INTRODUCTION OF BILLS Bills were introduced by unanimous consent, severally read the first and second times, and referred as follows: By Mr. KEFAUVER: S. 1798. A bill for the relief of Charles Peroulas; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. BEALL: S. 1799. A bill for the relief of Giuseppe Scalia; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado (by request): S. 1800. A bill to amend title II of the Railway Labor Act so as to provide that all employees of an air carrier shall be included in determining bargaining units for flight crews and aircraft dispatchers, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. TITLE TO LANDS BENEATH NAVIGABLE WATERS WITHIN STATE BOUNDARIES AND TO NATURAL RESOURCES The Senate resumed the consideration of its unfinished business, viz, the joint resolution (S. J. Res. 13) to confirm and establish the titles of the States to lands beneath navigable waters within State boundaries and to natural resources within such lands and waters, and to provide for the use and control of said lands and resources. The question being on agreeing to the amendments yesterday proposed by Mr. MONRONEY to the reported amendment as amended, Pending debate, On motion by Mr. TAFT, and by unanimous consent, Ordered, That when debate upon the pending amendment is completed, a vote on it be postponed and taken at 12:30 p. m. tomorrow, and after its postponement the offering of other amendments be in order and discussion only thereon be proceeded with. Pending debate, On motion by Mr. WILLIAMS, and by unanimous consent, Ordered, That upon the convening of the Senate tomorrow and a quorum call the proponents and opponents of the pending amendment, be allowed 10 minutes each prior to the vote thereon and that all other remaining time for debate be relinquished. On motion by Mr. KEFAUVER to further amend the reported amendment by striking out on page 13 all on line 18 down to and including line 14, on page 14, and inserting in lieu thereof other words, and on page 15, striking out all on line 20 after the word "lessee" and the semicolon down to and including line 6 on page 16, Pending debate, Ordered, by unanimous consent, That the further consideration of the amendment be temporarily laid aside; that when resumed debate thereon be limited to 10 minutes each for the proponents and opponents; and that all other time be relinquished. RECESS On motion by Mr. WILLIAMS, at 5 o'clock and 44 minutes p. m., The Senate took a recess until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. THURSDAY, APRIL 30, 1953 (Legislative day of Monday, April 6, 1953) The PRESIDENT pro tempore called the Senate to order at 12 o'clock noon and Rev. Arnold F. Keller, Jr., of Washington, D. C., offered prayer. THE JOURNAL On motion by Mr. WELKER, and by unanimous consent, The Journal of the proceedings of Wednesday, April 29, 1953, was approved. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE A message from the House of Representatives by Mr. Maurer, one of its clerks: Mr. President: The Speaker of the House having signed an enrolled bill, viz, S. 1767, I am directed to bring the same to the Senate for the signature of its President. ENROLLED BILL SIGNED The Secretary reported that he had examined and found truly enrolled the bill (S. 1767) to amend and extend the provisions of the District of Columbia Emergency Rent Act of 1951. The PRESIDENT pro tempore thereupon signed the same. QUESTION OF QUORUM Mr. WELKER raised a question as to the presence of a quorum; Whereupon, The PRESIDENT pro tempore directed the roll to be called; When Eighty-three Senators answered to their names, as follows: Insular Affairs was authorized to sit during the session of the Senate today, on the request of Mr. WELKER. TITLE TO LANDS BENEATH NAVIGABLE WATERS WITHIN STATE BOUNDARIES AND TO NATURAL RESOURCES The Senate resumed the consideration of its unfinished business, viz, the joint resolution (S. J. Res. 13) to confirm and establish the titles of the States to lands beneath navigable waters within State boundaries and to natural resources within such lands and waters, and to provide for the use and control of said lands and resources. The consideration of the amendments yesterday proposed to the reported amendment, as amended, by Mr. MONRONEY, under the unanimous-consent agreement of yesterday, was resumed. On the question of agreeing to the amendments, After debate, The question being taken on agreeing to the amendments, viz, on page 10, line 21, strike out all after the word "State" down to and including the word "miles" in line 3, page 11, as follows: "and to the boundary line of each such State where in any case such boundary as it existed at the time such State became a member of the Union, or as heretofore or hereafter approved by Congress, extends seaward (or into the Gulf of Mexico) beyond three geographical miles"; on page 11, line 9, strike out all after the word "Lakes” down to and including the word "Congress" in line 11, as follows: "as they existed at the time such State became a member of the Union, or as heretofore or hereafter approved by the Congress"; on page 11, line 17, strike out the word "The" and insert in lieu thereof In Title II the; on page 12, insert after line 23 the following: (i) The term "submerged lands of the Continental Shelf" means the lands (including the natural resources therein) underlying the open ocean, situated seaward of lands beneath navigable waters, and extending seaward to the outer edge of the Continental Shelf; (j) The term "mineral lease" means any form of authorization for the exploration, development, or production of oil, gas, or other minerals; and (k) The term "Secretary means the Secretary of the Interior. on page 17, line 11, strike out all after the word "confirmed" down to and including the word "Congress" in line 18, as follows: ", without prejudice to its claim, if any it has, that its boundaries extend beyond that line. Nothing in this section is to be construed as questioning or in any manner prejudicing the existence of any State's seaward boundary beyond three geographical miles if it was so provided by its constitution or laws prior to or at the time such State became a member of the Union, or if it has been heretofore or is hereafter approved by Congress."; on page 20, strike out all on line 9 down to and including line 16, as follows: "SEC. 9. Nothing in this joint resolution shall be deemed to affect in any wise the rights of the United States to the natural resources of that portion of the subsoil and seabed of the Continental Shelf lying seaward and outside of the area of lands beneath navigable waters, as defined in section 2 hereof, all of which natural resources appertain to the United States, and the jurisdiction and control of which by the United States is hereby confirmed." and insert in lieu thereof the following: TITLE III Submerged Lands of the Continental Sec. 9. All natural resources within the submerged lands of the Continental Shelf shall appertain to the United States and be subject to its jurisdiction and control as provided for in this title. Sec. 10. (a) The provisions of this section shall apply to all mineral leases covering submerged lands of the Continental Shelf issued by any State or political subdivision or grantee thereof (including any extension, renewal, or replacement thereof heretofore granted pursuant to such lease or under the laws of such State): Provided (1) That such lease, or a true copy thereof, shall have been filed with the Secretary by the lessee or his duly authorized agent within 90 days from the effective date of this joint resolution, or within such further period or periods as may be fixed from time to time by the Secretary; (2) That such lease was issued (i) prior to December 21, 1948, and was on June 5, 1950, in force and effect in accordance with its terms and provisions and the law of the State issuing it, or (ii) with the approval of the Secretary and was on the effective date of this joint resolution in force and effect in accordance with its terms and provisions and the law of the State issuing it; (3) That within the time specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection, there shall have been filed with the Secretary (i) a certificate issued by the State official or agency having jurisdiction and stating that the lease was in force and effect as required by the provisions of paragraph (2) of this subsection, or (ii) in the absence of such certificate, evidence in the form of affidavits, receipts, canceled checks, or other documents, and the Secretary shall determine whether such lease was so in force and effect; (4) That except as otherwise provided in section 3 hereof, all rents, royalties, and other sums payable under such a lease between June 5, 1950, and the effective date of this joint resolution, which have not been paid in accordance with the provisions thereof, and all rents, royalties, and other sums payable under such a lease after the effective date of this joint resolution shall be paid to the Secretary, who shall deposit them in a special fund in the Treasury to be disposed of as hereinafter provided; (5) That the holder of such lease certifies that such lease shall continue to be subject to the overriding royalty obligations existing on the effective date of this joint resolution; (6) That such lease was not obtained by fraud or misrepresentation; (7) That such lease, if issued on or after June 23, 1947, was issued upon the basis of competitive bidding; (8) That such lease provides for a royalty to the lessor of not less than 122 percent in amount or value of the production saved, removed, or sold from the lease: Provided, however, That, if the lease provides for a lesser royalty, the holder thereof may bring it within the provisions of this paragraph by consenting in writing, filed with the Secretary, to the increase of the royalty to the minimum herein specified; (9) That such lease will terminate within a period of not more than 5 years from the effective date of this joint resolution in the the absence of production or operations for drilling: Provided, however, That, if the lease provides for a longer period, the holder thereof may bring it within the provisions of this paragraph by consenting in writing, filed with the Secretary, to the reduction of such period, so that it will not exceed the maximum period herein specified; and (10) That the holder of such lease furnishes such surety bond, if any, as the Secretary may require and complies with such other requirements as the Secretary may deem to be reasonable and necessary to protect the interests of the United States. (b) Any person holding a mineral lease which comes within the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, as determined by the Secretary, may continue to maintain such lease, and may conduct operations thereunder, in accordance with its provisions for the full term thereof and of any extension, renewal, or replacement authorized therein or heretofore authorized by the law of the State issuing such lease: Provided, however, That, if oil or gas was not being produced from such lease on or before December 11, 1950, then for a term from the effective date hereof equal to the term remaining unexpired on December 11, 1950, under the provisions of such lease or any extensions, renewals, or replacements authorized therein, or heretofore authorized by the laws of the State issuing, or whose grantee issued, such lease. A negative determination under this subsection may be made by the Secretary only after giving to the holder of the lease notice and an opportunity to be heard. (c) With respect to any mineral lease that is within the scope of subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall exercise such powers of supervision and control as may be vested in the lessor by law or the terms and provisions of the lease. (d) The permission granted in subsection (b) of this section shall not be construed to be a waiver of such claims, if any, as the United States may have against the lessor or the lessee or any other person respecting sums payable or paid for or under the lease, or respecting activities conducted under the lease, prior to the effective date of this joint resolution. Sec. 11. The Secretary is authorized, with the approval of the Attorney General of the United States and upon the application of any lessor or lessee of a mineral lease issued by or under the authority of a State, its political subdivision or grantee, on lands beneath navigable waters vested and assigned to such State under title II of this joint resolution, to certify that the United States does not claim any proprietary interest in such lands or in the natural resources within them. Sec. 12. In the event of a controversy between the United States and a State as to whether or not lands are submerged lands of the Continental Shelf, the Secretary is authorized, notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (c) of section 10 of this joint resolution, and with the concurrence of the Attorney General of the United States, to negotiate and enter into agreements with the State, its political subdivision or grantee or lessee thereof, respecting operations under existing mineral leases and payment and impounding of rents, royalties, and other sums payable thereunder, or with the State, its political subdivision or grantee, respecting the issuance or nonissuance of new mineral leases pending the settlement or adjudication of the controversy: Provided, however, That the authorization contained in this section shall not be construed to be a limitation upon the authority conferred on the Secretary in other sections of this joint resolution. Payments made pursuant to such agreement, or pursuant to any stipluation between the United States and a State, shall be considered as compliance with section 10 (a) (4) hereof. Upon the termination of such agreement or stipulation by reason of the final settlement or adjudication of such controversy, if the lands subject to any mineral lease are determined to be in whole or in part submerged lands of the Continental Shelf, the lessee, if he has not already done so, shall comply with the requirements of section 10 (a), and thereupon the provisions of section 10 (b) shall govern such lease. Sec. 13. (a) In order to meet the urgent need during the present emergency for further exploration and development of the oil and gas deposits in the submerged lands of the Continental Shelf, the Secretary is authorized, pending the enactment of further legislation on the subject, to grant to the qualified persons offering the highest bonuses on a basis of competitive bidding oil and gas leases on submerged lands of the Continental Shelf which are not covered by leases within the scope of subsection (a) of section 10 of this joint resolution. (b) A lease issued by the Secretary pursuant to this section shall cover an area of such size and dimensions as the Secretary may determine, shall be for a period of 5 years and as long thereafter as oil or gas may be produced from the area in paying quantities, or drilling or well reworking operations as approved by the Secretary are conducted thereon, shall require the payment of a royalty of not less than 121⁄2 percent, and shall contain such rental provisions and such other terms and provisions as the Secretary may by regulation prescribe in advance of offering the area for lease. (c) All moneys paid to the Secretary for or under leases granted pursuant to this section shall be deposited in a special fund in the Treasury to be disposed of as hereinafter provided. (d) The issuance of any lease by the Secretary pursuant to this section, or the refusal of the Secretary to certify that the United States does not claim any interest in any lands beneath navigable waters pursuant to section 11 of this joint resolution, shall not prejudice the ultimate settlement or adjudication of the question as to whether or not the area involved is land beneath navigable waters. Sec. 14. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, all moneus received under the provisions of this title shall be held in a special account in the Treasury and shall be used semiannually by the Secretary of the Treasury exclusively to pay and reduce the national debt of the United States. (b) The provisions of this section shall not apply to moneys received and held pursuant to any stipulation or agreement referred to in section 12 of this joint resolution pending the settlement or adjudication of the controversy. Sec. 15. (a) The President may, from time to time, withdraw from disposition any of the unleased submerged lands of the Continental Shelf and reserve them for the use of the United States in the interest of national security. (b) In time of war, or when the President shall so prescribe, the United States shall have the right of first refusal to purchase at the market price all or any portion of the oil and gas produced from the submerged lands of the Continental Shelf. (c) All leases issued under this title, and leases, the maintenance and operation of which are authorized under this title, shall contain or be construed to contain a provision whereby authority is vested in the Secretary, upon a recommendation of the Secretary of Defense, during a state of war or national emergency declared by the Congress or the President after the effective date of this joint resolution, to suspend operations under, or to terminate any lease; and all such leases shall contain or be construed to contain provisions for the payment of just compensation to the lessee whose operations are thus suspended or whose lease is thus terminated. Sec. 16. The Secretary is authorized to issue such regulations as he may deem to be necessary or advisable in performing his functions under this title. So Mr. MONRONEY'S amendments were not agreed to. The following business was transacted by unanimous consent: SUPPLEMENTAL ESTIMATE OF APPROPRIATIONS The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a communication from the President of the United States, together with a letter from the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, transmitting, pursuant to law, a supplemental estimate of appropriations for the legislative branch, Architect of the Capitol, fiscal year 1953, amounting to $24.200; which, with the accompanying papers, was referred to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the following petitions, etc., which were referred as indicated: A joint resolution of the Legislature of the State of Connecticut, withdrawing its previous action favoring the calling of a constitutional convention to consider an amendment to facilitate participation in a world federation, and favoring the strengthening of the United Nations Organization; to the Committee on the Judiciary. A joint resolution of the Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii, favoring an investigation and study by the Secretary of the Interior, relating to the conservation, development, and utilization of the water resources of Hawaii and to make an appropriation therefor; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. A joint resolution of the Legislature of the State of California, favoring the enactment of legislation of a parity price protection law imposing import duties on agricultural commodities as will equalize the parity price of domestic products; to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a resolution of the Consolidated Labor Councils of Solano County, Vallejo, Calif., remonstrating against the passage of any legislation which would circumvent the decision of the Supreme Court, raise Federal taxes, injure our peacetime oil reserves, or jeopardize the defenses of the United States of America; which was ordered to lie on the table. Mr. THYE presented a concurrent resolution of the Legislature of the State of Minnesota, favoring a memorial fund for the late John Brandt, said funds to be invested with the University of Minnesota and the income used for research scholarships in the dairy field; which was referred to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES Mr. CAPEHART, from the Committee on Banking and Currency, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1739) to provide for continuation of authority for regulation of exports, and for other purposes, reported it with an amendment, and submitted a report (No. 207) thereon. Mr. CAPEHART, from the Committee on Banking and Currency, to whom was referred the resolution (S. Res. 25) to investigate means of expanding foreign investments, reported it with an amendment, and submitted a report (No. 208) thereon; and Ordered, That it be referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration. Mr. GOLDWATER, from the Committee on Banking and Currency, to whom were referred the following bills, reported them each with an amendment, and submitted reports thereon, as follows: S. 1307. A bill to amend the act of December 23, 1944, authorizing certain transactions by disbursing officers of the United States, and for other purposes (Rept. No. 210); and S. 1375. A bill to amend section 5210 of the Revised Statutes (Rept. No. 209). Mr. SALTONSTALL, from the Committee on Armed Services, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1063) to authorize and request the President to promote certain naval officers, and for other purposes, reported it with amendments, and submitted a report (No. 211) thereon. Mr. SALTONSTALL, from the Committee on Armed Services, submitted a report (No. 212), accompanied by a bill (S. 1805) to promote the national defense by authorizing the construction of aeronautical research facilities and the acquisition of land by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics necessary to the effective prosecution of aeronautical research, which was read the first and second times by unanimous consent; and ordered to be placed on the calendar. INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND JOINT Bills and joint resolutions were introduced, severally read the first and sec ond times by unanimous consent, and referred as follows: By Mr. LANGER: S. 1801. A bill to authorize requests for appearances before grand juries in certain instances; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. MUNDT (for himself, Mr. DRICKSON): S. 1802. A bill to amend certain provisions of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 relating to exchange programs under such act; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. By Mr. CARLSON: S. 1803. A bill to permit payment of certain cost-of-living allowances outside the continental United States at rates in excess of 25 percent of the rate of basic compensation; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mr. KILGORE: S. 1804. A bill for the relief of Ben Lipscher, Mrs. Ben Lipscher, and Mike Schwartz; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. STENNIS (for himself and S. 1806. A bill to amend the Navy ration statute so as to provide for the serving of oleomargine or margarine; to the Committee on Armed Services. By Mr. CORDON (for himself and S. J. Res. 73. Joint resolution to designate the lake to be formed by the McNary Lock and Dam in the Columbia River, Oreg. and Wash., as Lake Umatilla; to the Committee on Public Works. By Mr. IVES (for himself and Mr. S. J. Res. 74. Joint resolution authorizing the recognition of the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of Columbia University in the city of New York and providing for the representation of the Government and people of the United States in the observance of this anniversary; to the Committee on the Judiciary. TITLE TO LANDS BENEATH NAVIGABLE WATERS WITHIN STATE BOUNDARIES AND TO NATURAL RESOURCES The Senate resumed the consideration of its unfinished business, viz, the joint resolution (S. J. Res. 13) to confirm and establish the titles of the States to lands beneath navigable waters within State boundaries and to natural resources within such lands and waters, and to provide for the use and control of said lands and resources. The reported amendment was further amended on the motion of Mr. HOLLAND. Pending debate, REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 5 OF 1953 The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BUTLER of Maryland in the chair) laid before the Senate the following message from the President of the United States, which was read, as follows: To the Congress of the United States: I transmit herewith Reorganization Plan No. 5 of 1953, prepared in accord ance with the provisions of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended. The purpose of the reorganization plan is to simplify the organization and strengthen the administration of the Export-Import Bank of Washington by providing for a single managing director at the head of the bank. The management of the bank is now vested in a Board of Directors consisting of four full-time members and the Secretary of State, ex officio. The functions performed by the Board are essentially of an executive nature and are comparable to those vested in the heads of other executive agencies. Experience has demonstrated that the most effective performance of executive functions is more likely to be obtained under a single administrator than under a board. The plan concentrates authority and responsibility for bank operations in the Managing Director. Safeguards are provided in the plan and in existing law, however, to assure that the bank follows sound lending and financial policies and that its activities are coordinated with those of other Government agencies haying international responsibilities. Under the plan the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems is authorized to establish the general lending and other financial policies which shall govern the operations of the bank. The Council is composed of the Secretary of the Treasury, as Chairman, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, and the Director for Mutual Security. At present, the Board of Directors is not only subject to policy guidance by the National Advisory Council, under the provisions of the Bretton Woods Agreements Act, but is also required to consult with the Advisory Board for the Export-Import Bank, created by the Export-Import Bank Act, on major questions of policy and to receive recommendations from that Board. The composition of the Advisory Board largely parallels that of the Council. The differences are that only the latter includes the Director for Mutual Security as a member and that the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank is the Chairman of the Advisory Board whereas the Secretary of the Treasury serves as the Chairman of the Council. Because of the similarity of the composition of the Advisory Board and Council, and of their functions as respects the bank, the reorganization plan abolishes the Advisory Board. It also abolishes the functions of the Advisory Board-conferred by section 3 (d) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945. The reorganization plan also provides for the abolition of the functions of the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Export-Import Bank of Washington with respect to his membership on the National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Problems. The function of membership is conferred upon the Chairman by section 4 of the Bretton Woods Agreements Act, as amended. I contemplate that the Managing Director of the Export-Import Bank of Washington will participate as a nonvoting member of the National Advisory Council in relation to matters of concern to the bank. I believe there is merit in reducing the size of the Council and also believe that the interests of the bank can be properly placed before the Council without conferring full Council membership on the managing director of the bank. Under the reorganization plan the Export-Import Bank of Washington will continue in its status of a corporate entity, and independent agency, in the executive branch of the Government. The President will retain authority to terminate or modify any delegation or assignment of function made by the President to the bank or to any of its agencies or officers. After investigation I have found and hereby declare that each reorganization included in Reorganization Plan No. 5 of 1953 is necessary to accomplish one or more of the purposes set forth in section 2 (a) of the Reorganization Act of 1949, as amended. I also have found and hereby declare that by reason of these reorganizations it is necessary to include in the reorganization plan provision for the appointment and compensation of the new officers speicfied in sections 1, 2, and 3 of the reorganization plan. The rates of compensation fixed for these officers are, respectively, those which I have found to prevail in respect of comparable officers in the executive branch of the Government. The taking effect of Reorganization Plan No. 5 of 1953 will accomplish a small immediate reduction of expenditures, since it will substitute one Managing Director, together with a deputy and assistant, for a board which includes four full-time members. Other reductions in expenditures will probably be brought about also, through increased economy and efficiency in the performance of necessary services of the bank resulting from the simplification of its organization, but such reductions cannot be itemized in advance of actual experience. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER. Ordered, That the message, with the accompanying plan, be referred to the Committee on Government Operations. REORGANIZATION PLAN NO. 6 OF 1953 The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BUTLER of Maryland in the chair) laid before the Senate the following message from the President of the United States, which was read, as follows: To the Congress of the United States: I address the Congress on a subject which has been of primary interest to me throughout all the years of my adult life-the defense of our country. As a former soldier who has experienced modern war at first hand, and now, as President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, I believe that our Defense Establishment is in need of immediate improvement. In this message, I indicate actions which we are taking, and must yet take, to assure the greater safety of America. Through the years, our Nation has warded off all enemies. We have defended ourselves successfully against those who have waged war against us. We enjoy, as a people, a proud tradition of triumph in battle. We are not, however, a warlike people. Our historic goal is peace. It shall ever be peace-peace to enjoy the freedom we cherish and the fruits of our labors. We maintain strong military forces in support of this supreme purpose, for we believe that in today's world only properly organized strength may altogether avert war. Because we are not a military-minded people, we have sometimes failed to give proper thought to the problems of the organization and adequacy of our Armed Forces. Past periods of international stress and the actual outbreaks of wars have found us poorly prepared. On such occasions, we have had to commit to battle insufficient and improperly organized military forces to hold the foe until our citizenry could be more fully mobilized and our resources marshaled. We know that we cannot permit a repetition of those conditions. Today we live in a perilous period of international affairs. Soviet Russia and her allies have it within their power to join with us in the establishment of a true peace or to plunge the world into global war. To date, they have chosen to conduct themselves in such a way that these are years neither of total war nor total peace. We in the United States have, therefore, recently embarked upon the definition of a new, positive foreign policy. One of our basic sins is to gain again for the free world the initiative in shaping the international conditions under which freedom can thrive. Essential to this endeavor is the assurance of an alert, efficient, ever-prepared Defense Establishment. Today our international undertakings are shared by the free peoples of other nations. We find ourselves in an unparalleled role of leadership of freemen everywhere. With this leadership have a Today also witnesses one of history's times of swiftest advance in scientific achievements. These developments can accomplish wonders in providing healthier and happier life for us all. But, converted to military uses, they threaten new, more devastating terrors in war. These simple, inescapable facts make imperative the maintenance of a defense organization commanding the most modern technological instruments in our arsenal of weapons. In providing the kind of military security that our country needs, we must keep our people free and our economy solvent. We must not endanger the very things we seek to defend. We must not create a nation mighty in arms that is lacking in liberty and bankrupt in reOur armed strength must continue to rise from the vigor of a free people and a prosperous economy. sources. Recognizing all these national and international demands upon our Military Establishment, we must remain ever mindful of three great objectives in organizing our defense. First. Our Military Establishment must be founded upon our basic constitutional principles and traditions. There must be a clear and unchallenged civilian responsibility in the Defense Establishment. This is essential not only to maintain democratic institutions, but also to protect the integrity of the military profession. Basic decisions relating to the military forces must be made by politically accountable civilian officials. Conversely, professional military leaders must not be thrust into the political arena to become the prey of partisan politics. To guard these principles, we must recognize and respect the clear lines of responsibility and authority which run from the President, through the Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of the military departments, over the operations of all branches of the Department of Defense. Second. Effectiveness with economy must be made the watchwords of our defense effort. To maintain an adequate national defense for the indefinite future, we have found it necessary to devote a larger share of our national resources than any of us have heretofore anticipated. To protect our economy, maximum effectiveness at minimum cost is essential. Third. We must develop the best possible military plans. These plans must be sound guides to action in case of war. They must incorporate the most competent and considered thinking from every point of view-military, scientific, industrial, and economic. To strengthen civilian control by establishing clear lines of accountability, to further effectiveness with economy, and to provide adequate planning for military purposes-these were primary objectives of the Congress in enacting the National Security Act of 1947 and strengthening it in 1949. Now much has happened which makes it appropriate to review the workings of those basic statutes. Valuable lessons have been learned through 6 years of trial by experience. Our top military structure has been observed under changing conditions. The military action in Korea, the buildup of our forces everywhere, the provision of military aid to other friendly nations, and the participation of United States Armed Forces in regional collective security arrangements, such as those under the North Atlantic Treaty Organization-all these have supplied sharp tests of our military organization. Today, in making my specific recommendations, I have also had the benefit of the report prepared by the Committee on Department of Defense Organization established by the Secretary of Defense 3 months ago, The time is here, then, to work to perfect our Military Establishment without delay. I The first objective-toward which immediate actions already are being directed-is clarification of lines of authority within the Department of Defense so as to strengɩnen civilian responsibility. I am convinced that tne rundamental structure of our Department of Defense and its various component agencies as provided by the National Security Act, as amended, is sounu. None of the changes I am proposing affects that basic structure, and this first objective can and will be attained without any legislative change. With my full support, the Secretary of Defense must exercise over the Department of Defense the direction, authority, and control which are vested in him by the National Security Act. He should do so through the basic channels of responsibility and authority prescribed in that act-through the three civilian Secretaries of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, who are responsible to him for all aspects of the respective military departments (except for the legal responsibility of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to advise the President in military matters). No function in any part of the Department of Defense, or in any of its component agencies, should be performed independent of the direction, authority, and control of the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary is the accountable civilian head of the Department of Defense, and, under the law, my principal assistant in all matters relating to the Department. I want all to know that he has my full backing in that role. To clarify a point which has led to considerable confusion in the past, the Secretary of Defense, with my approval, will shortly issue a revision of that portion of the 1948 memorandum commonly known as the Key West agreement which provides for a system of designating executive agents for unified commands. Basic decisions with respect to the establishment and direction of unified commands are made by the President and the Secretary of Defense, upon the recommendation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in their military planning and advisory role. But the provision of the Key West agreement, under which the Joint Chiefs of Staff designate one of their members as an executive agent for each unified command, has led to considerable confusion and misunderstanding with respect to the relationship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense, and the relationship of the military chief of each service to the civilian Secretary of his military department. Hence, the Secretary of Defense, with my approval, is revising the Key West agreement to provide that the Secretary of Defense shall designate in each case a military department to serve as the executive agent for a unified command. Under this new arrangement, the channel of responsibility and authority to a |