5. What provision of the 1925 law does the United States consider unjust?

6. Why did the United States send marines to Nicaragua in 1912? In 1926?

7. What are the provisions of the 1916 Treaty between Nicaragua and the United States?

8. Who is now the President of Nicaragua? Is he friendly to the United States?

9. Who is Juan B. Sacasa? Is he friendly to the United States? 10. Why does President Coolidge assist the Diaz régime?

11. Why did the United States intervene in Haiti?

12. What are the provisions of the Treaty of 1916 between Haiti and the United States?

13. How long does the United States propose to retain her control in Haiti?

14. Why did the Haitian Congress refuse to ratify the Constitution in 1917? How was it finally ratified?

15. What improvements have been made in Haiti under the American occupation?

16. Contrast the policies of Governor-General Harrison in the Philippines with those of Governor-General Wood.

17. What is President Coolidge's attitude towards the independence of the Philippines?

18. What does Colonel Thompson recommend for the Philippines? 19. How were the public debts owed to the United States created? 20. Upon what terms were these debts funded?

21. How much is Germany expected to pay the Allies annually? 22. What exchange problem is there in the payment of these debts? 23. Why does the United States restrict the number of immigrants who may enter our country annually?

24. Give the details of the 1924 Immigration Act.

25. What is the national origin provision of this Act?

26. What would be the results of this national origin provision if it becomes effective?

PROBLEMS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Should we arbitrate the land and oil disputes with Mexico? 2. In the United States a person cannot be deprived of his life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Practically, this means that the law must be considered reasonable by a majority of the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and that he must have a fair hearing in court. Do you think we should insist upon this same

standard in Mexico, or should we demand only such rights as Mexican citizens themselves enjoy?

3. Should we protect American citizens in Mexico who have lived there long enough to become Mexican citizens?

4. In Nicaragua the Liberals are probably in the majority. Should we allow them to come into power and have a series of revolutions in their own way, or should we support the Conservatives with a hundred marines and advice?

5. If the Liberals of Nicaragua were in power they would probably put obstacles in the way of the United States in constructing a canal. Would you favor starting the canal now when the government in power is friendly to the United States?

6. Some senators favor additional locks in the Panama Canal, which would cost about $100,000,000, while others favor the construction of the Nicaraguan canal for commercial and military security against earthquakes and enemy bombs. The Nicaraguan canal would probably cost about $1,000,000,000. Do you consider the extra commercial and military security worth the difference in price?

7. The United States used such force as was necessary to bring peace and order in Haiti. Do you think the greatest degree of happiness will come to the world as a whole if the more advanced nations force their civilization upon the backward nations?

8. Do you think that civilization can most effectively be carried to backward countries by force or by moral and scientific education?

9. Do you think there are cases where an educational program is possible only when supported by force?

10. Do you think the United States is justified in governing backward nations through force without adding education?

11. Explain how the following quotation from Manuel L. Quezon, the Philippine leader for independence, applies to our relationship with the Islands: "We are like a young married couple starting out in life. The mother-in-law is helping run their establishment. She may be a perfectly admirable woman, kind, generous, affectionate, wise, and the best cook on earth, but the young household does not want her, ought not to have her, and can never enjoy the happiness that comes of selfsupport, self-expression, and self-control, until the dear old dame has withdrawn her hands from the affairs of the new home. A block down the street, or across the river, the household thinks of her with profound affection and regard, maintains the friendliest association and is always her warmest friend and champion, but it does not want her forever stirring the pot and dominating the bill of fare."

12. Some Americans have urged that our Congress repeal the Philippine land law restricting individual ownership to 2500 acres and allow an individual or corporation to own as much land as he chooses. Why do the Filipinos object to this? Do you think the Philippine legislature itself should take this step?

13. Colonel Thompson recommends that we retain the Philippine Islands for the present but perform various services for them. How would the United States profit by such a policy in the long run?

14. Why do you suppose Colonel Thompson recommends a separate department to administer our overseas territory?

15. It is doubtful whether Germany can pay in money its reparations to the Allies or whether the Allies can pay their reparations to the United States, but because there are 20 million unemployed people in Europe, these countries could pay their debts in goods or services. Do you favor accepting payment in goods or services, or would you rather cancel a portion of the debt?

16. Would you favor using a portion of this debt money to endow a great health research institution in each of the debtor countries?

17. We have a protective tariff to protect American industry. Do you think American industry would suffer if we permitted European laborers to remove all of our grade crossings, build a boulevard across the country, construct the Boulder Dam or the Nicaraguan Canal, or build American embassies or consulates?

18. Do you favor unrestricted immigration, immigration according to the 1924 law, or under the national origin provision, or would you still further restrict immigration?

APPENDIX I

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

(ANNOTATED)

PREAMBLE1

WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Section 1. Two Houses

1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2. House of Representatives

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.2

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the

1 The Preamble is an introduction to the main subject, but is no part of it. It grants no powers, but assists in interpreting the various clauses that follow by indicating the intentions of the framers of the Constitution.

2" Electors" means voters.