lations in favour of the inhabitants of Moldavia and Walachia, as well as thofe of the Greek islands reftored by Ruflia to the Porte, with the particulars of which we are not acquainted, as no authentic copy of the treaty has yet been published. It is, however, known, that they acquire fome new privileges and fecurities. The Tartar Chans of the Crimea are to render no farther duties for the future to the Grand Signior, than thofe which they owe to him as the Supreme Caliph of the Mahometan religion.

The grief which infected the feraglio, and the members of government, upon this difaftrous conclufion of the war, did not extend its influence any farther. The people in general were fo tired of the miferics of the war, and fo difpirited by the continual loffes and difgraces which they fuffered, that they confidered peace, at whatever price it was purchased, as a happiness. The Grand Vizir alone was unable to brook the grief and indignation which thefe difgraces excited, and died fuddenly on his return to Adrianople. We have not fufficient information on which to found any opinion, with refpe&t to this general's conduct in the courfe of the campaign. Whether by continuing too long in the camp at Schumla, or by any other overfight, he contributed to the miffortunes which overwhelmed the army, or whether they proceeded entirely from the difobedience and cowardice of the foldiers, remains yet to be determined. The ability which he fhewed upon former occations feems, however, to countenance the latter opinion.

The fituation of the Grand Vizir at Schumla, naturally reminds us

of that in which Peter the Great found himself on the banks of the Pruth, in the year 1711. They both lay at the mercy of their enemies, and the fate of their refpective countries in a great degree depended upon the event, They both alfo efcaped better than could have been expected, confidering the hopeleffness of their fituation, and the nature of the enemy in whofe power they lay. The confequences were in other refpects materially different. Peter efcaped from danger, only to become more terrible; while the vizir, though he faved his army, fell a victim to the difgrace. The interefts and future fafety of the Ottoman empire were facrificed on the banks of the Pruth to the fordid venality of one minifter, and the ftupid ignorance of another; while Marthal Romanzow has obtained very confiderable advantages for his country. might be faid, in the language of aftrology, that the ftar of Ruffia · was now predominant, and determined to wipe off the difgrace on the Pruth, with every circumftance of exultation and triumph on the Danube.

It

Nothing could exceed the joy and feftivity which prevailed at Peterburg, upon the confirmation of this happy peace. The emprefs ordered that eight days fhould be devoted to public feafts and rejoicing; rewards were diftributed as ufual, in the magnificent fpirit of that court; and that even the wretched might partake of the public joy, the doors of the prifons were fet open to all, who were not charged with high treafon. Even thote miferable outcafts of mankind, who languished unknown and unpitied in the frozen wilds of

Siberia,

Siberia, were thought of in this season of benevolence, and an order was iffued, that all thofe who, fince the year 1746, had been condemned to that natural prifon (which, like the other world, admits of no efcape) fhould be releafed.

The articles of peace were fulfilled with great good faith on both fides; and the ratifications being exchanged, the Porte nominated Abdul Kerim, the Begler Beg of Romelia, as ambaffador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the court of Peterburg, whither, it is faid, he is to proceed with a prodigious train of not lefs than 1300 perfons. Prince Repnin is alfo appointed ambaffador to the Porte on the part of Ruffia. The Grand Signior gave orders that all the flaves who had been made in Servia, Georgia, Walachia, Moldavia, the Morea, and other provinces, by the Turks and Tartars during the war, fhould be difcharged and fet at liberty, himself paying a compenfation of 100 piafters to the owners for each flave. Above 3000 Turkish prifoners who were difperfed in Ruilia, were alfo reftored to their country. The Greck inhabitants of Walachia, fenfible of the part they had taken in the war, feemed afraid to truft to the Turkish faith or clemency, notwithstanding the ftipulations that were made in their favour, and it is reported that a great number of them, to the amount of 3000 families, are preparing to emigrate into the Ruflian domi

nions.

Whilft pacific meafures were pursuing on the Danube, the Captain Batha with the armament which had been fitted out for the

Crimea, after fome finall encounters with the Ruffian fleet in the Black Sea, which was much inferior in ftrength and number, made an effective landing on that Peninfula of the troops under the command of Dowlet Gherai, to the amount of twenty thousand men. Thefe forces, having joined the Tartars, were engaged in battle with the fecond Ruflian army under the command of Prince Dolgorouki, when the meilengers on both fides arrived, with an account of the conclufion of a peace. Upon this unexpected advice the engagement immediately ceafed, and the contending generals and armies, with uncommon temper, withdrew to their refpective camps. It appears that Dowlet Gherai had already been to fuccefsful, as to have made fome contiderable acquifitions in the Crimea, all of which he has fince relinquifhed in purfuance of the treaty.

Some fmall engagements between the Rulians and Turks in the Mediterranean, were of little confequence when they happened, and are of none at prefent. The crowd of Greek banditti, particularly Albanians and Dulcignotes, who had joined the Ruffians in this war, merely for the fake of plunder, have fince its conclufion infefted all the feas of the Archipelago with the moft cruel piracies. Thefe barbarians not only plunder the fhips of all nations without diftin&tion, but murder the crews in cold blood, with the most favage inhumanity. The French have particularly fuffered, and fome frigates of that nation have been fent out to exterminate thofe mifcreants.

The conclufion of peace has al ready prefented the inhabitants of Conftanti

which was before equally unheard of and unexpected: Ruffian frigates of war, which had made their paffage from the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles, riding at anchor in their harbour. Some Ruffian trading veffels, with commodities from the ports on the Black Sea, have fince arrived at that capital.

The Porte in its prefent temper, has condefcended to apppoint a minifter to treat with Kerim Kan, one of the prefent conquerors, or fpoilers of Perfia. This ufurper has long been troublesome in the neighbourhood of Baffora, to which he lays fome claim as fovereign of Perfia, and the Porte under its prefent apprehenfions of a war, by this negociation, recognizes him in that title, in hopes thereby of evading the former claim.

Thus has ended the long and bloody war between thofe great empires, in which the one has reached the fummit of glory, and the other has fallen to the loweft ftate of humiliation and difgrace, though without any proportionable

fible, that this may be the last war between them for many years. Ruffia has gained her grand point, of a free navigation in the Turkish feas, and has fo effectually reftrained the Tartars, as not only to fecure her wide extent of frontier, but to render them useful, inftead of dangerous neighbours. Thefe people will of courfe become her fubjects, before they well know it; any farther conquefts on that fide would be ufelefs, if not prejudicial. On the other hand, nothing less than a total, and not very probable, change of system in the Ottoman government, can enable that empire to encounter Ruffia in her prefent ftate of greatnefs. The enmity arifing from a rivalfhip in power and in glory, is now at an end; and it is very poffible that new interefts may take place and new connexions be formed among their neighbours, which may render it good policy in both empires to forget former animofities, and to unite in fupport of a common cause.

СНАР..

intruft his person, and in the various fituations and opportunities which misfortune, defeat, flight, folitude and darknefs, prefented during the courfe of his adventures, not one could be found bafe enough to accept of thofe rewards at the price of the propofed treachery.

The rebels were attended with confiderable fuccefs in the beginning of the troubles, and by their great fuperiority in number, cut off fome detachments of the regular forces which were affembled haftily to oppofe them. Some Ruffian officers of name perished in thefe encounters, and the rebels cruelly maffacred all thofe who had the misfortune to fall into their hands. They poffeffed themfelves of feveral places which were of fome note in thofe countries, and for a long time befieged Orenburg, the capital of the province of that name. We find by the fubfequent detail, that they were poffeffed of a confiderable train of artillery, though no notice is taken of the means by which it was obtained. It does not appear upon the whole, that Pugaticheff, though artful and bold in his defigns, had any great talents as a foldier, nor was endued with thofe heroic qualities, which, how ever favage in the exertion, have wonderful effects upon mankind, and had often been productive of extraordinary revolutions in that part of the world.

Pagatichef, befides affuming the name and character of Peter the third, did not want difcernment to fee how much it might advance his defigns to blend religious pretences, or prejudices, with the political motives that might operate towards the bringing on of a revolution. A herety, or what

was fo called, which broke out in Ruflia many years before, afforded ample fcope for this defign. It feems that a priest, nanied Foma, had been burnt alive at Mofcow in the year 1715, for attempting to introduce, what he called a reformation in the Ruffian religion.` It happened in this, as it ufually does in fimilar cafes, that the flames which confumed the Martyr, had a very different effect with refpect to his opinions, which furvived him, and ftill do, with great vigour. The adherents to thefe doctrines are in fome of the provinces numerous, and it is with the greatest reluctance, that they fubmit to an outward compliance with the ettablifhed forms of the national church.

To allure thefe people, and all others who found themfelves moved with a fpirit of reformation, to efpoufe his caufe, Pugaticheff iffued a manifefto, in which he declared himielf, not only a fupporter and protector of the doctrines of Foma; but alfo of religious liberty in general. To fafcinate the imaginations of an ignorant people a portrait of the fuppofed martyr, with an axe by which his hands were chopped off before he was burnt, were carried at the head of the army. An impottor, who called himfelf Foma, was alfo procured, who preached daily to the people, laying before them the doctrines of his predeceitor, and expatiating in the moft pathetic terms upon the iniquity of the punishment which he fuffered, and the cruelty of the torments which he endured. After thus working upon the paffions of the people, he proceeded to explain to them the illegality of the prefent govern

ment,