to 10,000l. for 1 Day to 30, 40 and 50 Days, and for 3, 9 and 12 Months. Tables for 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 61,7, 7, and 8 per Cent. per Annum, from 1l. to 10,000l. for 3, 6, 9, and 12 Months. A Table for 100l. at 3 per Cent. per Annum, from 1 Day to 365 Days, particularly useful to the Dealers in East India Company's Bonds. A Table of Diferunt at 6 per Cent. the Allowance made by the Eaft-India Company to the Purchafers of Goods at their Sales for Prompt-Payment: calculated to the One Hundredth Part of a Penny, from One Penny to One Thousand Pounds. A Table for the Payment of Salaries or Wages. A Table fhewing the Number of Days from any Day in one Month to the fame Day in any other Month By Robert Griffin. 8vo: 5s. bound. Carnan.

Mr. Griffin hath been fo explicit in his title page that nothing more is neceffary, on the part of the Reviewers, than to fay that his work is neatly, and, as far as we have examined it, accurately printed; fo that thefe tables of calculation promife fair to answer all the ends intended by them.

Difcourfes on Practical Subjects. By John Moir. Small 8vo. 3s Cadell.

Thefe difcourfes appear to have been delivered from the pul pit; though we are not exprefly told fo. The fubjects of them are as follow.

I. On the Birth of Chrift.-I. On the Birth of Chrift.HI. On the Genius of the Gofpel.-IV. On the Inefficacy of Preaching.-V. On the Delicacy of the Finer Affections:-VI. On the Death of a Friend.-VII. On the Felicity of Generous Difpofitions.

As to the matter of thefe difcourfes, it is rather declamatory than argumentative. The ftile is, accordingly more rhetorical than correct. There is yet a fimplicity and elegance interwoven through the whole, which will doubtless recommend them to thofe for whom their publication feems chiefly intended; viz. thole who "more frequently require to be reminded than informed."

An Univerfal Grammar, for the Ufe of those who are unacquainted with the Learned Languages, and are defirous of speaking and writing English, or any other modern Language with Accuracy and Precision. By Richard Wynne, A. M. Rector of St. Alphage, London; and Chaplain to the Right Honourable the Earl of Dunmore. Small 8vo. 2s. 6d. Brotherton.

The

The defign of this little tract, on Grammar, cannot be better communicated than in the words of the author, who gives the following account of it in his preface.

"The following fetch was defigned for the ufe of a daughter, in order to give her an idea of Grammar in general, and to render the learning of French and Italian lefs tedious and irk fome than the common method. For most of the modern Grammarians either fuppofe the learner to be fufficiently acquainted with the Latin Grammar; or give a long detail of technical terms and grammatical rules, without any regard to the genius of our own, and other modern languages.

"Finding the good effect of this plan, in furnishing a child of nine years of age with a more accurate knowledge of Grammar, than is ufually attained by perfons of her own fex of maturer age by the common method of education, I communicated it to several judicious friends After a careful perufal, they were of opinion that it might be ferviccable not only to young ladies, but also to young gentlemen, educated at boarding ichools; which induced me to commit it to the prefs, hoping it may prove ufeful to the public, efpecially to the unlearned of both fexes.

"It is not uncommon for perfons who think themselves fuperior to the illiterate vulgar, to tranfgrefs the rules of Grammar in their native language, both in converfation and writing, without being fenlible of their error. This must be chiefly owing, to an early habit they contracted, by converfing with the lower clafs of fervants, &c. when young; which a fubfequent fuperficial education has not been able to correct. How often are our ears offended with the following expreffions: We was, they was, I comes, I goes, and the like; which are as ungrammatical as We is, they am, he come, fhe go, the abfurdity of which is apparent to every one: This is what fchool-boys ufually call false" concord, or, to speak with propriety, is no concord at all

Another inaccurate way of fpeaking is exceeding common, and but little noticed; I mean, the making ufe of two negative Adverbs, instead of one. We frequently hear thefe folecifms from the mouths of fome men who are reputed scholars, and of many women who have had, what is called, a genteel education, viz. I avon't give you nothing, I won't tell nobody, I cannot fee nothing, . which is as much as to fay, I will give you fomething, I will tell fomebody, &c. according to the genius of our language.

"To the fame caufe may be attributed the barbarous corruption of the following words, and many others which mußt daily occur to an accurate observer, viz.

tr

Though this be not a fault against the rules of Syntax; yet, as Grammar includes a right pronunciation and orthography, or fpelling, it is committed for want of a competent knowledge of thofe neceffary parts of it, which may be learned from books and converfa tion.'

"

The reader will fee that this Grammarian condefcends fufficiently low, in order to accommodate his inftructions to his readers; it is a wonder, therefore, he fhould let fuch an inaccuracy escape him as to write an houfe, inftead of a house, as if the Hwere not pronounced in the word boufe: but, indeed, our author's rules appear all better calculated for writing than fpeaking; notwithstanding the above catalogue of vulgarifms in fpeech, which the moft illiterate perfons would hardly make in writing.

A Friendly Monitor for both Rich and Poor; or the Practice of Religion and the Way of Devotion, recommended and made plain to all Conditions and Capacities. 12mo. 1s. bound. Harold, Market-Harborough.-Lowndes, London.

This little book, as we are told in the preface, humbly offers itself, not only to the unlearned, but alfo to the more knowing, and better informed Chriftian. To the former, as a needful help; and to the latter, as a ferious and affectionate Remembrancer. It appears indeed to be a well-meant production, that may prove ufeful, as the editor obferves, to fuch as want leifure, or have little inclination for larger books.

A compleat Treatife on Perspective in Theory and Practice, on the true Principles of Dr. Brook Taylor. By T. Malten.

Continued from vol. II.

In the Appendix to our fecond Volume, page 545, we made our remarks on the third book of this work, in which are a number of neceffary examples, diverfifying the leffoas, and exhibiting various ways of applying the rules, in delineating objects perfpectively, in a clear and intelligent manner.

The

The fourth and laft book treats on light and hade; fhadows, projected by the fun, alfo by a torch or candle, keeping, aerial perspective, &c.

In this book, our author has introduced each fubje&t, with judgement, in a very rational and feientific manner; by that means, interefting the reader in the fubject, before he attempts to lay down rules, for practice, or involve him in theoretic inquiries; which are, ufually, entered on fo very abruptly, and fo profecuted, as to give little or no fatisfaction to an inquifitive mind.

This book, tho' fhorter than any of the foregoing, contains much useful and neceffary matter, towards the perfection of a picture; for, without the effects of light and hade, the beft drawn picture appears but as a number of lines described on a flat furface.

It is divided into fix fections. The firft is an introductory chapter, on light and fhade, thrown upon objects, in general; and more particularly on mouldings and architectural defigns; in which the author has, in our opinion, fhewn much fkill in thofe matters; and communicated it in a fhort compafs. The fecond fection contains a theory of fhadows, projected by the fun; in which, are laid down the neceffary preliminaries, for a clear and comprehenfive idea of the nature of fhadows, fo projected; in the various fituations of the illuminating object. From thefe are deduced three general rules, or leffons, for the projection of the fhadows of right lines, on planes.

Section third, (of the projection of right lined fhadows) contains, in four problems, the practice of projecting the fhadows of right lines on planes, any how fituated, in respect of the horizon and of the picture; and in any pofition of the lines to the plane of projection. After the problems follow feven examples, from the fhadows of planes and plane objects, on horizontal, vertical, and inclined planes, to thofe which are more complicated; in all which there feems to be no ftudied pofition of the object, for eafe, in the projection of its fhadow; but, fimple and picturefque reprefentations of the objects are given; in which every thing appears natural and familiar; the rules (which are general) being by these means, made as general in their application.

The attention of the curious is here attracted by the fhadow of a ladder, projected on the feveral faces of a building, in various pofitions to the horizon and to the picture. The ladder is inclined to the picture, at pleafure, leaning against the eaves of the building, which is cafually fituated; and has feveral faces, in various pofitions; fome vertical, others inclined to the horizon, in different angles; upon all which, the VOL. III. D d

fhadow

hadow of the ladder is thrown, and alfo on the ground, on the principles given, and by the rules deduced from them, in the problems. Next follows a ftill more complex example'; projecting the fhadows of the feveral parts of a building on each other, as well as on the ground; and alfo, on a wall, at a little distance from the building, cafually fituated to it. Such cafual fituations appear purpofely intended in the leffons given in this work, whether for the projection of the object or its fhadow; the author having properly avoided formal and ftudied pofitions; in order (as it fhould feem) to render the principles of perfpective more generally applicable.

་་

The fourth fection treats of the fhadows of right lines on curved furfaces; and of curved lines and circular objects, projected on planes, and on curved furfaces. Here are feven examples, beginning firft with cylinders on horizontal planes; including the fhadows of the Tufcan bafe, and Doric capital; which are projected, the latter on a vertical plane, inclined to the picture at difcretion.

The fhadows of the edges of concave cylinders, are next projected on the concave furface; whether horizontal or vertcal; as in arches, &c. varioufly fituated to the luminary and to the eye alfo, the fhadows of right lines, in convex and concave furfaces, in different fituations to them, and to the picture.

Laftly, the fhadow of the concave edge of a niche is projected on the interior furface; a circumftance which has been handled, with little fuccefs, by others; particularly, Fournier (who has erred greatly in this particular) and the late Mr. Kirby; neither of which haye' attempted it in any other pofition than that parallel to the picture, and the point of view directly on the niche; fo that, tis nearly the fame as a geometrical projection. It is here projected in various pofitions; the fubject is amply difcuffed, and the errors, which artifts, of late years have run into, are clearly and judiciously exploded.

Section the fifth treats of fhadows projected by a torch or candle; in which are given three problems, containing the eleinents and practical principles of the whole. Thefe are illuftrated by examples, the laft of which is a mafter piece of the kind; being the fhadow of a pair of high fteps, projected on the feveral leaves of a folding fcreen, all differently fituated to the picture; and the fteps cafually fituated to both; by a candle placed on a table. The Data of what is reprefented are geometrically drawn, in their real fituations and pofitions to the picture; from which Data the vanifhing points of the fhadows, on cach leaf, are geometrically afcertained with ease and perfpicuity.

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