing a 4-ton pickup truck for the custodian to provide transportation to the three districts within the monument and to general headquarters in Rocky Mountain National Park. With the great distances to be traveled, it is essential that the custodian have available means for transporting himself and light equipment.

An increase of $100 is recommended for purchasing cooking ranges, heaters, office equipment, and miscellaneous small tools and equipment. These items are necessary for providing the office and quarters with the minimum essentials for administration and housekeeping. Of the increase requested, $50 is a recurring amount for the annual replacement of small tools and equipment.

The sum of $100 is requested for purchasing tents to provide quarters for the permanent and seasonal employees recommended for employment.

An amount of $225 is recommended for purchasing saddle and pack horses, and riding and pack outfits for ranger patrol. Because of the rugged topography of the monument, travel and transportation within the area, except on existing stockmen's roads, will require riding and pack stock.

Grand Canyon, Arizona, decrease, $150-Grand Canyon National Monument, in northwestern Arizona, was established by Presidential proclamation of December 22, 1932. The monument, containing 201,291 acres, joins the west boundary of Grand Canyon National Park and affords spectacular and interesting views of the Grand Canyon.

Great Sand Dunes, Colorado, increase, $300.-The Great Sand Dunes National Monument, located in south central Colorado, was established by Presidential proclamation on March 17, 1932, and comprises 46,034.47 acres. The monument contains the highest and most spectacular dune formations in the United States, rising from the foot of the snow-covered Sangre de Cristo Range to a maximum height of 1,000 feet above the San Luis Valley.

Extensive developments and improvements were made in the area with Emergency Relief Administration allocations of $38,375 and $76,667 for the fiscal years 1939 and 1940, respectively. The work accomplished included the improvements of roads, the construction of a residence, a garage, and campground and picnic areas, the installation of signs and markers, the development of water and sewer systems, and seeding, sodding, and landscaping. The Emergency Relief Admin

istration program was terminated on June 30, 1940, and regular funds are needed to preserve the Government's investment.

The sum of $50 is requested for maintaining the new ranger's residence and garage constructed during the 1940 fiscal year under the Emergency Relief Administration program. The buildings are valued at $3,500 and the estimate for maintenance will represent less than 11⁄2 percent of the valuation.

An amount of $200 is needed to maintain approximately 4 miles of roads. The entrance road was realined and reconstructed recently under the Emergency Relief Administration program. Funds have not been provided previously for

road maintenance.

The sum of $50 is requested to provide miscellaneous ranger equipment and small tools for maintaining the buildings and roads.

Homestead, Nebr., decrease, $25.-The act of March 19, 1936, authorized the establishment of the Homestead National Monument of America, comprising 160.82 acres, emblematical of the hardships and the pioneer life through which the early settlers passed in the settlement, cultivation and civilization of the great West.

Jewel Cave, S. Dak., increase, $1,445.—Jewel Cave National Monument, located in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota, was established by Presidential proclamation on February 7, 1908, and comprises 1,274.56 acres. The cave proper consists of a series of subterranean chambers and galleries in limestone formation.

An increase of $1,395 is requested for employing a permanent ranger in lieu of one of the present seasonal employees to provide proper protection and control the year round. The monument is covered with a fine stand of ponderosa pine. The fire season in the area extends into November. The ranger office and cave are subject to damage by vandals and poaching is prevalent in this area where deer are plentiful. The employment of a permanent ranger would provide protection against vandals and poachers and would permit the extension of the travel season. The amount of $50 is requested for purchasing a strong box for the safe-keeping of fee collections and for purchasing gasoline lanterns and miscellaneous small tools.

Joshua Tree, Calif., decrease, $6,700.-This area, located south of the Mojave Desert in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Calif., contains 837,480 acres and was established by Presidential proclamation of August 10, 1936. The monument is rich in scientific, scenic, and recreational values, and among the many varieties of desert flora abounding within the area is the rare and diminishing Joshua-tree, one of the most spectacular flora features of the western deserts.

Lava beds, California, decrease, $1,200.-Lava Beds National Monument is located in northeastern California, established by Presidential proclamation on November 21, 1925, comprises 45,967 acres, and is administered under the general supervision of the superintendent of Crater Lake National Park. The monument contains exhibits of volcanic action and lava flows in the shape of peculiar caves and tunnels. The area includes the site of the Modoc Indian War of 1872-74 and is an important region of archeological interest.

Lehman caves, Nevada, increase, $1,250.-Lehman Caves National Monument, located in east central Nevada, was established by presidential Proclamation of January 24, 1922, and comprises 640 acres. The principal attractions are the caves of light gray and white limestone honeycombed by tunnels and galleries of stalactite formations. Due to the proposed paving of the highways leading to the caves by the State of Nevada, and the installation of lighting facilities in the caves with the $5,000 provided for the 1941 fiscal year, it is estimated that both visitation and revenues will increase substantially during the estimate year.

The

An increase of $840 is requested to establish a temporary ranger position. only employee in the monument is the ranger (custodian) who is required to administer the area, seil entrance permits, guide parties through the cave, make public contacts, and patrol the area. It is imposible for one employee to perform all these duties during the travel season and additional personnel should be provided. When the ranger is taking visitors through the cave, the surface area of the monument is left unprotected, and no one is available to contact other visitors as they arrive. During the travel season, the ranger is required to work 7 days a week, often for 10 and 12 hours a day because there is no one to relieve him. An amount of $60 is requested for ranger supplies, including informational circulars and first-aid items.

The sum of $100 is requested for purchasing supplies and materials and employing temporary labor to maintain the 1 mile of trails within the cave and on the surface. The trail system will be increased several hundred feet as soon as the lights are installed within the caves and other developments completed during the

current fiscal year. With the anticipated increase in visitors, due to the improvement of highways leading to the caves and the installation of a lighting system, the trails will receive greater use and require additional maintenance. No funds are provided now for maintaining the cave and surface trails.

An appropriation of $5,000 approved for 1941 will provide for installing a lighting system in the cave and the service building. The sum of $250 will be required to maintain the new lighting installations, including the services of a per diem electrician.

Muir Woods, Calif., increase, $150.-Muir Woods National Monument, located about 12 miles from San Francisco, Calif., established by Presidential Proclamation of January 9, 1908, comprises an area of 424.56 acres and is noted for its fine grove of redwood trees.

A nonrecurring increase of $75 is requested for refinishing two bedrooms and the halls of the custodian's quarters, put into operation in the fall of 1935. The sum of $100 available for maintaining the seven buildings in the area, is not sufficient to cover the costs of the work. The refinishing should be accomplished as soon as possible to keep the quarters in a habitable condition.

The tremendous increase in travel, due principally to the elimination of the toll charge on the road leading to the monument, has required greater expenditures for sanitation. An increase of $75 is recommended for purchasing additional sanitary supplies and for maintaining properly the three comfort stations and the incinerator.

Ocmulgee, Ga., increase, $790.-The act of Congress approved June 14, 1934, authorized the establishment of Ocmulgee National Monument to preserve the unique historically and archeologically important Indian mounds in and around the city of Macon, Ga. The monument was established by Presidential Proclamation of December 23, 1936, and comprises 688.48 acres.

Extensive research, excavation, development, and reconstruction have been accomplished with emergency funds and material remains of prehistoric and historic Indian groups have been uncovered. The site is of unusual interest to visitors and of great scientific value to technicians and scholars.

An increase of $648 is recommended to employ a part-time janitor-laborer for performing miscellaneous duties, including the cleaning of floors, windows, light fixtures, toilets, etc., and caring for the lawns. An increase of $142 plus $410, representing a decrease in the equipment account, will provide $552 needed for heating the administration-museum building now under construction with a Public Works allotment of $40,000.

Oregon Caves, Oreg., no increase.- Oregon Caves National Monument, located in southwestern Oregon in the heart of the Siskiyou Mountains, established by Presidential proclamation on July 12, 1909, comprises 480 acres, and is noted for its limestone caves of variety and beauty. The monument is under the general supervision of the Superintendent of Crater Lake National Park.

Petrified Forest, Ariz., decrease, $220.- Petrified Forest National Monument. located in northeastern Arizona, was established by Presidential proclamation on December 8, 1906, and comprises 90.302.37 acres. The area is widely known for its scientific and scenic features, containing 6 separate "forests" of petrified trees, and numerous petroglyphs, Indian ruins, and other relics of prehistoric races.

Pinnacles, Calif., decrease, $1,360.-Pinnacles National Monument, located near the coast of central California, was established by Presidential proclamation on January 16, 1908, comprises 9.908.39 acres, and includes precipitous spire-like rock formations of volcanic origin which rise from 500 to 1,200 feet above the floors of its several canyons, and numerous caves and highly colored rock formations.

Pipestone, Minnesota, decrease, $35.-Pipestone National Monument, established by the act of Congress approved August 25, 1937, comprises an area of 115.39 acres. Pipestone from these ancient quarries is famous throughout the world. Quarrying by Indians has been carried on here for centuries; the right being specially reserved by law to Indians of all tribes.

Santa Rosa Island, Florida, decrease, $750.-Santa Rosa Island National Monument comprises approximately 9,500 acres and was established by Presidential proclamation on May 17, 1939. The monument is a barrier island off the Gulf coast of Florida, southeast of Pensacola, and is of national significance because it illustrates in an outstanding manner processes by which much of the shore line of the continent is formed. The area also has excellent historical and recreational values.

Scotts Bluff, Nebraska, decrease, $50.-Scotts Bluff National Monument, in western Nebraska, was established by Presidential proclamation on December 12, 1919, and comprises 3,476.27 acres. Its principal feature is a massive promontory

known as Scotts Bluff, which rises 800 feet above the valley floor and is a celebrated landmark on the Old Oregon, California, and Mormon trails.

Sitka, Alaska, increase, $100.—Sitka National Monument, comprising 57 acres, is located on Sitka Sound on the west shore of Baranof Island, Alaska, adjacent to the town of Sitka. The area, reserved as a public park by President Harrison on June 21, 1890, was established as a national monument by Presidential proclamation of March 23, 1910. It is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Indian River and fronts on the sea. It includes the site of the Battle of Alaska which occurred in 1804, when Russia established its supremacy over the Indian tribes of southeastern Alaska. The principal feature of the monument is the exhibit of 16 totem poles, relics of the aboriginal life of Alaska.

After providing $2,100 for the custodian's (ranger) salary, only $100 remains for other administration and protection expenses. An increase of $100 is requested to provide sufficient funds to cover the cost of supplies and materials, communication service, travel, and other incidental expenses.

Verendrye, North Dakota, no increase.-Verendrye National Monument, located in northwestern North Dakota, comprises an area of 253.04 acres and was established by Presidential Proclamation of June 29, 1917, to comemorate the Verendrye explorations in North Dakota and along the upper Missouri River.

Whitman, Washington, decrease, $600.-Whitman National Monument, comprising 45.93 acres, was established on January 20, 1940, pursuant to the provisions of the act of June 29, 1936, and is located on the site of the old Indian mission along the Walla Walla River in what is now Walla Walla County, Wash. It was created as a national memorial to Marcus Whitman and his wife, Narcissa Prentiss Whitman, who there established their Indian mission and school in 1836 and administered to the physical and spiritual needs of the Indians until massacred with 12 other persons in 1847.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. The amount asked for 1942 is $351,725 against a current appropriation of $342,795. This represents an increase of $8,930.

What is the total number of monuments, Mr. Demaray?

Mr. DEMARAY. Eighty-two national monuments, but not all of the national monuments have appropriations. The actual appropriations are indicated in the detailed item that is shown on page 537.

There are two monuments this year, for which the first appropriations are to be made. One is the Gila cliff dwellings in New Mexico, $400, and the Dinosaur National Monument in Utah, for which $5.735 is asked for the first time.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. As a general rule, these monuments require increasing sums of money for their maintenance on account of the increased attendance. In general that is correct, is it not?

Mr. DEMARAY. That is correct.

Mr. SCRUGHAM. The increased attendance is probably reflected because of the cutting off of European travel.

Mr. DEMARAY. That is right. And many of them are among the most interesting areas that we have. They are generally small and concentrated, and the principal necessity is for protection. There must be at least one man in every one of these areas 24 hours a day. Mr. SCRUGHAM. Otherwise there is vandalism?

Mr. DEMARAY. They are the most remarkable exhibits of prehistoric life in our country, as you know.

NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS

Mr. SCRUGHAM. We will take up the item on page 541, "National historical parks and monuments."

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