December 1932 developed, following his election defeat, Hoover recognized realistically that some debt concession would have to be arranged soon if default was to be averted. But he felt a responsibility to salvage as much of the debt as possible, hopefully gaining a quid pro quo, and he firmly refused to ask Congress for a further moratorium on December 15. Still, traces of his earlier flexibility reappeared during the interregnum when he proposed a new debt commission and expressed a willingness to accept payment in foreign currencies or, in the case of Britain, marketable bonds. With his systematic approach to problem solving, Hoover revived his debt commission plan, presented it to the president-elect, and invited his cooperation but without bothering to first ascertain Roosevelt's ideas on the subject. Although Hoover and Roosevelt agreed upon the basic need for revision, personal, partisan, and procedural differences consistently divided them. The deadlock did not reflect favorably on either man, and it made the American position

on debts confusing while months of potential bargaining time were sacrificed.

Yet Hoover's overall performance on the debts was decidedly creditable. For fourteen years he had applied himself to the debt question with a commendable blend of energy, flexibility, and engineer-like logic. But his overall conception of the war debts remained decidedly conventional. His efforts at constructing and later salvaging the system were primarily derived from such orthodox motivations as the sanctity of contracts, a paternalistic idea of humanitarianism, and a strong sense of nationalism. Given the economic collapse and his political deficiencies, the war debt problem was simply too gigantic for Hoover to control. After a promising start toward arranging a replacement for the crumbling financial system, Hoover was swept away by growing European and congressional intransigence and by his own political limitations. In the end the war debts proved too formidable even for the world's best informed man on the subject.

GENEALOGY NOTES

At some point in their genealogical pursuits,

Americans must determine the circumstances related to an ancestor's immigration to the United States. The answers to these questions are keys to further ancestral research in the immigrant's native country. Genealogists will not find this an easy task, but success may be measured by knowledge of the settlement patterns, history, and source materials available that document immigrant arrivals. This column will attempt to provide some references to available research materials relating to such arrivals.

Richard C. Haskett and his colleagues, in A Report on World Population Migrations as Related to the United States of America (Washington, D. C., 1956), list many publications relating to immigration, including those that provide names, dates, places of arrival and settlement, and background data on immigrants and selected ethnic groups. Although out of print, the Haskett study is available in most metropolitan libraries. A number of related works have appeared since publication of the Haskett study and are listed on page 146.

By far the most important source materials for identifying an immigrant's point of entry into America are port records and ship passenger lists. Even with this material, however, researchers can encounter difficulties. In the colonial period, for example, a British subject arriving in the American colonies would be less likely to appear on a ship's papers if he had paid his own fare than if someone else had paid it. Ship captains were responsible for the safe transport and delivery of persons and cargo entrusted to their care. Hence, better records were kept for bonded passengers than for other immigrants. With the passage of time most governments enacted stricter port rules and

regulations that required more detailed documentation of the arrival of aliens and citizens alike. Nevertheless, even for the colonial period there are published sources of immense value, such as Howard Lancour's Bibliography of Ship Passenger Lists, 1538-1825, 3d ed. (New York, 1963).

New source materials pertaining to the colonial era appear regularly. Most of these are identified in standard historical and genealogical bibliographies that are published annually. Researchers should also consult genealogical periodical indexes, The National Union Catalog, and Books in Print as aids for finding recently published material. Other published sources, like the National Archives Guide to Genealogical Records in the National Archives (Washington, D. C., 1964), reveal a wealth of material pertaining to immigration, including ship lists, passports or similar exit documents, naturalization documents, while other publications identify records relating to oaths taken renouncing former citizenship and to censuses of aliens.

A number of overseas records have been published and are available in the United States. For example, the National Archives library has copies of lists of Irish immigrants from County Derry, 1833-35, which were prepared by the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland. The Louisiana Historical Society in New Orleans has transcripts of lists of passengers leaving France for Louisiana between 1718 and 1924. The Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress has microfilm copies of indexed lists of immigrants from Hamburg, Germany, 1850-73. The library does not, however, honor mailed requests. Finally, the holdings and publications of the Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints in Salt Lake City, Utah, pro

vide additional material from foreign countries. Genealogical researchers who are familiar with pertinent published materials have a decided advantage over those who are not. The appended bibliography identifies a number of currently available publications relative to immigration and genealogical research.

Allan, Morton. Directory of European Passenger Steamship Arrivals, 1890-1930 at the Port of New York and for the Years 1904 to 1926 at the Ports of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore. 1931. Reprint. Strasburg, Va., 1971.

Bolton, Charles Knowles. Scotch Irish Pioneers in Ulster and America. 1910. Reprint. Baltimore, 1972.

Currer-Briggs, Noel. Colonial Settlers and English Adventurers. Baltimore, 1971.

Filby, P. William. American and British Genealogy and Heraldry. Chicago, 1970.

Ghirelli, Michael. A List of Emigrants From England to America, 1682-1692. Baltimore, 1968. Hansen, Marcus Lee. The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860: A History of the Continuing Settlement of the United States. Cambridge, Mass., 1941.

Hotten, John Camden. The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political Rebels, Serving Men Sold For a Term of Years, Apprentices, 1600-1700. 2d ed., 1880. Reprint. Baltimore, 1968.

Jacobus, Donald L. Index to Genealogical Periodicals. 3 vols., 1932, 1948, 1953. Reprint. Baltimore, 1963-69.

Kaminkow, Jack and Marion, eds. A List of Emigrants From England to America, 1718-1759. Baltimore, 1964.

Original Lists of Emigrants in Bondage From London to the American Colonies, 1719

1744. Baltimore, 1967.

Landis, John T. Mayflower Descendants and Their Marriages for Two Generations After the Landing. 1922. Reprint. Baltimore, 1971.

Munroe, J. B. A List of Alien Passengers. 1851.
Reprint. Baltimore, 1971.

Passengers Who Arrived in the United States,
Sept. 1821-Dec. 1823. Baltimore, 1969.
Olsson, Nils William. Swedish Passenger Arriv-
als in New York. Chicago, 1967.

Reaman, George Elmore. The Trail of the Huguenots in Europe, the United States, South Africa, and Canada. 1963. Reprint. Baltimore, 1972. Rieder, Milton P., Jr., and Norma Gaudet Rieder. New Orleans Ship Lists, 1820-21. 2 vols. Metairie, La., 1966-68.

Rupp, Israel Daniel. A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names. 1876. Reprint. Baltimore, 1971.

Simmendinger, Ulrich. True and Authentic Register of Persons... Who in the year 1709 . . . Journeyed from Germany to America. 1934. Reprint. Baltimore, 1966.

Stephenson, Jean. Scotch-Irish Migration to South Carolina, 1772. Strasburg, Va., 1971. Strassburger, Ralph Beaver. Pennsylvania German Pioneers: A Publication of the Original Lists of Arrivals in the Port of Philadelphia From 1727 to 1808. Edited by W. J. Hinke. 3 vols., 1934. Reprint, 2 vols. Baltimore, 1966.

Urlsberger, Samuel. Detailed Records on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America. 3 vols. Athens, Ga., 1972.

Passenger Arrivals, 1819-1820.... 1821. Reprint. Baltimore, 1971.

Work Projects Administration. Bibliography of Research Projects Reports: Check List of Historical Records Survey Publications. Washington, D. C., 1943. Reprint. Baltimore, 1969.

The National Archives and Records Service publishes a variety of descriptions and guides to its holdings that are of use to scholars and the general public. These include inventories of record groups, special lists, and reference information papers. Inventories are general descriptions of and guides to documents in a record group. They provide a brief history of the agency that created the records and describe each series of its records. Frequently, the National Archives publishes a preliminary inventory of a record group to facilitate access to its holdings. Preliminary inventories are less detailed than inventories but are similar in format.

Special lists are detailed descriptions of a series of records within a record group or of a subject or activity of an agency. Reference information papers describe material on a given subject that may be found in several record groups. As a rule these lists and papers follow no established form but vary according to the nature of the records to which they relate.

Earlier publications are listed in the leaflet, Select List of Publications of the National Archives and Records Service. Unless otherwise indicated, new publications described below can be purchased from the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives (GSA), Washington, DC 20408.

Microfilm Publications

The National Archives has begun microfilming purport lists from the Department of State decimal file for the years 1910 to 1944. These lists constitute a subject index and are the basic finding aids for the records that form the central files of the Department of State for this period. Arranged by decimal file number and subnumber, the lists indicate the sender, recipient, date, and purport or subject for each document. Divided into four periods, 1910-29, 1930-39, 1940-44, and July-December 1944, the lists will be reproduced on 654 rolls as Purport Lists for the Department of State Decimal Files, 1910-1944 (M973).

Although it will take several years to complete the project, only those purport lists actually being filmed will be unavailable for research. Since lists do not have to be microfilmed in order, it is now possible to provide positive copies of selected lists at regular microfilm publication prices, which is about one-tenth the cost of negative microfilm or of electrostatic copies. Address requests and inquiries to the Chief, Diplomatic Branch (NNFD), National Archives (GSA), Washington, DC 20408.

Additional microfilm publications dealing with the United States tribunals at Nuernberg are now available. Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes Trials: United States of America v. Wilhelm List et al. (Case VII), July 8, 1947-February 19, 1948 (M893), introduction by Marilla B. Guptil and John Mendelsohn, reproduces the records of the Wilhelm List case in which twelve generals were tried for crimes that included the murder of hostages. Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes Trials: United States of America v. Erhard Milch (Case II), November 13, 1946-April 17, 1947 (M888), introduction by John Mendelsohn and Gibson B. Smith, reproduces the case records of Erhard Milch, who was tried for recruiting and using slave labor and for performing illegal medical experiments on humans. English and German transcripts of daily proceedings before the tribunals, prosecution and defense exhibits, document books containing English translations of exhibits and the sequence of their court presentation, briefs, pleas, official court orders and judgments, and clemency petitions for both cases are reproduced. Documents in German, which largely duplicate the exhibits, were not filmed.

The Records of the United States Nuernberg War Crimes Trials, NM Series, 1874-1946 (M936), introduction by John Mendelsohn, reproduces documents used by the Office of the Chief of Counsel for War Crimes in prosecuting war criminals at Nuernberg. These consist of twenty record items dealing with the persecution of German trade union members and the treatment of prisoners of war and foreign workers by the Nazis. Records in German are preceded by a master index in English; other records are in English or French.

Law Case Files of the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, 1795-1844 (M937), introduction by Mary Joe Minor, is the most recent publication of federal court records for New York. Law cases, as distinguished from equity cases, were civil cases in which legal remedy was provided by common law or statute. Most of the cases concern suits by the United States for recovery of money due under various forms of obligations or promise, such as indemnity bonds, and penalties for violation of customs laws.

Case Papers of the Court of Admiralty of the State of New York, 1784-1788 (M948), introduction by Rick B. Johnson, reproduces cases reJated mainly to salvage, customs, and seamen's wages. During the Revolutionary War and Confederation periods, state courts exercised jurisdiction in admiralty cases. New York's maritime counties were occupied by the British from the fall of 1776 until the end of the war. The New York Court of Admiralty, therefore, did not become active until 1784. Upon adoption of the Constitution, the state court ceased to exist; its powers and records were turned over to the federal district court of New York.

Letters Received by the Department of Justice From the State of Louisiana, 1871-1884 (M940), introduction by Henry J. Wolfinger, reproduces incoming correspondence of the Justice Department from the judicial districts of Louisiana. The publication contains a register of letters received, 1871-84, and several series of miscellaneous correspondence relating to Louisiana affairs, 1872-82. Among the most frequent correspondents were federal judicial officers, state and local officials, and private citizens. Their correspondence should prove valuable to those interested in Reconstruction politics, efforts to implement civil rights and voting rights legislation, and enforcement of federal statutes relating to internal revenue and to the public domain.

Letters Sent by the Superintendent of the U. S. Naval Academy, 1845-1865 (M945), introduction by Geraldine N. Phillips, relates principally to administrative duties performed by the superintendent. These included overseeing the curriculum, the faculty, and other personnel and taking charge of the academy buildings, grounds, and vessels. In addition to letters to midshipmen and naval and civilian personnel at the academy, there are letters to applicants for admission and to public and private individuals. The letters cover the Civil War period when the academy was moved from Annapolis, Maryland, to Newport, Rhode Island.

Preliminary Inventories

Records of the United States Army Continental