known primitive devices (the bolas) as well as the maternal or clan organization, and also to reveal their own religious feeling and philosophy. The Cocopa Indians were selected to represent on the grounds a native American agriculture pursued unbrokenly since pre-Columbian times and still producing corn and other crops native to the western hemisphere, thereby illustrating such native lore and legend as those embalmed in Hiawatha; they also represent one of the most extravagant known mortuary customs, in which the goods of the decedent are distributed to non-relatives, while his house and his body are burned together, so that the people are perpetually impoverished and prevented from gathering in communities; and their marriage and puberty rites are elaborate, while the tribal law is in a state of transition from that of the maternal family to that of the paternal family. The Klaokwaht and Kwakiutl Indians were selected not merely as physical types but to illustrate a native type of house designed to fix the social organization and facilitate the maintenance of law, partly by virtue of elaborate totems (or animal tutelaries); this representation of northern Pacific coast culture-types being supplemented through cooperation with the Alaskan Commission. Several Amerind groups were selected partly to exhibit the leading native arts and crafts (such as pottery-making, basket-working, blanketweaving and skin-dressing), partly to illustrate the organization of the paternal family (or gens); the Pawnee, Wichita, Navaho, Pima and Kickapoo groups constructed and occupied houses, each of a distinctive tribal type; while the Sioux tipis and other structures and fabrics exhibited sacred insignia betokening barbaric philosophies, of which some were displayed also in musical or dramatic terpsichorean ceremonies. The culture types at the fair,

like the physical types, were greatly extended by the Philippine exposition, itself one of the most impressive exhibits of alien life and customs ever assembled; also in various state and national exhibits (among which the East India Pavilion and the Ceylon Tea House deserve note), and by several Pike concessions; while there were numerous collections of alien culture products, such as the Fred Harvey and Benham exhibits in the anthropology building, much of the collection forming the Queen's Jubilee Tributes, special exhibits in the Japanese, Chinese, Siamese, Belgian, Argentine and other pavilions, the Benguiat Museum, et al. Finally, the typical products of the most advanced art and industry filled the exhibit palaces with a richer and more cosmopolitan illustration of man's creative activity than the world ever saw before, while the attendant laws and languages and philosophies were set forth in other departments (especially education and social economy) and with unprecedented fullness in that series of legal and educational and scientific congresses through which the Universal Exposition of 1904 made its most impressive display of the power of man and the force of mind. 3. The methods and appliances used in anthropometry and psychometry (i. e., measuring the physical and mental characters of men) were selected with the purpose of utilizing the opportunities presented by the fair for observing and comparing the human types assembled on the grounds; while most of the apparatus and materials were obtained, and the installation and operation of the laboratories were made feasible, through the cooperation of educational institutions and manufacturers. It was in this branch of the department that the original or investigative work of the exposition culminated, and the conduct of the work was a constant source of

in

interest and attraction to visitors, while its results form a substantial contribution to knowledge.

4. The general view of human development opens a vista extending so far into the past and so widely into the field of man's activity that the recorded history of any particular province or people seems small in comparison; yet the history of a province or a people forms an effective introduction to the full history of mankind: accordingly, the written history of the Louisiana Purchase gave a keynote for the department as well as a motive for the exposition, and the exhibits were chosen and arranged in consonance with this view. Here, too, the work was made feasible by the cooperation of liberal institutions and individuals, chiefly historical societies and working historians. The nucleus was the collection of the Missouri Historical Society, illustrating by manuscripts and books, relics and portraits, maps and sketches, every important step in the development of the metropolis of the Louisiana Purchase Territory and in the growth of the commonwealth with which it has come up; and also illustrating by aboriginal relics the protohistoric development of the district from the times of aboriginal settlement, the building of earthen tumuli and temples, the growth of a primitive agriculture, and the advent of the bison and its hunters, into the period and through the centuries of discovery and acquisition and industrial conquest by white men. A supplementary illustration of development and conquest from the aboriginal condition to that of a great commonwealth comes from the Iowa State Historical Department; and collections serving to fill in the details of the general outline were exhibited by the Franco-Louisiana Society, the Louisiana State Historical Society, the Chicago Historical Society, and other co

operating exhibitors. operating exhibitors. The picture of progress so drawn was extended backward into the unwritten past of protohistory (or of relics interpreted in the light of observation on peoples of corresponding culture) partly by means of the synthetic series, partly by various exhibits representing the period of transition from Indian occupancy to white supremacy; this outline was then perfected by archeologic collections representing the prehistoric period-and the whole was given meaning and color by the presence on the grounds of living peoples with processes and products corresponding to nearly every step in progress betokened by the protohistoric and prehistoric relics. The typical evidences of human development assembled in the department were enlarged by numerous collections in exhibit palaces and pavilions, and especially in several of the state buildings, of which some were historical replicas, while many contained important historical and protohistoric material.

5. The relics and records indicate that a leading factor in man's development is progressive acculturation, or interchange and unification of knowledge. At first slow and inimical and effected chiefly through strife and conquest, the acculturation of the higher stages is rapid and amicable-schools replace armies, confederation supplants conquest, and the white man's burden of the ballad becomes the strong man's burden in the political family of nations as in the personal family of kindred. Long an accident of intertribal enmity, acculturation becomes, under the principles of constitutional government, an intentional and purposeful means of promoting the common weal; and the United States government has performed no worthier function than that of aiding our aboriginal landholders on their way toward

citizenship. The means and the ends of purposive acculturation as applied to the American aborigines, and the actual processes illustrated by living examples, were exhibited in the typical Indian school forming the most conspicuous feature of the department. Here parents still clinging to native customs and costumes delighted in the progress and achievements of their children in the arts and industries and even in the language and letters required by modern life; here the aboriginal maker of moccasins showed (and saw) the contrast between his craft and modern shoemaking; here the actual transformation from comfortless camp life into comfortable householdry was illustrated not only by every intermediate step, but by the actual passages of individuals and families from the one stage to the other during the exposition period; here the once bloody warrior Geronimo completed his own mental transformation from savage to citizen and for the first time sought to assume both the rights and responsibilities of the higher stage here, indeed, was illustrated in epitome, and also in the actual progress accelerated by purposive cooperation, a considerable part of that course of intellectual development which raised man from dull-minded and self-centered tribal existence into the active and constructive and broad-minded life of modern humanity.

VI.

In a word, the motive and scope of the department of anthropology were to show our half of the world how the other half lives; yet not so much to gratify the untrained curiosity which leads even the child to look with wonder on the alien as to satisfy the intelligent observer that there is a course of progress running from lower to higher humanity, and that all the phys

ical and cultural types of man mark stages in that course.

That the chief aim was gained may not now be claimed; though it can not be doubted that the assemblage of the world's peoples at the Universal Exposition of 1904 gave renewed and fuller meaning to the opinion of Pope that

The proper study of mankind is man. The unbroken tally of visitors to the room containing the Victorian Jubilee Tributes exceeded a million, and the partial tallies in the anthropology building gave a tale approaching a million and a half; the estimated number of visitors to the Indian school building was above three millions, and it seems certain that over four million persons made more or less careful inspection of the alien camps and groups; while the current press items and weightier articles inspired by the anthropology exhibits are conservatively counted as forming at least a quarter and perhaps a third of all of the spontaneous publications pertaining to the fair. The full tale of attendance (total admissions, 19,694,855, not including Sundays; paid admissions, 12,804,616) comprised visitors from nearly every state and some foreign countries who came for the special purpose of seeing the African pygmies, the Ainu, the Filipinos, the Patagonians, or the assemblage of North American tribes; and a feature of the department was a formal 'field school of anthropology,' successfully conducted under the auspices of the University of Chicago, which may be considered the first definite step in cooperation for educational purposes between the permanent university and the temporary exposition. So the assemblage of human types was not only a source of attraction, but served serious ends.

ST. LOUIS PUBLIC MUSEUM.

W J MCGEE.

THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION.

THE twenty-third congress of the American Ornithologists' Union convened in New York City, Monday evening, November 13. The business meeting of the fellows, and public sessions, November 14, 15 and 16, were held at the American Museum of Nat

ural History. The final session, Thursday afternoon, was held at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.

Charles F. Batchelder, of Cambridge, Mass., was elected president; E. W. Nelson, of Washington, D. C., and Frank M. Chapman, of New York City, vice-presidents; John H. Sage, of Portland, Conn., secretary; Jonathan Dwight, Jr., of New York City, treasurer; Ruthven Deane, A. K. Fisher, Thos. S. Roberts, Witmer Stone, William Dutcher, Chas. W. Richmond, and F. A. Lucas, members of the council.

The ex-presidents of the union, Drs. J. A. Allen and C. Hart Merriam, and Messrs. William Brewster, D. G. Elliot, Robert Ridgway and Chas. B. Cory, are ex-officio members of the council.

Drs. Allen, Dwight, Merriam and Richmond, and Messrs. Brewster, Ridgway and Stone, were reelected 'Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of North American Birds.'

Walter K. Fisher, of Palo Alto, Calif., Professor Lynds Jones, of Oberlin, Ohio, and Wilfred H. Osgood, of Washington, D. C., were elected fellows. Five associates, Dr. Chas. W. Townsend, John E. Thayer, Rev. Wm. Leon Dawson, James H. Riley and Austin H. Clark, were elected to the class known as members, and seventyone new associates were elected.

Mr. Witmer Stone had found among the archives of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, some unpublished letters of Alexander Wilson, and the extracts read from them were of historic interest-showing the disadvantages under which this pioneer

ornithologist labored in his efforts to secure specimens.

A paper, which evoked much discussion, was read by Dr. J. A. Allen, on 'The Evolution of Species through Climatic Conditions.' He referred to certain geographic races described from the United States as

illustrating the change of plumage and appearance of birds whose distribution covered a wide area.

Mr. Abbott II. Thayer, the eminent portrait painter, demonstrated his theory of the protective or disguising coloration of animals. Mr. Thayer has studied this subject from an artist's standpoint and believes 'that every animal which preys upon others or is preyed upon is an absolute picture of its environment at its time of greatest danger.' The elephant, he said, had no need of protective coloration.

Mr. C. Wm. Beebe, curator of birds at the New York Zoological Park, spoke of the collection under his charge and referred to many interesting experiments concerning feeding and surroundings, which he had been able to conduct in the park.

Dr. Thos. S. Roberts called attention to the great destruction of Lapland longspurs in southern Minnesota while migrating, March 13, 1904. A severe (moist) snowstorm occurred at the time and thousands of the birds were killed and injured by striking buildings, telegraph wires and the ice on different lakes. A conservative estimate of the number killed was 750,000, but he fully believes that 1,000,000 must have perished. Dr. Roberts illustrated his remarks with lantern slides, picturing the dead or injured birds as found in the snow in door-yards, parks and on various ponds. No other species appeared to be migrating with the longspurs.

During the sessions excellent lantern slides from photographs of birds in life. were shown by Rev. H. K. Job, and Messrs. Chapman, Bowdish, Baily and Finley.

After a dinner at the Hotel Endicott, Tuesday evening, November 14, an informal reception was held for the members of the union and their friends, at the American Museum of Natural History.

At the closing session of the union, held at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Mr. Geo. K. Cherrie had a paper on "The Hoatzin and other South American Birds.' He traced the life history of different species and exhibited specimens of many of them. Mr. Wm. L. Finley spoke of the water birds of southern Oregon, illustrating what he said by many beautiful lantern slides.

The day following adjournment the members of the union visited the aquarium and the New York Zoological Park, and were received and entertained by Directors Hornaday and Townsend, and Curator Beebe.

Following is a list of the papers read at the sessions:

WITMER STONE: Some Unpublished Letters of Wilson and some Unstudied Works of Audubon.' J. A. ALLEN: The Evolution of Species through Climatic Conditions.'

ELON H. EATON: Summer Birds of the Mt. Marcy Region in the Adirondacks.'

FRANK M. CHAPMAN: Pelican Island Revisited.' Illustrated by lantern slides.

B. S. BOWDISH: Some Breeding Warblers of Demarest, N. J.' Illustrated by lantern slides.

J. DWIGHT, JR.: The Status of Certain Species and Subspecies of North American Birds.'

HERBERT K. JOB: Wild-fowl Nurseries of Northwest Canada.' Illustrated by lantern slides.

C. J. PENNOCK: Andreæ Hesselius, a Pioneer Delaware Ornithologist.'

WITMER STONE: The Probability of Error in Bird Migration Records.'

WITMER STONE: Some Observations on the Applicability of the Mutation Theory to Birds.'

HENRY OLDYS: The Song of the Hermit Tarush.' FRANK M. CHAPMAN: Impressions of English Bird-Life.' Illustrated by lantern slides.

WILLIAM L. BAILY: Exhibition of Lantern Slides.'

THOMAS S. ROBERTS: A Lapland Longspur Tragedy.' Illustrated by lantern slides.

WILLIAM L. BAILY: 'Similarity of the Birds of the Maine Woods and the Pocono Mountains, Pa.' WELLS W. COOKE: Discontinuous Breeding Ranges.' Illustrated by lantern slides.

ABBOTT H. THAYER: The Principles of the Disguising Coloration of Animals.' Illustrated with experiments and slides.

C. W. BEEBE: The Collection of Birds in the New York Zoological Park.'

DR. MONTAGUE R. LEVERSON: Contribution to the Natural History of the English Cuckoo, with a Review of the Literature on the Subject.'

DR. J. DWIGHT, JR.: Plumages and Status of the White-winged Gulls of the Genus Larus.'

ARTHUR T. WAYNE: Contribution to the Ornithology of South Carolina, Pertaining Chiefly to the Coast Region.'

O. WIDMAN: Should Bird Protection Laws and their Enforcement be in the hands of the National