mystery of iniquity, and the son of us to consider why the last menperdition, will apply only to chris-tioned is the more probable. It tian Rome. See Daniel vii. 2d was about the year 606 that pope Thess. ii. and Rev. xiii. Besides, Boniface III, by flattering Phocas, the time allowed for the continu-the emperor of Constantinople, one ance of the beast will not apply to of the worst of tyrants, procured heathen Rome; for power was for himself the title of Universal given to the beast for 1260 years, Bishop. The bishops of Rome whereas heathen Rome did not and Constantinople had long been last 400 years after this prophecy struggling for this honour; at last, was delivered. it was decided in favour of the bi

Authors have differed as to the shop of Rome; and from this time time when Antichrist arose. Some he was raised above all others, and suppose that his reign did not his supremacy established by imcommence till he became a tem-perial authority: it was now, poral prince, in the year 756, also, that the most profound igwhen Pepin wrested the exarchate norance, debauchery, and superof Ravanna from the Lombards, stition reigned. From this time and made it over to the pope and the popes exerted all their power his successors. Others think that in promoting the idolatrous worit was in 727, when Rome and the ship of images, saints, reliques, Roman dukedom came from the and angels. The church was truGreeks to the Roman pontiff. ly deplorable; all the clergy were Mede dates his rise in the year given up to the most flagrant and 456; but others, and I think with abominable acts of licentiousness. the greatest reason, place it in the Places of worship resembled the year 606. Now it is generally temples of heathens more than the agreed that the reign of Antichrist churches of christians; in fine, nois 1260 years; consequently if thing could exceed the avarice, his rise is not to be reckoned till pride, and vanity of all the bishops, he was possessed of secular autho- presbyters, deacons, and even the rity, then his fall must be when cloistered monks! All this fully this power is taken away. Ac-answered the description St. Paul cording to the first opinion, he gave of Antichrist, 2d Thess. ii. must have possessed his temporal It is necessary also to observe that power till the year 2016; accord- this epoch agrees best with the ing to the second, he must have time when, according to prophecy, possessed it till the year 1987. If he was to be revealed. The rise his rise began, according to Mede, of Antichrist was to be preceded in 456, then he must have fallen in by the dissolution of the Roman 1716. Now that these dates were empire, the establishment of a dif wrong, circumstances have prov-ferent form of government in Italy, ed; the first and second being too and the division of the empire into late, and the third too early. As ten kingdoms; all these events takthese hypotheses, therefore, must ing place, make it very probable fall to the ground, it remains for that the year 605 was the time of VOL. I.

F

his rise. Nor have the events of maintain that the law is of no use. the last century made it less pro- or obligation under the gospel disbable. The power of the pope pensation, or who hold doctrines was never so much shaken as with- that clearly supersede the necesin a few years: "his dominion is, sity of good works. The Antinoin a great measure taken from mians took their origin from John him;" and every thing seems to Agricola, about the year 1538, be going on gradually to termi- who taught that the law is no way nate his authority; so that, by the necessary under the gospel; that time these 1260 years shall be con- good works do not promote our cluded, we may suppose that An- salvation, nor ill ones hinder it: tichrist shall be finally destroyed. that repentance is not to be

As to the cruelties of Antichrist, preached from the decalogue, but the persecutions that have been only from the gospel. This sect carried on, and the miseries to sprung up in England during the which mankind have been subject, protectorate of Cromwell, and exby the power of the beast, the read-tended their system of libertinism er may consult the articles IN-much farther than Agricola did. QUISITION and PERSECUTION. Some of them, it is said, maintainIn this we have to rejoice, that, ed, that if they should commit any however various the opinions of kind of sin, it would do them the learned may be as to the time no hurt, nor in the least affect when Antichrist rose, it is evident their eternal state; and that it to all that he is fast declining, and is one of the distinguishing chawill certainly fall, Rev. xviii, 1, racters of the elect, that they can5. What means the Almighty not do any thing displeasing to may farther use, the exact time God. It is necessary, however to when, and the manner how, all observe here, and candour obliges shall be accomplished, we must us to confess, that there have been leave to him who ordereth all others, who have been styled Anthings after the counsel of his own tinomians, who cannot, strictly will. See. Bp. Newton on the Pro- speaking, be ranked with these phecies; Simpson's Key to ditto; men: nevertheless, the unguarded Mosley's Ser. on Fall of Babylon; expressions they have advanced, Ward's three Discourses on Pro- the bold positions they have laid phecy, and books under that ar- down, and the double construction ticle. which might so easily be put upon ANTIDORON, a name given many of their sentences, have led by the Greeks to the consecrated some to charge them with Antibread; out of which the middle nomian principles. For instance; part, marked with the cross, where- when they have asserted justificain the consecration resides, being tion to be eternal, without distintaken away by the priest, the re- guishing between the secret determainder is distributed after mass mination of God in eternity and to the poor. the execution of it in time; when they have spoken lightly of good

ANTINOMIANS, those who

works, or asserted that believers and repugnancy against actions, have nothing to do with the law alone. Hatred is more voluntary of God, without fully explaining than aversion, antipathy, or repugwhat they mean; when they assert nancy: these last have greater affithat God is not angry with his nity with the animal constitution. people for their sins, nor in any The causes of antipathy are less sense punishes them for them, with- known than those of aversion. Reout distinguishing between fatherly pugnancy is less permanent than corrections and vindictive punish-either one or the other. We hate ment; these things, whatever bea vicious character; we feel aver. the private sentiments of those who sion to its exertions. We are af advance them, have a tendency to fected with antipathy for certain injure the minds of many. It has persons at first sight; there are been alleged, that the principal some affairs which we transact thing they have had in view, was, with repugnancy. Hatred calum

to counteract those legal doctrines niates, aversion keeps us at a diswhich have so much abounded tance from certain persons. Antiamong the self-righteous; but, pathy makes us detest them; regranting this to be true, there is pugnancy hinders us from imitatno occasion to run from one ex-ing them. treme to another. Had many of

ANTIPEDOBAPTISTS those writers proceeded with more (from a," against," and was 21caution, been less dogmatical, s, "child," and Bali, "bapmore explicit in the explanation tize,") is a distinguishing denomiof their sentiments, and possessed nation given to those who obmore candour towards those who ject to the baptism of infants. See differed from them, they would BAPTISTS, BAPTISM.

have been more serviceable to the ANTIQUITIES, a term imcause of truth and religion. Some plying all testimonies or authentic of the chief of those who have accounts that have come down to been charged as favouring Anti-us of ancient nations. As the stunomianism, or at least whose dy of antiquities may be useful works have that tendency, are, both to the inquiring christian, as Crisp, Richardson, Saltmarsh, Hus-well as to those who are employed. sey, Eaton, Town, &c. These have in or are candidates for the gosbeen answered by Gataker, Sedg-pel ministry, we shall here subjoin wick, Witsius, Bull, William, Ridg-a list of those which are esteemed ley, Beart, De Fleury, &c. See the most valuable.-Fabricii Biblialso Bellamy's Letters and Dia-ographia Antiquaria; Spencer de logues between Theron, Paulinus, Legibus Heb Ritualibus; Godwyn's and Aspasio: with his Essay on the Moses and Aaron; Bingham's AnNature and Glory of the Gospel. tiquities of the Christian Church; ANTIPATHY, hatred, aver-fennings's Jewish Antiquities; sion, repugnancy. Hatred is enter- Potter's and Harwood's Greek, and tained against persons, aversion and Kennett's and Adams's Roman Anantipathy against persons or things, tiquities; Preface to the Prussian

Festament, published by L'Enfant controverted. The former says, and Beausobre; Prideaux and that "Christ is not entered into Shuckford's Connections: Jones's he holy places made with hands, Asiatic Researches; and Maurice's which are ITU, the figures or Indian Antiquities. antitypes of the true-now to apANTISÁBBATARIANS, pear in the presence of God." modern religious sect, who deny the Now Tos signifies the pattern by necessity of observing the Sabbathhich another thing is made; Day. Their chief arguments are, and as Moses was obliged to make 1. That the Jewish Sabbath was the tabernacle, and all things in only of ceremonial, not of moral, it, according to the pattern shewn obligation; and, consequently, isim in the Mount, the tabernacle abolished by the coming of Christ so formed was the antitype of what -2. That no other Sabbath was was shewn to Moses: any thing, appointed to be observed by Christ therefore, formed according to a or his apostles.-3. That there is model or pattern, is an antitype. not a word of Sabbath breaking in in the latter passage, the apostle, all the New Testament.-4. That speaking of Noah's flood, and the no command was given to Adan deliverance only of eight persons or Noah to keep any Sabbath.—in the ark from it, says, And, 5. That, therefore, although TITUTO VOCE Barrioμa: Baptism christians are commanded not being an antitype to that, now saves to forsake the assembling of them-us; not putting away the filth of selves together," they ought not to the flesh, but the answer of a good hold one day more holy than an-conscience toward God, &c. The other. See article SABBATH. meaning is, that righteousness, or ANTITACTE, a branch of the answer of a good conscience Gnostics, who held that God was towards God, now saves us, by good and just, but that a creature means of the resurrection of Christ, had created evil; and, consequent-as formerly righteousness saved ly, that it is our duty to oppose these eight persons by means of this author of evil, in order to the ark during the flood. The avenge God of his adversary. word antitype, therefore, here sigANTITRINITARIANS, nifies a general similitude of cirthose who deny the Trinity, and cumstances; and the particle, teach that there are not three per-whereunto, refers not to the immesons in the Godhead. See TRINITY.diate antecedent daros, water, but ANTITYPE, a Greek word, to all that precedes. properly signifying a type or figure ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect corresponding to some other type. of rigid Lutherans who opposed the The word antitype occurs twice doctrine of Osiander relating to in the New Testament, viz. in the justification. These are otherwise Epistle to the Hebrews, chap. ix, denominated Osiandromastiges.v. 24, and in the 1st Epistle of St. The Antosiandrians deny that man Peter, chap. iii, v. 21, where its is made just, with that justice genuine import has been much wherewith God himself is just.;

that is, they assert that he is not sprung from the Manicheans. made essentially but only imputa-They held that the soul of man was tively just; or that he is not really of the substance of God. made just, but only pronounced so

κρύπτω,

APOCRYPHA, books not adAPATHY, among the ancient mitted into the canon of scripture, philosophers, implied an utter pri- being either spurious, or at least vation of passion, and an insensi- not acknowledged as divine. The bility of pain. The word is com-word is Greek, and derived from pounded of a priv and rabos, affec-a, "from," and pura, " to hide tion. The Stoics affected an en-or conceal." They seem most of tire apathy; they considered it as them to have been composed by the highest wisdom to enjoy a per-Jews. None of the writers of the fect calmness or tranquillity of New Testament mention them; mind, incapable of being ruffled by neither Philo nor Josephus speak either pleasure or pain. In the of them. The christian church first ages of the church, the chris-was for some ages a stranger to tians adopted the term apathy to them. Origen, Athanasius, Hiexpress a contempt of all earthly lary, Cyril of Jerusalem, and all concerns; a state of mortification the orthodox writers who have such as the gospel prescribes.given catalogues of the canonical Clemens Alexandrinus, in parti-books of scripture, unanimously cular, brought it exceedingly in concur in rejecting these out of vogue, thinking hereby to draw the canon. The Protestants acsuch philosophers to christianity knowledge such books of scripture who aspired after such a sublime only to be canonical as were espitch of virtue. teemed to be so in the first ages

APELLEANS, so called from of the church; such as are cited Apelles, in the second century. by the earliest writers among the They affirmed that Christ, when christians as of divine authority, he came down from heaven, re-and after the most diligent inquiry ceived a body not from the sub-were received and judged to be stance of his mother, but from the so by the council of Laodicea. four elements, which at his death They were written after the days he rendered back to the world, and of Malachi, in whom, according so ascended into heaven without to the universal testimony of the a body. ART jews, the spirit of prophecy ceasAPHTHARTODOCITES, aled, Mal. iv, 4 to 6. Not one of denomination in the sixth century; the writers in direct terms adso called from the Greek alapras, vances a claim to inspiration. incorruptible, and doxw, to judge;They contain fables, lies and conbecause they held that the body of tradictions, 1st Macc. vi, 4, 16. Jesus Christ was incorruptible, and 2d Macc. i. 13, 16, 2d Macc. ix, not subject to death. They were 28. The apocryphal books are in a branch of the Eutychians. general believed to be canonical APOCARITÆS, a denomi-by the church of Rome; and, nation, in the third century, which even by the sixth article of the